高三基础复习讲义.doc

高三基础复习第一部分Review clauses： 主语从句 (Subject Clause)名词性从句（Noun Clauses） 宾语从句 (Object Clause)表语从句 (Predicative Clause)同位语从句 (Appositive Clause)（另一部分定语从句和主语从句已经复习过，可以参考以前的笔记下去回顾。注意：定语从句中只用that的几种情况。）1宾语从句引导词和其他从句的基本一致。分两种情况：动宾或是介宾。名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。（1） 由连接词that引导的宾语从句*由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。He said that his friend would come to see him and that they might go to some places of interest. (此句中第二个that因为在并列句之中，所以不可以省略。)注意：在demand，order，suggest，decide，insist，desire，request，command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。另外，当宾语从句中有插入语时，that不能被忽略即，不能被省略。如：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that I was wrong on the point. (for the first time 为插入语，做题时候要注意下。)（2）用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。*常考点：1，注意whether 和if 在宾语从句中的区别，只用whether的情况； 2， 宾语从句中。doubt （否定意义）-I doubt whether(if) that (肯定意义)- I have no doubt that 3.主从句时态保持一致； 4，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。【典例1】(2008北京卷)The companies are working together to create _ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.A. which B. that C. what D. who【答案】C create后为宾语从句，从句中they hope是插入语，可删除。因为从句中缺少主语，所以用what引导该从句。2表语从句-简单理解，处在表语位置的从句即be动词之后的从句称之为表语从句。-引导词与其他从句的引导词大致相同。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 +从句。 例如： The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分， 不能省略)、 That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。（有时用as if引导。）注意：1，表语从句一定要用陈述语序。2，不用if，只用whether连接表语从句，不过as if除外。3，表语从句中的that绝对不能省略。The fact is that we have lost the game.4， 常用句型：That is why. That is the reason why. The reason.is that(当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。)如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .5，有些东西可以充当系动词，引导表语从句，如：seem， look，remain* The bottle remains full. The task seems difficult.【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。【典例1】 (2009山东卷)The little girl who got lost decided to remain _she was and wait tor her mother. A. where B. what C. how D. who【答案】A remain是系动词，后加表语从句，由句意可知，从句缺地点状语，所以选A。【典例2】(2008天津卷)The last time we had grat fun was _ we were visiting the Water Park. A. where B. how C. when D. why【答案】C. was后为表语从句，此处when与the last time相呼应，根据句意可排除其他选项。3同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容,解释说明。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等抽象名词。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。掌握同位语从句的用法要注意以下两个问题： 1.有时候为了保持句子结构的平衡，把同位语从放在句子末尾。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 他从玛丽那里获知了运动会被推迟的消息。/ The news came that our team had won the match. 我们队赢了的消息传来。2. （注意that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别）同位语从句和定语从句结构相似， 通常位于某一名词或代词后面， 但两者存在明显区别： that引导的同位语从句中引导词that不在该同位语从句中充当句子成分， 但不能被省略， 同位语从句还可以用whether、 how等连词引导(定语从句则不能)。定语从句对先行词加以限制或修饰、 说明先行词的性质或特征(相当于形容词的作用)， 定语从句的引导词均在该定语从句中充当特定的句子成分(that在其引导的限定性定语从句中充当主语、 宾语或者表语， 充当定语从句中宾语的that经常可被省略)。例： We cant solve the problem how we can travel faster than light.我们解决不了如何才能超过光的速度这个问题。(how引导的从句表示其前面的名词the problem的具体内容， 属于同位语从句)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. 他告诉我的消息是汤姆来年将出国。(句中的第一个that引导定语从句限定先行词news， 第二个that引导表语从句) We have no idea at all where he has gone.我们根本不知道他去哪里了。 (where引导同位语从句说明idea的具体内容)词类专项（一）-名词 分类： A, 专有名词 B，普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 Individual nouns 集体名词 Collective nouns 抽象名词 Abstract nouns不可数名词 物质名词 Material nouns名词数（Number）-A，Singular number （单数）； B，Plural number（复数）名词格（Case）-主格（Subject case）；宾格（Object cause）;所有格（Possessive case）考点1、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s。如：map maps, boy boys, horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.2、不规则变化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 注意：1，还有一部分名词单复数同形，如： fish鱼，deer鹿，sheep绵羊， Swiss瑞士人，Chinese中国人，Japanese 日本人2.某些名词常以复数形式出现，谓语动词用复数，如：clothes，goods（商品，货物），papers（文件），arms（武器）3.有些名词形式上是复数，意义上却是单数，但是谓语动词有时却用复数。如：trousers裤子，pants裤子，shorts短裤 glasses眼镜，compasses圆规，scales天平，pliers钳子，clips剪子 上面这些单词在单独出现时谓语动词用复数形式，但是当强调一双是谓语动词则用单数，如： The black gloves are hers。这黑色手套是她的 This pair of black gloves is hers 。这双黑色手套是她的。4除此之外，还有一些单词看起来是复数形式，其实本身并不是复数。如：works（工厂），maths 数学，news 新闻，physics物理（学科名词。5.把复合词中的主体变复数。如：a son in law sons in law 女婿 a passer-by passers-by 路人如果没有主体，则在词尾加-s。如：a grown-up grown-ups 成年人 a go-between go- betweens 中间人分开写的，一般在词尾加-s。如：a boy student boy students 男学生 a girl friend girl friends 女朋友.但是如果第一部分为man，woman的，两部分都变复数，如：a man teacher men teachers 男老师 a woman doctor women doctors 女医生数词+名词做定语（定语名词）时，这个名词通常保留单数形式。如：two- year- old boy 两岁大的男孩 a ten-mile walk 十公里路但是有时也可以这样表达，a ten miles walk，这时候仅限一部分定语名词。考点2、名词所有格：1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息),Chinas population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).考点3、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生