湘方言对英语发音的负迁移影响及对策.pdf

90 esteachers Tel 027 68892573 ACADEMIC RESEARCH 经过阅读理解 读者就很容易记住了它的涵义和象征意 义 当记住生词后 下次出现时在进行交际的认知 推 理过程中所付出的努力小 关联性相对来说越大 从而 达到较好的交际效果 能够成功交际 在读完整篇小说 以后 读者成功记住了scarlet A的涵义和象征意义 结语 通过以上结合关联理论和 红字 中scarlet A的涵 义和象征意义分析通过阅读习得词汇的四个理论依据 凸显出阅读是学习词汇的和二语习得的重要手段和策 略 参考文献 1 Deidre Wilson 关联与交际 J 现代外语 2002 2 2 Lewis B The Lexical Approach M London Language Teaching Publication 1993 Sperber D scarlet letter A reading second language vocabulary acquisition 湘方言对英语发音的 负迁移影响及对策 雷晓亮 陕西师范大学外国语学院 摘 要 当今 英语作为世界上使用最广泛的语言 在我 们国家变得越来越受欢迎 而在英语的学习过程中 我们 的母语也起着不容忽视的作用 这种作用一种是语言的正 迁移 另外一种则是负迁移 作者因为曾在湖南上过四年 大学 所以注意到了那些说湘方言学生许多的英语错误发 音 文章通过对两组典型错误对比分析 研究湘方言一些 发音在二语习得中的负迁移影响 在文章的最后一部分 作者还提出了一些相应的办法以帮助那些说湘方言的学生 更好地掌握英语发音 关键词 湘方言 负迁移 对比分析 二语习得 中图分类号 H0 0 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1009 6167 2011 03 0090 03 1 The Role of the First Language in Second Language Acquisition The transfer of language refers to the effect towards foreign language acquisition by native knowledge or skills The positive effect is named positive transfer and the negative effect negative transfer Some specialists believe that the role of the first language is a positive one while others hold that it is a negative one Ellis 1985 22 noted behaviorist learning theories predict that transfer will take place from the first language to the second language Transfer will be negative when there is a proactive inhibition In these cases errors will result Transfer will be positive when the first and the second transfers are the same In this case no errors will occur It is true that the first language is not the sole and probably not even the prime cause of grammatical errors Ellis 1985 24 But the influence of the first language is obvious especially in English pronunciation Since the two languages are hardly co existent with one another I strongly prove that the first language plays a negative role in the second language acquisition 2 Introduction of the Problems in Xiang Dialect Xiang dialect is mainly spoken in Hunan province Changsha dialect represents one of Xiang dialects Lots 作者简介 雷晓亮 硕士研究生 研究方向 英语学科教学 3 万方数据 91 英语广场 学术研究 2011年3月第3 4期 总第004期 of difficulties have occured when Hunanese begin to learn English pronunciation They articulate their vowel sounds in their own dialectal way When they pronounced the English vowels they tried to make it by their accustomed articulated patterns Or they took a similar sound just as the same one For those students they mistook the sound f and n They would pronounce the word life na f and conversely knife as l ai f Also they pronounce the word five as h v fly as h l ai In this way they always mistook the pronunciation of the words It s not really good for their English speaking and listening The following are some phonetics presented Words pronunciations Name l ei m Knife l ai h Light n ai t Night l ai t They would pronounce last night as n a s t n ai t l a s t l ai t or n a s t l ai t Fly h l ai Life n ai h Fix h i k s Who f u It would cause a lot of confusion when they speak English to communicate with others Even foreigners would be confused 3 The Way the Problems Are Created The occurrence of everything has its specific reasons The pronunciations have no exception 3 1 Analysis from the aspect of articulate phonetics The speakers can t make the difference between the pronunciations of English n and l In our phonetic book we have learned n is an alveolar nasal consonant But l is an alveolar liquid Phonologically in producing n the tip and the rimes of the tongue are in contact with the upper alveolar ridge and side teeth The soft palate is lowed so as to let the air escape from the nasal cavity l is produced with the soft palate raised and the tip of the tongue in contact with the upper teeth ridge letting the air escape on both sides and one side f is a labial dental fricative while h is a glottal fricative Phonologically when pronouncing f we press the upper teeth against the lower lip narrowing the air passage causing the air to pass in a continuous stream between the lips and teeth when making a voiceless continuant raise the soft palate do not vibrate the vocal cords As for h we keep the mouth well open keep the tongue in position for the vowel sound then instantly allow the air stream to pass though the wide open glottis and raise the soft palate but do not vibrate the vocal cords They do not distinguish the patterns clearly The places of their articulation are wrong So errors occur 3 2 Analysis of Xiang dialect and its negative transfer to English phonemes In Xiang dialect l and n are just two allophones But in English it s two different phonemes which are pronounced distinctively It s the same case with f and h In their speech they do not always distinguish them For example they say 吃 饭 have meals like chihuan in Putonghua It changed the sound f to h Also they pronounce 回家 go home as feijia Here is a little story and happened when I was a sophomore One day there was a party held by our students union after it had ended our teacher said 等 一 下 还 要 搬 花 please wait a moment we need to move those flowers He pronounced the last two words banfa We all thought he wanted to give us an award for a perfect party Everyone got very excited But it was just a misunderstanding English and Chinese are two different languages But the sound systems have something in common However they are very different in pronunciation Since Xiang pronunciation has become part of their life they take the phonomics and intonation of Chinese pronunciation into the English language unconsciously Though contrastive analysis of language transfer has deficits of one or another kind it s also a useful method in language acquisition as Fries 1945 259 says the most effective materials for second language teaching are based upon a scientific description of the language to be learned which are carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learners 4 Countermeasures for the Problems 4 1 The teachers should have good pronunciation Only if the teachers pronounce correctly will the student learn it correctly 4 2 The teachers should help students to cultivate their confidence They should not always correct students errors and always blame them It s also a good way for teachers to encourage students to strive bravely in their learning of english 4 3 The teachers should help students to analyze the 收稿日期 2011 1 13 万方数据 92 esteachers Tel 027 68892573 ACADEMIC RESEARCH differences of their dialect and of English phonemes As Fries said The most effective materials for second language teaching are based upon a scientific description of the language to be learned carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learners 4 4 Practice makes perfect The students should practice and practice to improve their English pronunciation 5 Conclusion The first language plays an irresistible role in the second language acquisition This article simply describes the two pairs of problems in English pronunciation and analyzes the differences between Xiang dialect and English phonemes Finally it gives several suggestions to those language learners in second language acquisition There are some shortcomings in the article because of the author s shortage of knowledge Further studies are needed in this field 参考文献 1 Ellis R Understanding Second Language Acquisition M Oxford Oxford University Press 1985 2 Fries C Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language M Michigan University of Michigan Press 1945 戴伟栋 新编简明英语语言学教程 M 上海 上海外语教育出 版社 2002 李静 普通话水平测试教程 M 长沙 湖南教育电子出版社 2002 周考成 英语语音学引论 M 成都 四川大学出版社 2002 Abstract English is the most widely used language in the world and has become more and more popular in our country In the process of learning English as the second language our native language now plays an irresistible role One kind is positive transfer and the other is negative transfer Since the author has studied for four years in Hunan Province an abundance of wrong phonemes pronounced by those who speak with a Xiang dialect in English has been noticed In this article through the contrastive analysis of Xiang dialect and English phonemes the author mainly studies the negative transfer of some pronunciations of Xiang dialect in second language acquisition And in the last part of the article some countermeasures are presented to help students who speak with a Xiang dialect to master the English pronunciation Key words Xiang dialect second language acquisition negative transfer 民