语法6 虚拟.doc

学案导学，先学后教；自主预习，检查落实；深层理解，合作探究单县一中高二英语语法系列学案No.6 -虚拟语气制卷：黄艳娟 张蕊 审核：刘建民 使用日期：周五（2012-11-23）虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种主观愿望、强烈遗憾，建议或与事实相反的假设等。e.g. If there were no water, the flower would die.（如果没有水，花会死。）（表示的是现在的事实是有水，所以花不会死）试比较： If I have time, I will go with them. (陈述语气)（此处表示的是如果我有时间，我会跟他们一起去，但是不确定是否有时间）If I had time, I would go with them. (虚拟语气) （由于虚拟语气表示的是与事实或期望相反，因此此处表示的是我没有时间，所以不能跟他们一起去）各种意义的虚拟语气：英语中的虚拟语气可分为表示假设的虚拟，以及表示“祝愿、命令、建议，要求”等主观愿望的虚拟。a.表示假设：主要用于对现在、过去或将来事实的假设或与现在、过去或将来事实相反的情况。虚拟情况（对事实的假设）条件从句中的谓语动词主句与现在事实相反过去式（be的形式用were）would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与将来可能相反过去式should+动词原形Were to+动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形要点扩展：1. 在虚拟语气中，be的形式各人称都用were, 在非正式问题中，第三人称单数也可用Was, 但是在if I were you句中，不能用was.2. 在主句中，should只用于第一人称。3. 有的是对正在进行的动作或行为的虚拟，此时应换为相应的动词时态的进行时。1与现在事实相反的虚拟语气： If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。） If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气：If you had got up earlier yesterday, you would have caught the train.She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。 （事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。（事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激。）3与将来事实相反的虚拟语气：If I saw him tomorrow , I would pass your note to him .If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。）If it should fail, I would try again.要是失败了，我会再试一次。（事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。）规律总结：从句都往过去推一个时态，如： . 与现在相反，if 从句用过去时； . 与过去相反，if 从句用过去完成时，即过去的过去。疑难辨析：真实条件句与虚拟条件句的意义区别。虚拟语气条件句中的应用：学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与虚拟条件句 (或称非真实条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句须用虚拟语气。虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。如：If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time.假如我们赶上早班火车，到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。(表希望)If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假如我们赶不上这班火车，我们就得在车站等一小时。（表不希望）高频考点：虚拟语气的特定用法。(1). 虚拟语气中的倒装。If 引导的非真实条件句中的谓语部分有were, had, should时，可以把if去掉，而将were,had, should提到主语的前面，构成倒装结构。而且省略的if从句一般置于主句之前（尤其是在肯定句和否定句中）。多见于书面语。If it should be fine tomorrow, we would go for an outing.Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go for an outing.If I had worked hard, I would have succeed.Had I worked hard, I would have succeed.If time were to go back, I would work double hard.Were time to go back, I would work double hard. (2). 混合型的条件句/条件虚拟语气当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice 如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道怎么办了。 You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。如条件从句用if I were.，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。如If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就会去了。(were表过去)If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我会去的。(were表现在)(3). 含蓄条件句/含蓄虚拟语气虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1) 条件暗含在短语中。如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如You might stay here forever.你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it)3) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：You wouldnt know. 你不会知道。 I would like to come. 我愿意来。(4). 不用if引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。如：The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept? 假如给你一到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose 或 supposing =what if）Supposing it were so？（=Supposing it were so，what would happen？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。【我的练习，我做主】：1If he had not missed the train, he _ by then. Amight get Bmight have got Cgot Dhad got 2If I _ out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper. Adidnt run Bshouldnt run Chavent run Dhadnt run 3I would have gone to the meeting，if I _ more timeAhad had Bhave had ChadDwould have had4I could have done better if I _ more timeAhave had Bhad Chad had Dwill have had5If I _ you，I wouldnt return the callAbe Bam Cwas Dwere6 _ today，he would get there by FridayAWould he leaveBWas he leaving CWere he to leaveDIf he leaves7If I had hurried，I _ the train Awould catchBcould catch Cwould have caughtDhad caught8If you had been with us，you _ our excitementAhave understood Bunderstood Cwill understand Dwould have understood9Without your help，we _ so muchAwill not achieve Bdidnt achieve Cdont achieve Dwould not have achieved 10If he _ the