倒装句 INVERSION.doc

倒装句 INVERSION 倒装可分为完全倒装、部分倒装和其他倒装。一完全倒装：将谓语动词直接提到主语前 。常见情况有：1 以here, there 或out , in, up, down, away等词开头的句子里以示强调。 There goes the bell. Here comes the bus. Out rushed the children. Away went the boy. 注意：但主语是人称代词时，主语语序不变。 Here it is. Away he went. 2地点状语放句首 South of the river lies a small factory. From the valley came a frightening sound.3. such, the following 放句首时 Such are the facts. Such is life.The following is the answer to the question.二部分倒装：将情动、助动、系动提到主语前。常见情况有：1 Only修饰的副词，介词短语或状语从句放在句首时。 Only then did I realize that I was wrong. Only in this way can you learn from your mistakes Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. 2.含有否定意义的副词或连词， 如：hardly, never, not, not only, little , neithernor, not until,no soonerthan, seldom (Often)等放在句首时。 Never shall I forget it. Never before have I seen such a film. Not a single mistake did he make. (他一点错也没出 ) Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship. Nowhere in the world can there be such a quiet and beautiful place.Little does he care about what others think. Often did we warn them not to do so. 3.把副词 so 放在句首，表示前面所说的情况，也适合于另一人或物。 肯定句用so,否定句用neither, 句式如下： So + be ( have, 助动词或情态动词) + 主语。 否定形式： neither (nor) + be ( have, 助动词或情态动词) + 主语。 He likes rice very well. So do I. I have never been there, and neither has he.4. 表祝愿。 May you succeed!5. 省略if 时，将had, should, were 提到主语前 Had I knew it, I wouldnt have done it.三其他倒装。1 表语置于句首时，倒装结构为 “表语 + 连系动词 + 主语” Present at the party were Mr green and many other guests. Seated on the ground are a group of young men. Gone are the days when we used the “foreign oil”.So frightened was he that he didnt dear to move.So loudly do the students read their lessons that people can hear them out in the street.2. as: 尽管 句式：（1） 表语/状语+ as + 主语+ 系动/实动，主句。 （2）动原 +as + 主语+ will/may ， 主句。 Child as he is, he knows much English. Much he loves his son, he is strict with him.3. No matter how/However + adj./adv.+主语+ 谓语， 主句。 However/No matter how late it is, she often waits for him. 四巩固练习1. _ to rain tomorrow , they would put off the meeting.A. If it should B. If were it C. Should it D. were it 2. _ got into the room _ the telephone rang.A. No sooner had he, when B. He hardly had, then C. Hardly had he, when D. He hardly had, then3. _ find out what had happened.A. Until he woke up did he B. Until he woke up to C. Not until did he wake up he D. Not until he woke up did he .4. Little _ about his own health though he was very ill.A. he cared B. he cares C. does he care D. did he care 5. Early in the day _ the news _ the enemy were gone.A. come, that B. came , that C. comes ,that D. came , what 6. Not only _ strict with us, but also _ for us.A. was the teacher ; did he care B. was the teacher ; he cared C. the teacher was ; did he care D. the teacher was ; did he care 7. _, he knows a lot of English .A. Child as he is B. As he is a Child C. A child as he is D. Child though he was 8. _ the cat , she has to give it to the neighbor.A. As she likes much B. As she much likes C. Much as she likes D. As much she likes9. Be quick! _. A. Here comes the bus B. The bus here comes C. The bus come here D. Here the bus comes 10. If you want to go there, _. A. so will I B. so I will C. I will so D. so do I11. In front of the farmhouse _.A. does a small boy sit B. did a small boy sit C. sit a small boy D. sat a small boy 12. Scarcely _ down when _ a knock at the door.A. had he sat ; did he hear B. he had sat ; did he hear C. he had sat ; he heard D. had he sat ; he heard 13. Here _. A. does he come B. he comes C. comes he D. he come 14. Only _ that.A. can a doctor do B. a doctor can do C. can do a doctor D. can a doctor does15. Not even once _ a lie.A. has Mike told B. Mike has told C. had Mike told D. Mike had told16. Up _ into the air.A. went the arrow B. the arrow went C. did the arrow go D. does the arrow go17. Not for a moment _ what he said.A. I believed B. did I believe C. I would believe D. I believe18. Under the big tree _ of seven years old.A. sat a little girl B. did a little girl sat C. a little girl D. a little girl sat19. In _ and the students stood up.A. the teacher comes B. the teacher coming C. came the teacher D. did the teacher come 20. No sooner _ begun to speak than I realized that something was wrong.A. he has B. he had C. had he D. did he 21. Nowhere else in the world _ a place so beautiful.A. you can find B . find you C. can you find D. do you find 22. Your ticket, Please? _.A. Here you are B. Here are you C. You are here D. I give you it 23. Hardly _ the house, when he was caught.A. the thief had entered B. entered the thief C. had the thief entered D. was the thief entering24. Seldom _ late _ the meeting room.A. does he come; to B. comes he; for C. does he; for D. comes he; to 25. Never before _ such a good film _ 007.A. have I seen ; as B. I have seen; like C. had I seen; like D. I have seen; as 26. The girl likes singing and dancing. _.A. So she does B. So is she C. So am I D. So she can 27. Never _ early in the morning.A. he gets up . B. gets up he C. does he get up D. up he gets28. So loudly _ that every people in the next room could hear him.A. did he speak B. he spoke C. did speak he D. he speaks 29. On the river bank, _ where he once lived.A. stand a house B. a house stand C. does a house stand D. stands a house 30. I wont go, _.A. any of my classmates will go nor . B. nor will not any of my classmates C. nor will any of my classmates D. nor do any of my classmates 31. Only in a socialist country _ the peoples interests.A. science can serve B. does science can serve C. can science serve D. can serve science for 32. Rarely _ a bike like that nowadays.A. we see B. see we C. do see we D. do we see 33. No longer _ to be a member of this club.A. is he fit B. he is fit C. he fit D. fit he 34. Little _ that the police are about to arrest him.A. do he know B. does he know C. he knows D. he know35. _from the hill. A. Down ran the child B. Ran down the child C. Down ran he. D. The child down ran.36. So funny did he look _everyone stared at him. A. and B. at that C. that D. so that37. _ I like it, Ill not buy it A. As much B. As C. Much as D. As much as38. Try as they would, _ find nothing. A. could they B. they C. they could D. can they39. Brave _ he is, he trembled at the sight of a snake. A. man as B. man though C. a man though D. a man as40. Out _, gun in hand A. he rushed B. rushed he C. did he rush D. did rush he参考答案： 1-5 DCDDB 6-10 BACAA 11-15 DDBBA 16-20 ABACC 21-25 CACAA 26-30ACADC 31-35 CDABA 36-40 CCCAAUnit4 Green world重难点解析1.classify vt.编排；分类The books in the library are classified by subject.图书馆的书是按照科目分类的。classify sb./ sth.（as sth.）将某人/某物归类Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment?你认为她的小说属于文学类呢，还是属于通俗读物类？classified（常作定语）分类的a classified directory分类电话簿classified advertisements分类广告2.procedure n.程序（尤指工商、法律、政治等事务的）Stop arguing about （questions of） procedure and lets get down to business.别再为程序（问题）争辩了，咱们着手议正事吧。procedure （for sth.）手续；步骤Whats the procedure for opening a bank account?在银行开个账户要办什么手续？3.group v.集合，使成群；类集The children grouped round the piano.孩子们集合在钢琴周围。We can group animals into several types.我们可以把动物分成好几类。（1）群；组；类family,team,audience,enemy,group,class等集合名词作主语时，若看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调各个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。Our group is going to climb a mountain tomorrow.我们组明天要去爬山。The group are having dinner now.组员们正在吃晚饭。What blood group are you?你是什么血型？作定语 a group activity 集体活动（2）（公司联营的）集团a newspaper group报业集团4.promote v.（1）提升，晋升My daughters just been promoted!我的女儿刚被提升了！promote sb.to sth.提升，擢升某人The football team was promoted to the first division.该足球队已晋升为甲级队。（2）促进；鼓励，推动The organization works to promote friendship between nations.该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊。5.appointappoint sb.（to sth.）;appoint sb.（as sth.）挑选（某人）做某工作或任某职位；任命；委派They have appointed a new manager.他们已经任用了一位新经理。Who shall we appoint （as） chairperson?我们选派谁担任主席呢？He was appointed to the vacant post.他被委派填补那空缺。appoint sth.（for sth.） 确定或决定某事物They have appointed a date for the meeting.他们已经约定了开会的日期。6.calculate vt.计算；推算；估算They use a computer to calculate the cost of a journey.他们用电脑算出旅行的费用。I calculate that we will reach London at about 3 p.m.我估计我们大约在下午3点到达伦敦。be calculated to do sth.旨在，打算或计划做某事His speech was calculated to stir up the crowd.他讲的话是有意鼓励群众的。n. calculation计算，推算7.expense n.花费，费用，经费Its too much of an expense to own a car.拥有一辆汽车的花费太大。at ones expense由某人负担费用He had his book printed at his own expense.他自己出钱印了书。at the expense of sth.在损失或损坏某事物的情况下He built up a successful business but it was all done at the expense of his health.他创建的企业很成功，但这一切都损害了他的健康。8.accumulate（1）vt.积累；聚集By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.她由于投资精明而积蓄了一笔财产。My savings are accumulating interest.我的储蓄不断生息。（2）vi. 增加Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.房间不经常打扫，尘土很快就越积越多。n. accumulation 金钱、知识、经验的积累9.involve vt.（1）需要The job involved me in London.工作需要我住在伦敦。（2）牵涉，牵连；包括The strike involved many people.阅读理解主题概括题解题技巧在高考阅读理解中，主题概括类试题的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所读材料的主旨和大意也是英语课程标准和考试说明对考生的基本要求之一。只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题，才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。主题概括题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，我们可以分析出阅读理解主题概括类题目的一般范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度的概括或总结，属于高层次题。拟题大致有以下一些提问方式：The text is mainly about _.The main ideaThe general ideaThe main purpose is .Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in thelast paragraph?What would be the best title /headline for the text?This article mainly tells about the story of _.What is the topic of the text?The writers purpose in writing this story is _.The subject discussed in this text is _.What does the second paragraph discuss?The paragraph (passage) deals with _.Which of the following best summarizes the passage？从以上具体的提问形式可知此类题目可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的文章标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。一、段落及文章整体的主题大意的理解文章是由段落组成的，段落是发展一个主题（topic）的一群句子，段落的主题就是段落的中心思想。而就一整篇文章而言，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章主题。主题句通常有这样的特点：有一个话题（topic）；有阐述控制性概念（controlling idea），通常在段落的首句或尾句，偶尔也可在一段的中间；有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。解这类试题应根据以下几个步骤，掌握此类题的解题技巧：1. 寻找主题句，确定文章主题在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主题概括类试题多采用浏览法（skimming），浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段, 尾段或每段的首句和尾句,重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。例 2004上海高考试题阅读C篇We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it. Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changedno examination is perfectbut to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher. Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to thema form of favourtism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an illrespected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a wellrespected school. This defend of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child form a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her schools reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school. The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.85. The passage mainly focuses on _.A. schools and certificates B. examination and equalityC. opportunity and employment D. standards and reputation主题分析 文章第一句We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.即点明文章的主题句：从正反两方面讨论考试作为一种升学就业的手段的公平性及其合理性。所以第85题答案为B“考试与公平”。有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼”出现在文章的最后，此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点，或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点，以此归纳文章的主旨大意，所以有时要找出这样的信息，从中提炼标题或归纳大意。2 抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生们不能只依据只言片语、一枝一节，或光看文章的某一些段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排；理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”；考虑文章的组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的；分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么内容来表达中心的；最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。例 2002北京春季B篇There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power（原子能） First，the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power stationAlthough the power stations themselves are strongly built，the containers used for the transport of the materials are notNormally，only two methods of transport are in use，namely road or railUnfortunately，both of these may have an effect on the general public，since they are sure to pass near，or even through，heavily populated areas Second，there is the problem of wasteAll nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of yearsIt is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive，and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have inventedFor example，they may be buried under the ground，or dropped into deserted mines， or sunk in the seaHowever，these methods do not solve the problem，since an earthquake could easily break the containers Third，there may occur the danger of a leak（泄漏）or an explosion at the power stationAs with the other two dangers，this is not very likely，so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear programHowever，it can happen Separately，these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worryTaken together， though，the probability of disaster（灾难）is extremely high64. What is the passage about？A Uses of nuclear power B Dangers from nuclear powerC Public anger at nuclear power D Accidents caused by nuclear power主题分析 第一段点明全文主旨：There are three separate sources of danger insupplying energy by nuclear power（原子能）.为文章的主题句。接着从三个方面论述主题：First，Second，Third，段首第一句分别为各段的主题句，层次分明，结构清晰，最后一段作者进一步归纳全文大意：Dangers from nuclearpower。此题答案为B。3 抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了那几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。例 NMET1999全国卷A篇51题Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book. This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary kept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries. Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia,It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington.D. C in the war of 1812.She describes President James Madison on horseback as “perfectly shaking with fear” during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man， and praised her excellent EnglishThe adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor(祖先)to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary. Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes” when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi. Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, “Ive felt sick since then, ” Luxmoore told reporters. According to Green， no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building. Tom Brennan re