大学英语语法要点.doc

Grammar for College English Test重点语法结构语法结构部份分两项,一是选择,二是辨错.涉及范围为:1.时态、语态；2. 虚拟语气、条件句和情态动词；3.非谓语动词:不定式、动名词和分词；4.代词；5.形容词和副词；6.连词；7,主谓一致；8.倒装、词序等.l. 时态语态题:第一要抓住句中的时间状语方面的信号词.若是主从句,还要注意时态呼应,现在完成时,过去完成时,现在完成进行时,过去进行时,一般现在时的特殊用法,这些都要熟练掌握.2.虚拟语气:除了要了解三条基本公式外.要注意错综条件句,省略汀的倒装词序,某些动词、形容词、名词等某些句型要求虚拟语气,以及情态动词十原形动词和完成时的应用.3.非谓语动词:各自的作用,熟悉它们的时态和语态上的各种变化.另外还要熟记那些动词后跟不定式,那些必须跟动名词,还要熟悉两者皆可用时的特殊意义,过去分词和现在分词作定语、表语,状语的区别；独立分词结构,分词作状语与主语的关系等.4.形容词和副词中的比较级:比较的同类项:asas；the same as(to)；older和eider；farther和further；much和far, a great deal等修饰比较级和形容词、副词的词序及惯用法、句型等.5. 复合句中用以引导各类从句的连词,关系代词及关系副词从而分清从句所属,正确判断句型非常重要.6.强调句型:要求考生掌握其固定结构形式:”It is (was) + 被强调部分+ that + 句子其他部分”,去掉It is和that句子主谓结构仍成立为强调句型,否则为主语从句.7.主谓一致、倒装语序等.I. 典型时态和特殊用法1. 一般现在时: (1)表示已经预先计划或安排好的肯定将要发生的动作.主要用于be, come, go, start, begin, 1eave, return, end, stop, open, take place等瞬间动词.句中常有表示将来的时间状语.(2)在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中.表示将来的动作.如: The match takes place next Monday. / I will not go shopping, if it rains. 2.现在进行时: (1)表示最近按计划或安排要做的事,往往有表示未来的时间状语. 能够这样用的动词有: arrive, come, leave, return, start, work, play, have等.(2) 与always, constantly, continually, forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在出状态,往往带有说话人的感情色彩.(3)在时间、条件从句中表示将来正在进行的动作.如:We are leaving on Friday. / He is constantly leaving his things about. 他老是乱扔东西./ Dont interrupt him if he is reading. 3. 现在完成时: (1)将来完成用法: 用于时间、条件状语从句中,说明将来某时刻以前动作完成的情况.(2)用在固定结构中:往往是在定语从句中. 如表示序数或最高级的时候Its the first/second time that I have come here.； Its the best film I have ever seen.(3) must + 完成式”表示过去必定发生过的事情,是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测. “should (或ought to) + 完成式”表示一个应该在过去做,而没有做的动作,它往往带有埋怨和后悔的情绪.如: 1) Ill go with you as soon as I have finished my work. / Its (will be) the first time I have been there.注:表示瞬间行为动词come, join, finish, marry, return等不能和表示延续的时间状语连用, 只能用连系动词加表语结构来代替.例如:He has been back for over a week. (不能用has come back)/ I have been in the army for three years. (不能用:have joined) since 自从以来；for表示时间,从过去开始延续至今.它们都是现在完成时的典型信号词.句子中有表示过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last week, in 1990)时,不能使用现在完成时要用过去时态.4. 现在完成进行时: 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去,通常与表示一段时间的状语连用.如:all the morning, for hours, since this morning They have been watching television for two hours. / He has been writing letters since this morning. 5.过去完成时: (1)过去完成时,表示在过去某时刻或动作以前已经完成厂的动作.即”过去的过去”.常用的信号词有by(到时候为止), before等介词短语或用unless, when, after, once, as soon as等连词引起的表示到过去某时间为止的时间状语来表示.(2)这一时态常见于宾语从句或定语从句中.(3)过去完成时常用在no soonerthan”,和”hardlywhen (before)”等句型的主句中,从句中常用一般过去时. 如:By the end of last year, I had worked in this college for ten years. / No sooner had he finished his performance than the audience began to cheer. (He had no soonerthan)他刚表演完观众就喝采6.其它要注意的时态(1) be going to口语中常用,表示最近打箅要做的事情; 根据某种迹象表明可能要发生的事情.如:What are you going to do this evening? / Look at the cloud. It is going to rain. (2) 过去将来时,多见于主句谓语动词足一般过去时的宾语从句中.如:He said that he would get married soon.(3) 过去进行时主要用法之一是描述一件事发生的背景,往往在一个动作发生的过程中,突然发生第二个戏剧性的动作.第二个戏剧性动作为一般过去时,由when或while引出,意为”此时”.有二种句型:1) My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. / Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. / Someone knocked at the door while I was taking a shower. / Just as I was opening the door, the telephone rang.2)如果两个动作都引人注目且同时发生,并没有一个比另一个更形象,更主要时,那么两个动作都可以用过去进行时. My husband was reading while I was cooking. 7. 有些动词以主动形式出现,却有被动含义 The knife cuts well./ Nylon underwear washes easily.尼龙内衣容易洗./ The novels written by the young man sell well.那个年青人写的小说销路好./ This ball-pen writes in four colours.这支园珠笔可以写出四种颜色./ The note reads as follows”.字条上写着:”8. 短语动词构成的被动语态中,介词或副词不可省略 More schools and hospitals will be set up in the near future. / The old woman has been operated on.(这位老妇人已经动过了手术)/ The purse was picked up and handed to the police. 此外,固定搭配”动词+名词+介词”习语中,介词也不能省掉. Time must be made good use of./ Less clever children should not be made fun of.9. 如果宾补是不带to的不定式,在被动态中,主补的不定式必须带to.如:His parents make him study hard. / He is made to study hard.10. 在want, need, desire, require和形容词worth, worth + doing后,动名词的主动形式表示被动意义. 如:The house wants repairing./ Who needs looking after?/ The novel is worth reading twice./ The point deserves mentioning.11.表示将来时的还有: be about to / be to do / be on the point of等.如:I was on the point of leaving, when the phone rang. II. 虚拟语气1. 虚拟语气三大公式:条件句主句与现在的事实相反If主语 + wereIf主语 + v-ed主语 + should (would,could,might)+ v。与过去事实相反If + 主语 + had done主语 + should (would, could, might) + have done与将来事实相反If + 主语 + v-edIf + 主语 + should doIf + 主语 + were to do主语 + should (would, could, might) + doIf John were here now, he would explain it. (= Were John here now,.) / If you had asked me earlier, I would have told you. (Had you asked me earlier,) / If it rained tomorrow, I would stay at home. / If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. (= Should it rain) / If it were to rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. (= Were it to rain)2.有时条件从句和主句时态可以不一致,这叫混合条件虚拟语气.如:If you were in better health, we would have allowed you to join them in the work. 如果你身体好一些,我们就会让你参加他们一道干这工作了. If you had taken the medicine (表示与过去相反,即:”要是你当时吃了的话”), you would be well now (表示与现在相反,即:”你现在已好了”). 含意是:You didnt take the medicine, so you are not well now. If the criminal were honest, he would have confessed long ago./ If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still Better.如果过去天气好一些,现在庄稼还会长得更好.3. 在动词If only, wish, would rather, as if (though)后的句子中谓语动词要用虚拟结构.If only Wish/ would rather / as if (though) 与现在事实相反与过去事实相反V-ed (be用were)had been如: If only (=I wish) I had not cheated in the examination. / I wish I were as strong as you. / I wish I remembered the address. / He wishes we would try again./I would rather they came tomorrow./ He often talks as if he were my father./ He looks as if he had been ill.(But he has not been) 4. 主语 + V. that 主语 + (should) do V主要有: 表示建议(propose, suggest, urge, advise, move, recommend), 要求(ask, require, request, demand, insist, desire, maintain), 命令(command, order), 安排(arrange), 决定(resolve, decide)等.如:Isuggestwesetoffstraightaway. / The chairman proposed that we should discuss the question. / Most students insist that they should have more English lessons.5. 在It is (was) necessary, essential, important, urgent, natural, desired, suggested, requested, ordered, proposed, desirable, advisable, strange, a pity/shame that 主语 + (should) do lest, for fear that (以免) 也用should + do It is important that theory (should) be closely combined with practice. It has been decided that the meeting (should) be postponed till next Saturday. He hid himself lest he should be found.6.Its (high, about) time that we did (were) 的句型中要用过去时. It is high time (that) we began to work.7. 倒装句型： Were it not for their help/Had they not helped us, we should have failed.8错综虚拟语气 (一半是真实情况， 一半是虚拟) 标志词有but, otherwise He would gain weight but he doesnt eat enough. 他本应该增加体重，但他吃得不多。9 含蓄虚拟语气 But for the flood, we might have arrived earlier.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.III. 情态动词1.neednt + 不定式完成式:表示本来不必做而实际已经做的行为. You neednt have come over yourself. 你不必亲自来.2.could + have done及其它 (1) could + have done表示与事实相反 (2) might + have done表示未实现的行为 (3) neednt + have done表示做了不该做的事情 (4) must + have done表示对过去行为的肯定推测 (5) should + have done表示该做而未做到的事 (6) should not + have done表示做了不该做的事 He could have helped me, but he didnt. 他能帮助我,但他没有. / You might have done the work better. 你本来可以把工作做得更好一些. / You neednt have come over yourself.你本来不必亲自过/ It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. / They should have made a good job of it. 他们本来可把工作做好/ You should not have done such things. 你不该干出这种事情来.3.shall / should (ought to); will / would (1) shall在疑问句中用于第一、三人称单复数表示征求意见、表示询问和请示.如:What shall I do now? / Shall we go for a walk? 我们去散步好吗？/ Shall he come tomorrow? 你要他明天来吗? (2) shal1用于二、三人称可表示说话人给对方”命令”、”警告”、”允诺”、”威胁”等概念.作:”必须”、”可”、”该”解.如:You shall have the book as soon I finish it. (允诺) / He shall do it, whether he wants to or not.不管他愿意不愿意,他必须做这项工作.(命令) / You shall not leave to the others. 你不可以将它留给其他人.(警告) (3) should除了表示”应当”,”该”解之外,还表示推测:作”可能”、”该”解. 还表示出乎意外, 居然 竟然.The book should be in the reading-room. / I never thought she should have done this. (4) will / would 1) 可用于各种人称表示”意愿”,”意志”和”决心”等.如: I will do my best.(决意)/ Let her do that, if she will. (意愿) 2) 表示习惯性动作”总是”,”惯于”. As soon as he gets home, he will (would) turn on the radio. 3) 用于第三人称表示询问或请求. Will you say it again? 你能不能再说一遍.注: would在表示意志或向对方请求时,语气比will婉转,指的是现在时.如:Would you please pass me the book? 在日常生活中,I would like和I should like都可以说. 如: I should (would) like to have a look at your coat.4. 可以看作情态动词的短语 (1) used to + V表示过去经常; 而be used to doing表示习惯于 (2) had better + V表示”最好是”、”不如”之意 (3) had rather + V than和would rather + V than表示”宁肯不愿”之意. 如:We would / had rather die than yield. (4) cannot but + V表示”不得不”之意.如:Mary cannot but sing.IV. 非谓语动词(一)不定式和动名词作主语1.不定式作主语的句型 (1) It is + N + to do (代不定式) (2) It takes sb. + some time + to do = sb. spend some time (in) doing (3) It is + Adj. + for sb. + to do (4) It is + Adj. + of sb. + to do 句型(4)中常用的形容词有kind, nice, considerate, thoughtful等.2.动名词作主语的句型(1) Doing + V 如：Seeing is believing.(2) It is + no use, no good, a great fun, a real pleasure, a waste of time, a bore等名词 + doing sth.如: It is a great fun playing football./ It is a waste of time trying to explain.(3) There is no . + doing . (there is no表示”不可能”) 如：There is no telling what he is going to do. 说出他要干什么是不可能的. / There is no saying what may happen. 说出要发生什么是不可能的. 3.不定式和动名词做主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作. 如：Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象) / It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具体) (2) 动名词作主语时,通常表示一件已知的事或经验; 而不定式短语通常表示一件未完成的事或目的.如: Driving a car during the rush hour istiring. (经验) / To study abroad has long been my dream. （长久以来,出国念书一直是我的梦想.）(一件尚未完成的事情)(二)不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语1.不定式作定语 (1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系 He was the last one to leave school yesterday. (2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 She has a lot of work to do in the morning. (3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词,和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去. Ineedapento write with./ There is nothing to worry about. (4)不定式修饰一些抽象名词,如:ability, decision, need, plan, promise, failure, wish等. the first, second, last, only, best等.如:His wish to buy a car came true./He is always the first to come and the last to leave.2.分词作定语时有下面几个特点: (1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意. (2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事. 如：The room facing south is our classroom.Have you got your watch repaired? 3. 不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:1) Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 2) Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? (三)不定式和动名词作宾语英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语.但:1.有少数动词只能用不定式作宾语: V.1 + to + V.2(原形)afford负担得起 hope希望 pretend假装 appear似乎intend企图 promise答应 arrange安排 like喜欢 refuse拒绝 attempt试图 learn学会 try试图 decide决定 long渴望 want想要 desire欲得到 manage设法 wish希望 expect期望 mean打算 fail未能 offer表示要 happen碰巧 plan计划2.有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语: V.1 + V.2-ingadmit承认 imagine想象 appreciate赞赏,感激 mind介意 avoid避免,避开 miss错过complete完成 postpone推迟,延期 consider考虑 practice实践,练习 delay耽搁,延误 resist忍住endure忍受 risk冒风险 enjoy享之乐,喜爱 suggest建议 escape逃跑 insist on坚持excuse原谅 give up放弃 object to反对 cant help禁不住 put off延期等 worth值得 He admitted having made mistake. Would you consider going north this summer? They have finished their studying.3.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 (1)forget to do忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生) (2)stop to do停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 stop doing停止正在或经常做的事 (3)remember to do记住去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事(已做) (4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 (5)try to do努力、企图做某事 . try doing试验、试一试某种办法 (6)mean to do打算,有意要 mean doing意味着 (7)like, love, hate, prefer + to do 表示具体行为 like, love, hate, prefer doing 表示抽象、倾向 行为 (8)need, require, want, deserve + to be V-ed或 + V-ing,表示要(修、清理)等意思 如：Dont forget to come tomorrow. (to come动作未做)/ I shall never forget seeing the Queen. / I dont regret telling her what I thought. (已讲过) / I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法.(未做但要做)(四)不定式和分词作状语1. 不定式作结果状语(1) In 1935 he left home never to return.(2)so + 形容词(或副词) + as to The house is so high and narrow as to resemble(象) a tower.(3)such + 名词短语 + as to His indifference is such as to make one despaired. (4)only to 竟然(表示与预料相反的结果) He studied hard only to fail in the exam.(5)形容词(或副词) + enough(副词) to 够,足以 The room is big enough to hold a hundred people. (注)enough做形容词时,修饰名词,可置于该名词之前或之后. He has enough money (or money enough) for the trip.2.分词作状语: 分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件,让步、方式和伴随情况.在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时,通常可转换为相应的状语从句,表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成份.Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom, thestudentsstoodup. Heated, ice will be changed into water.(When it is heated)(条件、时间) Being excited, I couldnt go to sleep. ( As I was excited, I couldnt go to sleep.) (原因)I stood there, listening to the broadcast. (伴随) .The children went away laughing.( They laughed as they went away.) (行为方式)Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.(Although they know all this) (让步)3.分词作状语与主语的关系 (1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作.它们之间的关系是主动关系.如：Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. (2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作.它们之间的关系是被动关系.如：Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.4.分词作状语时前面可用连词When, while, once, if, unless, though等引导的状语从句,若其主语与主句主语相同时,可保留该副词连接词,其余部分则化简为分词短语.如：When (being) free, Ill fetch you. While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her. If falling ill, Ill see my doctor.Once completed, this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.Even though given every opportunity, they would not try. Though knowing the truth, her remained silent. Unless(being) rich, I am not going abroad.5.动词不定式和分词作状语的区别(1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的. They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.(伴随) / They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan. (目的) (2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件. 动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因. 1) Reading attentively, he forgot the time for lunch.(原因) Reading carefully, he found something he had not known before.(时间) Reading carefully, youll learn something new. (条件)2) Her family was too poor to support him.(结果) The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. (六)非谓语动词常考的其它结构1.疑问词+不定式结构:疑问词who, what, which, when, where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语.如:When to start has not been decided. I dont know what to do. The difficulty was how to cross the river.I can tell you where to get this book. 注:有时疑问词前可用介词,如: I have no idea of (as to)how to do it.2.在某些动词后的动词不定式的完成式 动词不定式的完成式主要体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.但在be, wish, intend, mean, plan, hope, expect, should (或) would like 等动词之后,则表示没有实现的行为.例如:I am sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seemed to have forgotten her promise./ He pretended to have read the book./ He planned to have gone abroad.他原计划出国(但他没有去)./ I hoped to have seen her.我原希望会见到她的(可是我没见到她)./ I would like to have had your help.我本想得到你的帮助(实际上我却没有得到)./ The enemy expected to have found him.敌人本来指望找到他(实际上却没有找到)./ I intend to have finished my work last night./ We were to have sailed next morning.3.不带to的不定式 (1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to.这类词有: feel觉得 notice注意 hear听 observe注意到,看到 listen to听 perceive察觉,感和 overhear听到 see看见 look at看 watch注视 如：We felt the house shake. / I heard the clock strike twelve last night. / I saw him come.我看见他来了./ He saw his son watching TV when he left. (2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make,1et,have等.如: Let him do./ I would have you know that I am ill. 注:上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式一般须带”to”,如:He was seen to come./ The boy was made to go to bed early. 在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.(3)在do nothinganythingeverything but(except) do 结构中.例如: Last night I did nothing but watch T.V. / John will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干.但是，如果谓语动词不是”do nothing, anything, everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则须带”to”.如: The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. / There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent. I have no choice/alternative but to accept his offer.4.”to”是介词还是不定式符号由于介词和不定式的符号to相同,所以有时会把介词to误认为不定式符号而造成错误.下列句子中的to都是介词,后面须跟动名词: be accustomed/used to习惯于/ adapt to适应 / adjust to适应于/ agree to同意 / amount to合计；等于/ confess to承认 / attend to出席;照料/ devote to献身于 / take to 养成习惯;喜欢 / turn to着手工作 / look forward to盼望 / object/ oppose to反对 / pay attention to 关注 / contribute to 贡献 / deny (to)否定/ resort to 诉诸于/ reduced to 沦为/ when it come to 当提到 等 .I am looking forward to seeing you again./ I prefer reading books to doing housework./ We must make greater contributions to realizing modernization of our country.(我们必须为实现我国的现代化作出更大的贡献)5.不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构 . (1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for + 名词(或代词宾格) + 不定式.如: It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese. 注:在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语.如: It was wise of him to do that. / I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation.(3) 动名词的逻辑主语为:人称代词的所有格 + 动名词;名词s + 动名词.如:Tom insisted on my going with them./ He dislikes his wifes working late.(4) 分词作状语时,要注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致.否则分词必须有自己的主语.这种带主语的分词结构称做分词的独立结构,或独立主格.如: The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their match./ The boys returned, their face covered with sweat.注:有时也可用”with(或without) + 名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构,表示伴随情况.如: He fell asleep with the lamp burning. / The teacher entered the cla