专四语法部分.doc

语法知识一、虚拟语气Subjunctive mood 虚拟语气:表示说话人的主观愿望、假设、怀疑或推测等（一）虚拟语气在简单句中的用法1 虚拟语气可用在口语中，使语气显得比较客气委婉。通常谓语由“should, would, could, might加动词原形”构成1）陈述自己的看法I should like to have a talk with you.I would like to say a few words about it.2）提出请求或邀请Would you mind opening the door?Could you come and see me tomorrow?3）提出建议或劝告You might as well tell me the truth.Youd like some coffee, wouldnt you? 4）提出问题What would you advise me to do?Could you tell me your telephone number?2 虚拟语气可用于简单句中，表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止或命令等1）用动词原形Long live the Communist Party of China! 中国共产党万岁！God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！God damn you! 该死的！Heaven forbid! 上天不容！Somebody fetch a basin of water. 谁去打盆水来。Everybody come in! 大家都近来！2）may用于句首，动词用原形May you be happy!May you succeed!（二）虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的用法1对现在情况假设，即与现在事实相反主句-情态v.+ v.原形 从句-v.过去式(bewere)2对过去情况假设, 即与过去事实相反 主句-情态v.+ have done(v.现在完成式) 从句-had done (v.过去完成式)3对将来情况假设，即将来不太可能实现的情况主句-情态v.+ v.原形 从句-v.过去式（bewere） should + v.原形 were to + v.原形虚拟语气中常用情态动词为：would, should, might, couldEg. If they had time, they would study Russian, too. If I were you, I should go and see the doctor at once.I could have met her if I had come a few minutes earlier.If she hadnt got up late, she wouldnt have been late for school.If it rained tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off.If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off.If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. 省if在书面语和正式文体中，从句中有were, should, had可省if，把were, should, had放/提到主语之前。Eg. If it were not for their support, we would be in a very difficult position.Were it not for their support, we would be in a very difficult position. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. Had I left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. If it should rain tomorrow, what would we do? Should it rain tomorrow, what would we do? 错综时间 有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生的时间是不一致的（如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的）。这种句子被称为错综时间条件句(Conditional Sentence of Mixed Time)。这时主、从句中谓语动词的形式应按各自时间变化。Eg. If you had seen the doctor in good time, you would be quite all right now. If we hadnt repaired the roof last summer, the living room would be wet now.（三）wish宾语从句用在wish后的宾语从句中，表示不可实现的愿望。主句通常为I wish, 从句用下列形式：1与现在事实相反,即目前未能实现的愿望 从句-v.过去式(bewere)2与过去事实相反，即过去未能实现的愿望 从句 -had done(v.过去完成式) 情态v.+ have done（动词的完成式）3将来不太可能实现的愿望 从句-情态v. + v原形注：如果将wish改为wished,that从句的动词形式不变；动词hope的that从句用陈述语气，而不用虚拟语气。Eg. I wish I were young again.Sometimes I wish I were living in a different time and a different planet.I wish you had told me sooner.I wish you would have called yesterday.I wish they would tell us the truth.（四）特殊v.后的宾语从句中 特殊v.为表示“命令、建议、要求、请求、坚持”等意义的动词；宾语从句中动词形式为：(should) + v.原形 这些动词常见的有：ask, require, request, suggest, propose, order, advocate, agree, command, demand, direct, insist, advise, prefer, second, urge, move, recommend, permit, allow, intend, desire, beg, forbid, decide, arrange etc. Eg. He suggested that we should start at once. Would you prefer that I _ with you? A am going to fishing B will go fishing C would go fishing D go fishingWe desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans. A inform B informs C informed D had informed1 上述动词的名词后的同位语从句或表语从句中也要求相同形式的虚拟语气。 advice, agreement, requirement, request, suggestion, proposal, order, demand, insistence, preference, second, urge, motion, recommendation, permission, intention, desire, etc.Eg. His suggestion was that we should start at once. The order soon came that all civilians should evacuate the village. We knew his insistence that he do the work himself.I second Mr. Greens motion that the meeting be put off until next week. 2上述动词的形容词后的that主语从句也要求相同形式的虚拟语气。 advisable, desirable, preferable, urgent, It is advisable that you (should) go to see a doctor.It is desirable that you (should) speak the language fluently.3 上述动词的被动式引出的主语从句中也要求相同形式的虚拟语气。 It is decided that. It is arranged that.Eg. It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made. A not be started B will not be started C is not started D is not to be started（五）as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中 真实方式状从：He looks as if he is young. (He is really young.)虚拟方式状从：1与现在事实相反从句v.过去式(be在一、三人称后可用was/were，通常用were较多)2与过去事实相反从句v.过去完成式(had done)3与将来事实相反，即将来不太可能发生从句-情态v. (might) + v. 原形Eg. He talks as if he were a scholar. (In fact, he is not a scholar.) He speaks as if he had seen it with his own eyes. (Actually, he didnt see it at all.)It looks as if it might rain.（六）lest, for fear that, in case （惟恐、以免、以防）引导的目的状语从句中从句中谓语动词用should + v. 原形lest 引导的目的状从中，should 常可省略in case 引导的目的状语从句有真实和虚拟两种，真实条件句中不用虚拟语气。例如：Take an umbrella in case it rains.Eg. Ill be kind to her lest she decide to leave me. He jotted the name down for fear that he should forget it. Heres some money in case you should need it. He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain. I had to restrain him lest he should give us away.（约束；暴露）He put his coat over the child for fear that /lest he should catch cold.He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemys hands.Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.（七）whatever, whoever, no matter what之类代词或副词（词组）引起的让步状语从句中，从句谓语动词多用may加动词原形构成。Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.I wont let you in whoever you may be.No matter what you may say, I am determined to do what I think is right.Come what may, we will go ahead.这时如果指的是一个过去的动作，may后面的动词就要用完成式。The party was a success, however inadequate the preparations may have been.You mustnt be proud, however much you may have achieved.（八）在It is + adj./n. + that等结构后的主语从句中从句谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。（如果动作是过去发生的，可用should 加动词的完成式。）这里的形容词表示“重要性、必要性、可能性、命令、请求、建议”等常见词有：important, essential, vital, necessary, imperative, natural, strange, proper, advisable, desirable, preferable, urgent, incredible, it is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder, It is imperative that we should practice criticism and self-criticism.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.It seems incredible that he should have finished the work so soon.It is quite natural that such fears should arise.It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.（自大）（九）特殊句型1 It is + (high/very/about) time + that 从句，从句中谓语动词用过去式。Its about time that class began.Its high time they were taught a lesson.2 S. + would sooner/ would just as soon/ would rather/ had rather + that 从句从句中谓语动词用过去式 I would rather you came tomorrow/you didnt do that.从句中虚拟语气的形式与wish之后的that从句相同(注意：在would rather后的从句中，过去式可用于表示现在或将来情况的虚拟语气)Id rather (that) he had been here yesterday.Id rather he were here now.Id rather he would be here tomorrow.Id rather you came next weekend.I would (just) as soon that he had not spoken rudely to me.3 用于表示惊奇、喜悦、怀疑、不满等意义的形容词后的状语从句中，从句中谓语动词用should加动词原形或完成式。I am sorry, we were surprised, they were disappointed, Im sorry that he should say so.Im surprised that I should be accorded such a hearty welcome.（十）其它词或短语引导虚拟语气1 If only + 从句 与现在事实相反从句v.过去式（be 用were） 与过去事实相反从句v.过去完成式。 与将来事实相反,即将来不太可能实现从句-情态v. + v.原形Eg. If only I had a million dollars/I were a millionaire. If only I hadnt lost it/I had studied computer at college. If only I would go abroad.2 But for + n. (短语)及without + n. (短语)结构中，主句用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反，主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 原形与过去事实相反，主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 现在完成式(have done)but for=if it were not for / if it had not been forbut that=but for the fact thatbut for后面接名词，but that后面接从句，二者均表示“要是没有”的意思。Eg. Without air there would be no life at all. But for your help, we couldnt have finished the task on time. But that I saw it, I could not have believed it. She would have fallen but that I caught her.3 事实陈述句 + or/otherwise/or else +虚拟句与现在事实相反，主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 原形与过去事实相反，主句谓语动词用情态v. + v. 现在完成式(have done)Eg. I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the parade.二、非谓语动词非谓语动词既有非动词特征，又有动词特征。非动词特征：不定式具有n. adj. adv. 的特征，在句中担任除谓语外任何成分；动名词具有n. 特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语；分词具有adj. adv. 特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语；动词特征：有语态和部分时态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语，同其宾语和状语一起构成短语；还可有逻辑主语区别：动名词名词；习惯性动作不定式将来；一次性动作分词：现在分词动作正在进行；表主动 过去分词动作已经完成；表被动（一）不定式1 形式： to + v.原形 否定式：not to do主动形式：一般式to do 进行式to be doing 完成式to have done 完成进行式to have been doing被动形式：一般式to be done 完成式to have been done1)一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的饿动作之后发生。Im glad to see you.（同时发生）They invited us to come to a party.（不定式动作后发生）2)完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前Im glad to have seen your mother.= Im glad that I have your mother.The enemy was reported to have surrendered.= It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.3)进行式：谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。They are said to be building another bridge over the river.= It is said that they are building another bridge over the river.4)完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.关于不定式的时态，考试中主要测试一般式、进行式和完成式的区别，多数试题将正确答案设置在完成式上。为了更好地理解和掌握这一语法测试点，研读和比较下列句子。They expected their son to do well in the examination.They expected their son to be doing well during the examination.They expected their son to have done well in the examination.2 不定式作用作主语Eg. To master a foreign language is not easy. Its not easy to master a foreign language.Its the greatest happiness of life to love and to be loved.注：不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式（短语） 其中it 是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）作表语Eg. Her wish is to be a teacher. She seems to be happy.作宾语Eg. He loved to listen to music.I find it difficult to speak English fluently. 下列及物动词要求不定式作宾语：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, 作定语Eg. He is the best man to consult with.There is a lot of work to do.注：不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi.后要加介词作状语a目的状语Eg. I started early so as to /in order to get there before dark. so as to 和in order to 是不定式的强调形式so as to用在句中in order to 用在句中或句首否定形式：not to do so as not to do in order not to dob原因状语Eg. We are proud to be members of this team. We jumped with joy to hear of the good news.c结果状语Eg. He is too young to go to school.He is old enough to go to school.I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left.He behaved so foolishly as to make me think that he is out of his senses.His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.so as to / such as toso as to/such as toso/such 区别：so + adj. such + n.so/such排序：so + adj. + a/an + n.such + a/an + adj. + n.Eg. Hers is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.Hers is so sad a story as to arouse our sympathy.Her story is such as to arouse our sympathy.His remarks were such as to annoy everybody at the meeting. 作补语a宾补Eg. China expects everyone to do his duty.I could make them understand me. 补：要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuadesb. to do sth. 要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：make/have/let sb. do sth.help sb. to do sth. 主语不直接参与动作help sb. do sth. 主语直接参与动作Eg. This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily. They always help me do my homework.b主补Eg. We were made to pay the money.A man was seen to enter the house.注：主被动语态转换S. make sb. do sth.sb. be made to do sth.S. saw a man enter the house.A man was seen to enter the house.S. saw a man entering the house.A man was seen entering the house.3 结构与考点否定式You must promise never to do that again. 疑问词+不定式（作主语、宾语、宾补、表语）介词+疑问词+不定式（作状语）Eg. Where to stay has not been decided yet.（主语） She doesnt know what to do.（动词宾语） He had no idea of how to do.（介词宾语）I ask him where to get this book.（宾语补足语） The question is which to choose.（表语） I want a room with big windows, through which to see the sea.（状语）复合结构：for sb. to do sth.It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.（当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind, wrong, polite, wise）Eg. The book is too difficult for the students to read.There is no need for her to come.Its difficult for us to learn English well.Its kind of you to help me with my English.独立结构：作插入语，表示说话人的看法or态度Eg. To be frank (with you), I dont care much for your project. They are, so to speak, grown up boys.（可以这么说） He is not a bad man, to be sure.（固然） to be honest with you; to tell you the truth;分离不定式：在to与v.原形之间插入adv.Eg. She prepared to silently accompany him.4 省略不定式符号to的情况（省to不定式即动词原形）had better/had best (not) dowould rather/would sooner do sth. than do sth.would just as soon do sth. as do（宁愿也不愿 ）may /might (just) as well do（还是好；还不如;不妨）can not but do(不能不；不得不）Eg. I would just as soon stay as go with him.We may as well begin at once.You may as well tell the truth.We might just as well stay at home.I can not but admire his courage.感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补make /have /let + sb./sth. + do常见感官动词：see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel etc.注：make/have + sb./sth. + done若连词(than, as)或介词(except, but)前有do的某种形式，省to;反之则不省Eg. He did not so much as say he was sorry.I did no more than make a beginning.I have no choice but to accept the fact.I did nothing but/except repair the farmtools.My dog does everything except speak.作表语的不定式，若主语中有do的某种形式，可省to也可不省.Eg. All I did was (to) hit him on the head.The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again.The only thing to do is (to) encourage him to try again.What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth.（二）动名词1 形式：v-ing 否定形式：not v-ing主动形式：一般式 v-ing 完成式 having done 被动形式：一般式 being done 完成式 having been done复合结构：ones doing2 作用作主语Eg. Seeing is believing.There is no denying this.Its no use/good/useless crying over the spilt milk.作表语Eg. His hobby is collecting stamps.作宾语动词宾语 I have finished reading the book.介词宾语 She is very fond of dancing.宾补He called this robbing Peter to pay Paul.Do you find staying here interesting?Do you find it interesting staying here?动名词作宾补经常转换成：vt.（谓语） + it（形式宾语） + v-ing（动名词短语为真正的宾语）定语动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系Eg. sleeping pills a sleeping child3 结构及考点：否定式和复合结构否定式 not v-ing复合结构: 名词所有格或物主代词+动名词（作主语或宾语） 名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非正式文体或语中）Eg. Its no use buying books but not reading them. His/Him going there wont help much. Johns/John coming here will get us out of trouble. I dont remember his/him giving me back that dictionary. I dont remember my wifes/wife complaining about prices.I heard of Miss Marys/Mary coming back.附录：1有些动词后需接动名词作宾语：anticipate, appreciate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, encourage, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk, resume, suggest, advise, allow, permit, deny, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend, require, resent, recall, tolerate, understand, stop, approach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, cant help doing, prefer doing A to doing B,2有些介词和形容词后需接动名词作宾语：approach to doing, on the point of doing, busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, there is (no) point in doing3 有些句式要求动名词作宾语 Its no use/good doing Its useless doingthere to be和there being作介词宾语时的区别there to be和there being都是there be的非谓语形式，并且都可以作介词宾语，二者在作介词宾语时的唯一区别在于：如果介词是for，则后面接there to be；如果是其它介词，则后面接there being。It was unusual for there to be so few people in the street.John was relying on there being another opportunity.(三) 分词1形式 现在分词一般式：v-ing 否定式: not v-ing 主动一般式： doing主动完成式： having done被动一般式： being done 被动完成式： having been done过去分词一般式: v-ed否定式: not v-ed被动一般式: v-ed/done独立（主格）结构: (with) + n./pron. + 分词2作用作表语My pencil was broken. (过去分词作表语主语状态)Her speech was quite stirring. (现在分词作表语主语性质)作定语A lost opportunity never returns.The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.The material used is cement.注:分词(短语)作定语可以转化成定语从句作状语:分词(短语)作状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致a时间状语 (When) Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him.(When) Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.b原因状语Being ill, he stayed at home.Convinced of the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion.c条件状语Working hard, youll succeed.United, we stand; divided, we fall.d让步状语Working very hard, he did not feel a little tired.Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. (连词though加强语气)e结果状语A letter has just come, relieving her from anxiety.New machines were installed, thus/thereby resulting in an increase in production. (thus/thereby加强语气) f方式状语Traveling by car, the students visited many places.Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the problems one after another.g伴随状语The teacher, followed by some students, went onto the classroom.They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning.补语a宾补 I am sorry I