世界历史之文明的起源英文版.ppt

WorldHistoryUnit1TheRiseofCivilizations Chapter1 Section1DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinAfrica 1 15 2020 1 ObjectiveofLesson1 1 Understandhowrecentarchaeologicalfindshavecontributedtoourunderstandingofhumanorigins Understandthatthemigrationsofprehistoricpeoplesresultedintheirspreadthroughouttheworld 1 15 2020 2 KeyVocabulary Hominids thehumansandhuman likecreaturesthatprecededthem Anthropologists thescientificstudyofhominidsusingbonesandotherremains Paleontologists thestudyoffossilremainstodeterminethecharacteristicsofprehistoricperiodsArchaeologists investigateprehistoriclifebyunearthingandinterpretingtheobjectsleftbehindbyprehistoricpeople Artifacts objectsthatwereshapedbyhumanhandsandotherremainsofhumanlifesuchascharcoal Radiocarbondating theprocessofmeasuringtherateofdecayofradioactivecarboninorganicremains 1 15 2020 3 PeopletoMeet GenSuwaTimD WhiteDonaldC JohnsonLouisLeakeyMaryLeakey 1 15 2020 4 PlacestoLocate AramisHadarOlduvaiGorge 1 15 2020 5 DiscoveryofEarlyHumansinAfrica Overview PrehistoricFindsinAfricaHumanOriginsTheIceAgesHumanCultureDatingEarlyArtifactsPaleolithicHunter Gatherers 1 15 2020 6 DatingEarlyArtifacts Archaeologistsandphysicalanthropologistsfacetheproblemofassigningadefiniteagetoremains AmongthetechniquesfordeterminingtheageofremainsareradiocarbondatingandDNAanalysis 1 15 2020 7 DatingEarlyArtifacts RadiocarbondatingOrganicmatterincludesoncelivingthingsSmallamountsofcarbonsabsorbedbylivingthingsisradioactiveRadioactivecarbondecaysatacertainrate thusindicatingwhenplantoranimaldiesGoodonlyformatterlessthan50 000yearsold 1 15 2020 8 PrehistoricFindsinAfrica In1992 paleontologistGenSuwa inEthiopia discovered4 4million year oldfossilsbelongingtotheoldestdirecthumanancestorknown In1974 againinEthiopia twoscientistsuncoveredanearlycompleteskeletonofa3 2million year oldhominidnicknamed Lucy In1994areasonablycompleteskullofaLucy likehominidprovidedevidencethatLucy likehumanoidscouldwalkupright 1 15 2020 9 PrehistoricFindsinAfrica DiscoveryofLucyDiscoveredbyDonaldC JohnsonandTomGrayDiscoveredatHadarNamedafterpopularBeatlessongMostnearlycompleteskeletonofuprightwalkingprehumanfoundtothattimeAchinbonediscoveredinKenyaindicateduprightwalkingat4millionyearsago 1 15 2020 10 TheFirstHominids Australopithecus thefirstprehumanhominid livedineasternandsouthernAfricaabout4 4millionyearsago ScientistsdivideHomo thegenusofhumans intothreespecies Homohabilis Homoerectus andHomosapiens 1 15 2020 11 TheFirstHominids AustralopithecuslivedinhumidforestsofeasternandsouthernAfricaAtefruit leaves andfishNomadic constantsearchforfoodNoevidenceforuseoftools 1 15 2020 12 HominidGroups ScientistsusedtheLatinwordHomo orhuman tonamehominidsandlaterhumansScientistsstillnotsurewhenhumansbecamehumanGenreofhumansdividedintothreegroupsSomewhatdifferentbodystructuresArrivedatdifferenttimes 1 15 2020 13 HominidGroups Homohabilis personwithability firstofthegroupofhominidsthatlivedabout3 4millionyearsago Homoerectus personwhowalksupright Livedabout1 5millionyearsago Homosapien personwhothinks Livedabout200 000yearsago Allpeopletoday 1 15 2020 14 TheIceAges Between2millionand10 000yearsago earthexperiencedfourperiodscalledtheIceAges duringwhichonlythemiddlelatitudeswerewarmenoughtosupporthumanandanimallife EarlyhumanbeingsadaptedtotheIceAgesbymigratingtowarmerplacesordevelopingstrategiesforkeepingwarm 1 15 2020 15 TheIceAges ManypartsoftheworldfelltobelowfreezingGlaciersspreadoverseveralareasOnlymiddlelatitudesremainedwarmenoughforanimallifeBetweenglacialperiods theearthwarmed 1 15 2020 16 TheIceAges Asglaciersgrewandoceansloweredby300feet landbridgesformedJapanandKoreaGreatBritainandIrelandMalayPeninsulaandIndonesiaIslandsAsiaandNorthAmerica 1 15 2020 17 Migrations HomoerectusmigratestoEuropeandAsiaReachedIndonesianIslands1 6millionyearsago 1 15 2020 18 HumanCulture Cultureincludestheknowledgeapeoplehave thelanguagetheyspeak thewaysinwhichtheyeatanddress theirreligiousbeliefs andtheirachievementsinartandmusic Oneoftheearliestculturaldevelopmentswastheuseofstonetools whichhasledhistorianstoapplythename StoneAge totheperiodbeforewritingwaswidelyestablished 1 15 2020 19 TheStoneAge ThreeperiodsbasedontoolmakingtechniquesPaleolithic OldStoneAge 2millionyearsagoto12 000B C Mesolithic MiddleStoneAge 12 000to8 000B C Neolithic NewStoneAge 8 000to5 000B C 1 15 2020 20 PaleolithicHunter Gatherers Homehabilis wholivedduringthePaleolithic aretheoldesthominidsknowntohavemanufacturedtools Homeerectus whobeganasfoodgatherersbutbecamehuntersbydevelopingweapons usedfireandmadeclothingfromanimalskins ScientistsdisagreeonwhenprehistoricpeoplesmigratedoutofAfrica butthereisgeneralagreementthatHomoerectuswasestablishedinChinaandEuropebyabout400 000yearsago By50 000B C prehistoricpeopleshaddevelopedlanguage whichallowedthemtoexchangeideasandpasstheirknowledgeontothenextgeneration 1 15 2020 21 HomoHabilis LivedinAfrica2 5millionto1 5millionyearsagoResearchcreditedtoLouisandMaryLeakeyandlatertheirson OlduvaiLeakey 1 15 2020 22 HomoErectus From1 5millionto250 000yearsagoFromAfricatoEuropetoAsiaWomengatheredfruits menscavengedfor killed meatMenlaterbecamehuntersusingspearsandclubs about500 000yearsago 1 15 2020 23 HomoErectus LearnedtomakefireProtectionfromanimalsCouldliveincaves droveotheranimalsoutwithfireCookfoodKeepwarmMadeclothingfromanimalskins 1 15 2020 24 Migrations ScientistsdisagreewhetherHomoHabilisorHomoErectusmigratedtoEuropefirstHomoErectusreachedAsiaandEuropeBonesshowHomoErectusreachedJavaabout1 6to1 8millionyearsagoSkeletalremainsshowHomoerectusclearlyestablishedinChina460 000yearsago 1 15 2020 25 Language HomoErectusmayhavebeentalkingtoeachotherabout500 000yearsagoLanguage oneofhumanitiesgreatestachievementsExchanginginformationonhowtosurviveandpassalongculturalContinuanceofculture 1 15 2020 26 Section2 TheAppearanceofHomoSapiens Overview TheNeanderthalsHomoSapiensSapiensTheNeolithicRevolution 1 15 2020 27 OverviewofSection2 HomoerectusimprovedmanyaspectsoflifeHomosapiens thefirstmodernhumanspecies movedthehumanconditionforwardatafasterpaceDiscoveryinZaire Africa showshumansusedtoolsmuchearlierthanthought 80 000yearsago 1 15 2020 28 ObjectiveofLessonSection2 Knowsomeoftheachievementsoftheearliesthumans Earlyhumansproducedtoolsanddomesticateanimalsandcrops 1 15 2020 29 KeyVocabulary Domesticate Tamingananimalforhumanpurposes Deity Neolithicpeoplesbelievedinmanygodsorgoddesses 1 15 2020 30 PeopletoMeet NeanderthalsCro magnons 1 15 2020 31 PlacestoLocate NeanderValleyLascauxVallon Pont d ArcJerichoCatalHuyuk 1 15 2020 32 TheNeanderthals Stoodabout5 5feettallBrainslargerthanmodernhumansStockybuild muscularAbletoadapttocolderclimatesNomadichuntersandgatherersMoresophisticatedtools 1 15 2020 33 TheNeanderthals Neanderthals probablythefirstHomosapiens beganspreadingintoEuropeandAsiaabout100 000yearsagofromAfricaTheirtoolmakingabilitywasmoresophisticatedthatHomoerectus Mostlivedingroupsof35 50people eitherinopen aircampsorinnon permanentdwellingssuchascaves Theywereculturallyadvancedintheircareforthesickandagedandtheirtreatmentofthedead 1 15 2020 34 HomoSapiensSapiens HomosapienssapiensmovedfromAfricaandintoEuropeandAsiaIntermarriedNeanderthalsGraduallyabsorbedthemNeanderthalbecameextinct leavingHomosapienssapienstheonlyhominidsleftonearth 1 15 2020 35 HomoSapiensSapiens Mostscientistsbelievethatmodernhumans orHomosapienssapiensinEurope originatedinAfricaabout50 000yearsagoandsooncametodominatealmosteverycontinent TheCro Magnons theearliestHomosapienssapiens broughtwiththemimprovedtechnologyandamoresophisticatedculture TheadvancestheCro Magnonsmadeintoolmakingtransformedhumanlifebymakinglong distancetravelpossibleandincreasingthesupplyoffood 1 15 2020 36 HomoSapiensSapiens Cro Magnonsweretaller butnotasrobustBetterhuntingandgatheringtechniques moregrouporientedBetterhuntingandthenfishinginstrumentsBetterstoneaxesallowedthemtomakecanoesandtravelinthemlongdistancesInventedlongdistanceweapons bowandarrow etc 1 15 2020 37 HomoSapiensSapiens TheCro Magnons increasedfoodsupplyhadpoliticalandsocialconsequences includingthecooperationofunrelatedbandsofCro Magnonsandtheevolutionofrule makingandleadership Cro Magnonsatfirstlivedintemporarystructures butastheirhuntingmethodsadvanced theybuiltpermanentcommunitiesTheCro Magnonswereaccomplishedcavepaintersandsculptors Moresophisticatedburials 1 15 2020 38 HomoSapiensSapiens CavepaintingsincludedaccomplishedartistryfoundincavesinLascauxandVallon Pont d Arc FranceHistoriansdisagreeonpaintingrationaleToeducateyoungstersonthefinerhuntingpointsReachingouttothespiritualforhelpintheirhuntingactivities 1 15 2020 39 HomoSapiensSapiens BetterfoodsupplybroughthigherpopulationBy15 000B C thereweretwomillionpeopleontheearth 1 15 2020 40 TheNeolithicRevolution TheendofthelastIceAgebringsgreen forrestsandgrassesDuringtheNeolithicperiod namedforitstremendouschanges andimmediatelyafter peoplegraduallyshiftedfromgatheringandhuntingfoodtoproducingfood TheMesolithicperiod duringwhichpeopleofdomesticatedanimalsanddevelopedfarmingtools wasaforerunneroftheNeolithicRevolution 1 15 2020 41 TheNeolithicRevolution Indifferentpartsoftheworld theNeolithicRevolutiontookplaceatdifferenttimesandinvolveddifferentcropsandanimals Farmingassuredasteadyfoodsupplyandenabledpeopletostaylongerinoneplace butitalsorequiredharderandlongerwork Withthedevelopmentofagriculture peoplebegantosettleinagriculturalvillagesinsteadofwanderingasnomads 1 15 2020 42 TheNeolithicRevolution TheDawnofAgriculture Neolithicfarmersmadeagriculturalworkeasierandmoreproductivebyinventingtheplowandfertilizingtheirfields Therelativelysteadyfoodsupplyquickenedthepaceoftechnologicaladvanceandledtothedevelopmentofcalendars landownership andwarfare Neolithicpeoplebelievedindeitieswiththepowertohurtorhelppeople 1 15 2020 43 TheNeolithicRevolution TheDawnofAgriculture NeolithicRevolutionbuiltslowlyBeganatdifferenttimesindifferentpartsoftheworldMiddleEast 8000yearsago China 5000yearsago 1 15 2020 44 TheNeolithicRevolution TheFirstVillages FoodproductionincreasespopulationBy4000B C worldpopulationisestimatedat90 000 000PeoplecouldsettleincommunitiesWheresoilwasfertileandwaterabundantJericho oneofearliestvillages IsraeloccupiedWestBank 8000B C CatalHuyuk earlyvillage Turkey 6300 7000B C largestvillagediscoveredsofar 1 15 2020 45 TheNeolithicRevolution TechnologicalAdvances InventedtheplowandtrainedanimalstopullInventedtheloomandthewheelBakedclaytoconstructbuildingsHammeredmetalsforjewelryandweaponsTheIcemanCalendarscreatedtotrackagriculature 1 15 2020 46 TheNeolithicRevolution TechnologicalAdvances BoundariesbecameimportantandwarfareoverboundarieswasprobableBelievedindeities godsandgoddesses 1 15 2020 47 Section3 EmergenceofCivilization RiverValleyCivilizationsTheEconomyofaCivilizationTheRiseofCitiesSystemsofValues 1 15 2020 48 Lesson1 3Objectives Understandthattheearliestcivilizationsbeginwiththeevolutionoffarmingsettlementsintothefirstcities Knowthekindsofeconomic political andsocialchangesthatresultedfromtheriseofcities 1 15 2020 49 KeyVocabulary Civilization ThetermcomesfromtheLatinterm civitas meaning city Acivilizationisahighlyorganizedsocietywithanadvancedknowledgeoffarming trade government artandscience Economy Thewaysinwhichpeopleusetheirenvironmenttomeettheirmaterialneeds Artisan Workersskilledinacraft Artisansusuallyworkwiththeirhands 1 15 2020 50 KeyVocabulary Culturaldiffusion Theexchangeofgoodsandideaswhenculturescomeincontactwithoneanother Myth Traditionalstoriesabouthowtheearthwasformed howpeoplecameintobeing andwhattheyowedtheircreator 1 15 2020 51 RiverValleyCivilizations Manyearlycivilizationsarosefromfarmingsettlementsinrivervalleys Earlyrivervalleycivilizationsdependedonthespecializationoflabor advancedtechnology agovernmenttocoordinatedlarge scalecooperativeefforts andasharedsystemofvaluesandbeliefs Somesocietiesremainedassmallagriculturalvillagesorhunter and gathererbands 1 15 2020 52 RiverValleyCivilizations FourrivervalleycivilizationsTheNileRiver northeastAfrica presentdayEgyptTheTigrisandEuphratesRivers presentdayIraqIndusRiver SouthAsia presentdayIndiaHuangHe EastAsia presentdayChinaWhatgaverivervalleystheupperhandindevelopingintocivilizations 1 15 2020 53 TheEconomyofaCivilization AneconomyisthewaypeopleusetheirenvironmenttomeettheirmaterialneedsEconomydependsonfarmersgrowingsurplusfood 1 15 2020 54 TheEconomyofaCivilization FirstIrrigationSystems Farmerscoulddevelopasurplusofcropsbecauseearlycivilizationsbuiltmassiveirrigationsystemsanddikesanddamstopreventflooding 1 15 2020 55 TheEconomyofaCivilization Specializedlabor Workersskilledinacraft calledartisans becameincreasinglyproductiveandcreative TheperiodthatfollowstheStoneAgeisknownastheBronzeagebecausebronzereplacedstoneasthechiefmaterialforweaponsandtools Expensive bronzewasusedbykings priests andsoldiers 1 15 2020 56 TheEconomyofaCivilization SpecializationofLabor Jewelry eatingutensils weaponsandothergoodswerehammeredoutofcopper lead andgoldAlloysweremadefromvariousmetalmixtures bronzewasthemostimportant madefromcopperandtinWeaponsTools 1 15 2020 57 TheEconomyofaCivilization Long DistanceTrade AtfirsttradingwithowncommunitiesLandroutesemergedLong distancetradeaccompaniedtheriseofearlycivilizations Peoplebecamea