重点中学英语语法讲义-状语从句.doc

状语从句一、概说状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义，状语从句可分为时时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别，以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。二、时间状语从句1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词 (1) 表示“一就”的从属连词：the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen等。如：Immediately he came I told him the news. 他一来我就把消息告诉了他。The moment I saw him I knew there was no hope. 我一看到他就知道没希望了。We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。(2) 涉及time的几个从属连词：every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，the last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：Every time I see her Ill think of it. 每次我看到她，我就想起这事。He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。He didnt tell me the last time I saw him. 我上次见到他时他没告诉我。2. 时间状语从句与及其主句的时态关于这个问题有两点值得注意：(1) 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。(2) 与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态：He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?注：在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一现在时：It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。三、条件状语从句注：除以上基本的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外，还有的动词尤其是其分词形式(如suppose, supposing, provided, providing等)和介词短语(如in case, on condition that等)也可用作连词表示条件：If case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。I will come on condition (that) she is invited too. 如果邀请她来, 那我就来。He may go with us provided providing he arrives in time. 他若及时到，就可以和我们一起走。Suppose 和supposing 引导条件状语从句时，通常用于主句为疑问句的场合：Suppose the boss saw you，what would he say? 如果老板看到你，他会怎样说?Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 他若不来，是不是不带他去?2. 条件状语从句的时态四、目的状语从句3. in case的用法说明in case既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而定：In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来，告诉我一声。Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。注：in case引导目的状语从句，从句有时可用“should+动词原形”这样的形式：Take your coat in case it rains (should rain). 带着雨衣以防下雨。五、结果状语从句六、原因状语从句1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词Seeing that its raining，wed better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。Now that you are here, youd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧(既来之，则安之)。3. because习惯上不与so连用汉语习惯上说“因为所以”，但英语习惯上却不能将 so与because 连用：因为下雨，所以我们呆在家里。七、让步状语从句 (1) 用when 和while引导让步状语从句。不要认为when和while只引导时间状语从句，其实它们也可引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”或“虽然”：She stopped when she ought to have continued. 尽管她应该继续下去，她却停住了。While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。 (3) 用whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引导让步状语从句：He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。Come whenever you like. 你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。2. whatever, however 等-ever词用法说明这些词在用法应注意以下几点：(1) 它们均可引导让步状语从句，意为“无论”：Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。Whoever telephones, tell them Im out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。Whichever day you come, Ill be pleased to see you. 无论你哪天来，我都欢迎。Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。Wherever he goes, Ill go. 不管他去哪里，我也去。(2) 它们引导让步状语从句时，通常可换成no matter，如说：No matter what you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。No matter when you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。No matter how much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。3. 为什么不能说 (al)thoughbut汉语中可说“虽然但是”，但按英语习惯，通常不能说althoughbut或thoughbut：虽然很危险，但我要试试。误：Although it is dangerous, but I will try.正：Although it is dangerous, I will try. / It is dangerous, but I will try.4. 让步状语从句与倒装引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though，但不是能用although：Poor though I am, I can afford it. 我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。Much as I like Paris, I couldnt live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。注：as 可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语，但若不倒装，则不能用as，而与之相反，although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语，但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。八、方式状语从句 (2) 有时the way 也可用作连词，表示方式，与as的用法相似：The didnt do it the way we do now. 那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。2. as if as though 从句与虚拟语气一般说来，若as if 和as though 从句所表示的内容可能为事实，则用陈述语气，若为假设或不大可能为事实，则用虚拟语气。不过在非正式文体中，有时即使句意明确地表示不是事实，也可能用陈述语气：He treats me as if I am were a stranger. 他待我有如陌生人。The stuffed dog barks as if it is were a real one. 这个玩具狗叫起来像是真狗似的。九、地点状语从句1. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词2. 不可忽略的考点有的同学认为地点状语从句在平时见得不多，误认为考试不会涉及，但恰恰相反，地点状语从句却是高考经常考查的一个知识点。请看以下高考真题：十、状语从句与省略为了简洁起见，有的状语从句(如时间状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句等)有时可省略从句的主语和部分谓语(尤其是当从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包括有动词be时)：She fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework. 他在做作业时睡着了。While (he was) doing so, he trembled a little. 他这样做时稍稍颤抖了一下。He opened his mouth as if (he was) to speak. 他张开口，好像要说话似的。Often she would weep when (she was) alone. 她一个人时，常常哭泣。Id like to see you whenever (its) convenient. 在你方便的时候我想来看看你。If (you are) traveling north，you must change at Leeds. 如果你是向北行，你必须在里兹换车。注：有些由if构成的省略结构，已属固定短语，如if any, if nec