完型填空解题步骤.doc

完型填空解题步骤.txt老子忽悠孩子叫教育，孩子忽悠老子叫欺骗，互相忽悠叫代沟。男人这花花世界，我要用什么颜色来吸引你。完型填空解题步骤1、找红花和绿叶词（在选项中找）（1）红花词：however、although、yet、because、while、available（2）绿叶词：since、ever since、now that、what（what不放在名词后，不引导定语和同谓语从句）；虚拟语气系列词：if only（只要）、in case（唯恐、以免、万一）、lest、or else（否则、要不然）；表示关于的词：as to、with regard to、with/in reference to、about。（3）补充：if onlyonly if=if，if only=I wish（但愿、要是），后面必须接过去时；in case/lest 的虚拟语气接should+动词原形；在虚拟语气中，与过去情况相反，从句用过去完成时；与现实情况相反，从句用一般过去时；与将来情况相反，用would/could+动词原形。2、做逻辑关系题（五大关系：对已、因果、并列、总分、递进）（在选项中找）（1）对立关系（包括转折和让步）转折词：however、but、yet、nevertheless、otherwise、but rather=but、nonetheless、or（还有或者的意思）、or else（均为“但是”）。让步词：although、though、even though、even if、much as=also、as、while（还有同时的意思，但放在句首是“尽管”的意思）、whereas（均为“然而、尽管”）。其他词：against、instead（of）、rather than（而不是）、admit、ignoring（忽略）、on the contrary、by contrast（相比之下）。考点：当选项中同时出现两个或以上同类词时，都不选；当选项中四个都是同类词时，选择具有特殊含义的词，如as、while等；转折和让步的区别：当后句是对前句的完全直接否定时，是转折，当后句是对前句的间接部分否定时，是让步；转折词不能和让步词同时出现在同一个句子中；although和because既可以放在句首也可以放在句中，放在句中时一般不加逗号，而but、and和so只能放在剧中，前面逗号可加可不加；though（然而）做副词时可以做插入状语，放于句中时前面后面都要有逗号。（2）因果关系表原因的词：because、in that、now that、since、as、for、as a result of、considering。（均为“因为”）表结果的词：so that、such that、as a result、lead to、consequently、therefore、hence、thus、so。（均为“所有、因此”）考点：当选型中同时出现两个或以上同类词时，都不选；小心因果倒置和语义重复；一句话中不能同时出现原因和结果的词。（3）并列关系并列词：and（和）、as well as（也）、likewise（同样的）、while（而、与此同时）、similarly（类似地）、or（或者）、simultaneously（同时发生地）、meanwhile（同时）。考点：选项中出现并列关系词时，往往不太可能入选（while、or除外）；and题（后面详述）；and和or的区别：and连接两个肯定句，而or连接两个否定句，相同点是它们前后的句子结构必须一致。（4）总分关系总分词：for example、for instance、such as、including。考点： for example和for instance做插入语时，若放在句中，则前后都加逗号，若放在句首，则后面加逗号，若放在句末，则前面加逗号；总分关系的考查形式中，空前是复数名词，空后是单数名词。（5）递进关系递进词：still、also、indeed、furthermore（进一步）、moreover（而且、此外）、highlighting（突出、强调）、in particular（特别）、evev（甚至、更）（注：even if是“即使、尽管”的意思）考点：still和also的区别：still指同一件事的递进，而also即可指一件事的递进也可指两件事的递进，当also和still同时出现时，选also； indeed和furthermore的区别：furthermore指同一件事的递进，而indeed是在肯定前一件事的基础上，引出另外一件事。3、找NOT题（在原文中找not）句式结构：前面肯定后面否定、前面否定后面肯定，则选对立关系的词。考点：（以下条件缺一不可）考查的是一个肯定句和否定句之间的逻辑关系，空前后必须是独立的句子；出题位置在两个句子之间或第二个句子的开头，不能处在一个句子的末尾或中间；选项中必须要有对立关系的词。4、找AND题（在原文中找and）考点：and前后选同义词，词性一致；and前后选同一范围词；and前后句子对应成分相同；在文章中，并列关系词前后如果出题，利用已知关系解题。5、同义原则考点：在四个选项中，有两个或三个实词（动、名、形、副）互为同义词，答案往往在其中；在四个选型中，有两个或三个虚词（介、连、感叹）互为同义词，答案往往都不选；当四个选项中有一个共同意义时，该意义往往不能入选。6、概率原则考点：每篇完型填空中四个选项作为正确答案的个数各在4-6个；A作为正确选型的个数最多，而B作为正确选项的个数最少；没有连续三个答案都是一样的；连续两个答案都一样的情况为0-3个，而相邻答案彼此不一样的概率为17-30；在五个一组的答案中，至少要出现三个字母作为正确选项，在每组接缝处不会连续两个答案都一样；根据前五步做的答案，再结合上述概率原则进行猜测，即全蒙概率最高的选项。完形填空flash2009强化班【笔记】主讲老师：李玉技目标：7分【复习时间：三周足矣】【分三部分讲解：一、四分技巧。二、四分到七分技巧。三、七分以上技巧。】一、四分技巧：（与英语水平无关，人人可拿到4分）1、利用“红花绿叶”原则：（25道红花绿叶题/每年）、红花词（必选的词）：However，although，yet，because。、绿叶词（必不选的词）：since（11次），ever since，now that，what（what不放在名词后，不引导定语和同谓语从句）。虚拟语气系列词：if only，in case（唯恐、以免、万一），lest，or else（否则、要不然）。【in case/lest的虚拟语气跟should+V原】。（表示与真实情况相反和不相符的情况。与过去情况相反，从句用过去完成时；与现在情况相反，从句用一般过去时；与将来情况相反，用would/could+V原形。）if only（I wish但愿，要是），【注意：only if(=if)如果】,真题范例：44.AEven thoughBNow thatCIf onlyDProvided that【1997】44 its economy continues to recover,the US is increasingly becoming a nation ofpart-timers and temporary workers.解析：if only后接过去时，若接了一般现在时肯定错!（一般现在时表示经常发生的动作和习惯性行为。一般现在时表示真的发生的事情，而虚拟语气表示假的，不会发生或没有发生的事情。）表示关于的词：as to、with regard to、with/in reference to、about。2、利用答案分布的规律：、每篇完形填空中A、B、C、D作为正确选项的个数各在46个之间：Passage 8（2001）：DADBA CDBBA BCBAC ADCDC【A 5，B 5，C 5，D 5】Passage 9（2002）：ADCBB ADDCB DAACB DACBC【A 5，B 5，C 5，D 5】Passage 10（2003）：ABCDC BDCAD ADBDC DBACA【A 5，B 4，C 5，D 6】Passage 11（2004）：CDADA BCDAB ACDBA BBDAC【A 6，B 5，C 4，D 5】Passage 12（2005）：CBACB ADADB CADCD BCDAB【A 5，B 5，C 5，D 5】Passage 13（2006）：ABDAD CBCAA CBDCC ABCAD【A 6，B 4，C 6，D 4】Passage 14（2007）：BDACC DBABC ADACB DCABD【A 5，B 5，C 5，D 5】可见，全部选A得3分。【评分时：没2.5分，都给四舍五入为3分。】、A作为正确选项的个数最多。、没有连续三个答案都一样的情况，连续两个答案都一样的情况为03个，相邻答案彼此都不一样的概率为1720。、在五个一组的答案中，至少要出现三个字母作为正确的选项，在每组接缝处不会连续两个答案都一样。【选项答案分布规律对于阅读同样适用阅读20个选项中：A、B、C、D分别平均5个。】3、总结：得4分，方法：利用“红花绿叶”原则，可得至少1分剩余题全部选A，可得3分4分。二、四分到七分技巧：（与英语水平有点关系，但是关系不大目标：7分）1、同义原则：（47道同义词辨析题/每年）、在四个选项中，有两个或三个实词（动、名、形、副）互为同义词时，答案往往在其中；、在四个选项中，有两个或三个虚词（介、连、感叹）互为同义词时，答案往往都不选；、当四个选项有一个共同意义时，该意义往往不能入选，要看选项的特殊含义。真题范例：50.AifBas ifConly ifDif only【虚词题】46.AapproachBflowCfashionDtrend【实词名词题】【1997】46 in American business today,。“两个实词（C、D）互为同义词，答案在其中”。解析：approachV.接近approach ton.方法、途径approach to.flown.流程,流动v.流动,涌流,溢过,淹没.fashionn.趋势(与生活有关),方式,流行,时尚vt.形成,造,作,把.塑造成.trendn.倾向,趋势(与政治、经济有关)vi.伸向,倾向,通向.5.AgenerallyBalmostChardlyDnot【实词副词题】C 4，D 5】Passage 12（2005）：CBACB ADADB CADCD BCDAB【A 5，B 5，C 5，D 5】Passage 13（2006）：ABDAD CBCAA CBDCC ABCAD【A 6，B 4，C 6，D 4】Passage 14（2007）：BDACC DBABC ADACB DCABD【A 5，B 5，C 5，D 5】可见，全部选A得3分。【评分时：没2.5分，都给四舍五入为3分。】、A作为正确选项的个数最多。、没有连续三个答案都一样的情况，连续两个答案都一样的情况为03个，相邻答案彼此都不一样的概率为1720。、在五个一组的答案中，至少要出现三个字母作为正确的选项，在每组接缝处不会连续两个答案都一样。【选项答案分布规律对于阅读同样适用阅读20个选项中：A、B、C、D分别平均5个。】3、总结：得4分，方法：利用“红花绿叶”原则，可得至少1分剩余题全部选A，可得3分4分。二、四分到七分技巧：（与英语水平有点关系，但是关系不大目标：7分）1、同义原则：（47道同义词辨析题/每年）、在四个选项中，有两个或三个实词（动、名、形、副）互为同义词时，答案往往在其中；、在四个选项中，有两个或三个虚词（介、连、感叹）互为同义词时，答案往往都不选；、当四个选项有一个共同意义时，该意义往往不能入选，要看选项的特殊含义。真题范例：50.AifBas ifConly ifDif only【虚词题】46.AapproachBflowCfashionDtrend【实词名词题】【1997】46 in American business today,。“两个实词（C、D）互为同义词，答案在其中”。解析：approachV.接近approach ton.方法、途径approach to.flown.流程,流动v.流动,涌流,溢过,淹没.fashionn.趋势(与生活有关),方式,流行,时尚vt.形成,造,作,把.塑造成.trendn.倾向,趋势(与政治、经济有关)vi.伸向,倾向,通向.5.AgenerallyBalmostChardlyDnot【实词副词题】【2006】解析：hardly放在句首，句子要倒转。Not放在句首，句子不必倒装。若用hardly，则句子为：hardly does everyone agree on43.AmomentaryBpromptCinstantDimmediate【实词副词题】【1998】解析：都有“立即，马上，迅速”之意，强调“时间点”，不能接时间段。由于四个选项具有同一个意思，所以该意思肯定不是命题点。换思路：instant/immediate都有“直接地”之意，则“两个实词（C、D）互为同义词，答案在其中”。instant与immediate区别：instant强调使用上很直接。immediate强调关系上很直接（直系亲戚，直接后果）。例如:instant coffee速溶咖啡instantnoodle方便面immediate superior顶头上司42.AForBBecauseCAsDSince【1997】解析：该题用“红花绿叶”原则选B，是错的，这是历年来“红花绿叶”原则失效得特例。再者，由于四个选项具有同一个意思“因为”，所以该意思肯定不是命题点。换思路：有关技巧后面讲。2、逻辑关系题原则：(7道左右逻辑关系题/每年核心得分点)、定义：通过前后句的意思及其内在关系，判定答案的题目。（本质上是阅读题）真题范例：22.AbeforeBunlessCuntilDbecause【2004】Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they havelearned criminal behavior through 23 with others.解析：engage in参与、实施；22前后表因果关系，是前果后因，故选because。41.Aother thanBas well asCinstead ofDmore than【2000】He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately.Hecan continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus.解析：consuming消费观；instead of而不是；as well as和、也（表并列）；otherthan除之外。41前后的store和consuming是“对立关系”，故选instead of。提醒：than表对比时，than前后的结构、形式一定要相同，即than前是：动词原形/动名词/不定式/代词/，那么，than后也必须是：动词原形/动名词/不定式/代词/。、类型：基本上所有连词题以及部分介词、副词、动词题。、内容（五大逻辑关系）：对立（包括转折和让步）因果并列总分递进。（一）对立关系：、表示对立关系的词:（13分/每年）必须全部背熟转折：however，but，yet，nevertheless。让步：although，though，even though（尽管），even if，much as=also（虽然、尽管），as，while，whereas（然而、尽管）。其他：against，instead（of），rather than（而不是），admit，ignoring（忽略、忽视），on the contrary，by contrast（相比之下）。、转折与让步的区别:（转折比让步的否定性强）、当后句是对前句的完全直接否定时，叫转折；当后句是对前句的间接部分否定时，叫让步。例如：小明学习很努力，但是那是假的。（转折完全直接否定。说明小明根本就不努力，他装给人看。）小明学习很努力，但是他没有通过考试。（让步间接部分否定。没通过考试，不能完全否定小明学习努力的事实，可能是睡过头耽误了考试，小明本应该能通过考试。后半句是对前半句推理引申含义的否定。）44.AEven thoughBNow thatCIf onlyDProvided that【1997】解析：Even though尽管（让步）；Provided that（if）只要、如果（必须跟-假设事情，不跟-客观事实）；44 its economy continues to recover,the US is increasingly becoming a nation ofpart-timers and temporary workers.解析：美国经济在复苏，这是一客观事实。所以，前面不能是Provided that。、although和but，because和so不能在一句话中同时出现。although和because叫从属连词，既可以放句首，也可以放句中，放句中时，前面一般不加逗号。But、and和so叫并列连词，只能放在句中，前面逗号可加可不加。【but若出现在句首，是作副词用】42.AForBBecauseCAsDSince【虚词题】【1997】One day at a time.42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle tosurvive 43 reducing the number of employees,Manpower,based in Milwaukee,Wisconsin,is booming.解析：for后接名词/动名词作介词时，for可以随便放；若for后接句子，作连词时不能放在句首，只能在句中出现。For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of 50that came from being a loyal employee.【for作介词，放在了句首。】1.AalthoughBasCbutDwhile【2005】Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,1this is largely because,2 animals,we stand upright.解析：although、but同时出现在考两者的区别。前面逗号破题。、though做副词时可以做插入状语，放于句中时前面后面都要有逗号。5.AanywayBthough（然而）CinsteadDtherefore【2005】Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,In fact,5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not generally realizeit.解析：5，前后意思对立：可从insensitive和sensitive判断出来；也可从in fact（事实上）的语气上判断出。instead不能做插入状语，必须作句子的组成成份。He is ill，Ill be on dutyinstead.、while与whereas的区别：while可以引导省略式的状语从句，whereas不行。while引导省略式状语从句的条件：a.从句主语与主句主语相一致；b.从句是系表结构。同时满足以上两个条件之后，省去从句中的主语和系动词。48.AbutBwhileCandDwhereas【1997】The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48（省略了：the phenomenon is）avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49by employment rules,healthcare costs and pension plans.解析：48前后的意思都是正面积极的，不是对立关系，所以，表对立关系的but和whereas不能选。对于：and/or表并列关系时，其前后的结构形式必须一样，但是本题provides与avoiding形式显然不一样，故不能选and。对于：while虽然、尽管（是对立的让步关系）；当时候，与此同时（是并列关系）。while可以引导省略式的状语从句，所以本题就是考核该知识点。故，本题选择while。、判断对立关系的三个依据：a.根据意思判断。b.根据褒贬色彩判断。43.AforBagainstCofDtowards【2000】He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insurance 43the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell inorder to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45the soil.解析：insurance（保险、保障），是褒义词。而后面的unpredictable（无法预测的）和bad weather（坏天气），是贬义词。前后褒贬，形成对立关系。所以，本题选择表对立关系的词against。另外，从固定搭配角度选择against，insurance against（保险、以防止）。40.AaboveBuponCagainstDwith【2002】Benefitshave been weighed 40harmfuloutcomes.And generalizations haveproved difficult.解析：benefits（好处、利益），是褒义词。harmful（有害的），是贬义词。前后褒贬，形成对立关系。所以，本题选择表对立关系的词against。c.根据句式结构判断；前面肯定后面否定，或前面否定后面肯定。【每年必出一道not题】not题型：考两个句子之间的关系；选项是表对立关系的词。40.AprovidedBsinceCalthoughDsupposing【2004】All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminalact,40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.解析：tend to是肯定，has not yet是否定。40前后的肯定与否定，构成了对立关系。故，选择表示对立关系的词although。38.Aon the contraryBon the averageCon the wholeDon the otherhand【2003】This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.38 they can helpstudents acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.解析：This does not mean是否定，they can help是肯定。38前后的肯定与否定，构成了对立关系。故，选择对立关系的词on the contrary（相反地）。on the average（平均的），仅仅指数字上的平均，出现该词组时一定要有数字和它搭配。on the otherhand（另一方面），若要用on the other hand那么前面必须要有on one hand,构成“一方面另一方面”，并列关系。on the whole（总体上讲，整体而言）。31.AunlessBsinceClestDalthough【2002】It is generally recognized,29,that the introduction of the computer in the early20th century,30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the1960s,radically changed the process,31 its impact on the media was notimmediately 32.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful,and they becamepersonaltoo,as well as 33,with display becoming sharperand storage 34 increasing.解析：本题与“红花词”重叠了，两种思路都选although。6.Aeven ifBif onlyConly ifDas if【2005】In fact,5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not generally realizeit.Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to farbelow one part in one million.、逻辑关系题先做得理由:a.选项都认识；b.范围确定；c.往往不需要通读全文，只需要通读前后句。eg:【2000年】三板斧：红花绿叶；逻辑关系；同义原则。【01-09.swf】If a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between hisconsumption and his production.（农民要成功：应该生产大于消费）He must storealarge quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately.He can continue tosupport himself and his family 42 he producesa surplus.He must usethissurplus in three ways：as seed for sowing,as an insurance43 the unpredictableeffects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44oldagricultural implements and obtainchemical fertilizers to 45 the soil.He may also need money to constructirrigation 46 and improve his farm inother ways.If no surplus is.available,a farmer cannot be 47.He must either sellsome of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans.Naturally he will try toborrow money at a low 49 of interest,but loans of this kind are not 50obtainable.41.Aother thanBas well asCinstead ofDmorethan42.Aonly ifBmuch asClong beforeDeversince43.AforBagainstCofDtowards44.AreplaceBpurchaseCsupplementDdispose45.AenhanceBmixCfeedDraise38.Aon the contraryBon the averageCon the wholeDon the otherhand【2003】This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.38 they can helpstudents acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.解析：This does not mean是否定，they can help是肯定。38前后的肯定与否定，构成了对立关系。故，选择对立关系的词on the contrary（相反地）。on the average（平均的），仅仅指数字上的平均，出现该词组时一定要有数字和它搭配。on the otherhand（另一方面），若要用on the other hand那么前面必须要有on one hand,构成“一方面另一方面”，并列关系。on the whole（总体上讲，整体而言）。31.AunlessBsinceClestDalthough【2002】It is generally recognized,29,that the introduction of the computer in the early20th century,30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the1960s,radically changed the process,31 its impact on the media was notimmediately 32.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful,and they becamepersonaltoo,as well as 33,with display becoming sharperand storage 34 increasing.解析：本题与“红花词”重叠了，两种思路都选although。6.Aeven ifBif onlyConly ifDas if【2005】In fact,5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not generally realizeit.Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to farbelow one part in one million.、逻辑关系题先做得理由:a.选项都认识；b.范围确定；c.往往不需要通读全文，只需要通读前后句。eg:【2000年】三板斧：红花绿叶；逻辑关系；同义原则。【01-09.swf】If a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between hisconsumption and his production.（农民要成功：应该生产大于消费）He must storealarge quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately.He can continue tosupport himself and his family 42 he producesa surplus.He must usethissurplus in three ways：as seed for sowing,as an insurance43 the unpredictableeffects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44oldagricultural implements and obtainchemical fertilizers to 45 the soil.He may also need money to constructirrigation 46 and improve his farm inother ways.If no surplus is.available,a farmer cannot be 47.He must either sellsome of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans.Naturally he will try toborrow money at a low 49 of interest,but loans of this kind are not 50obtainable.41.Aother thanBas well asCinstead ofDmorethan42.Aonly ifBmuch asClong beforeDeversince43.AforBagainstCofDtowards44.AreplaceBpurchaseCsupplementDdispose45.AenhanceBmixCfeedDraise46.AvesselsBroutesCpathsDchannels47.Aself-confidentBself-sufficientCself-satisfiedDself-restrained48.AsearchBsaveCofferDseek49.AproportionBpercentageCrateDratio50.AgenuinelyBobviouslyCpresumablyDfrequently解析：完形填空大部分都是总分结构，所以读文章第一句话（中心主旨句）特别关键。farmerwishes to succeed点出对农民积极的评价定位（农民渴望成功），表扬农民是文章的主导。self-confident自信。self-satisfied自满。self-restrained自我约束。self-sufficient自给自足。rate of interest利息率。ratio仅限于数学领域（比率），而rate远远大于数学领域（利息率、保险率、死亡率、出生率、）。genuinely真的。obviously显而易见。presumably假定、推测（假定意思不能出现在结果句中，因为but引出了结果）。frequently经常。long before很久以前。only ifif如果。dispose of。raise（养活）养一个生命体（人、花、植物、动物）。vessels血管。routes路线。paths小路、小径。searchfor寻找。search a girl搜一个女孩的身；seek a girl追求一个女孩。（二）因果关系：（难点：必须分清前因后果or前果后因，才可正确答题。）【每年必考】、表原因的词：because，in that，now that，since，as，for，as a result of，considering。、表结果的词：so that，such that，as a result，lead to，consequently，therefore，hence，thus，so。46.Ain thatBso thatCsuch thatDexcept that【1996】Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and 45 nitrogen.They are different 46 their elements arearranged differently,and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in thebody.解析：in that+原因。so that/such that+结果。34.AcontrarilyBconsequentlyCsimilarDsimultaneously【2004】Families have also 33 changes these years.More families consist of one parenthouseholds or two working parents;34,children are likely to have lesssupervision at home 35 was common in the traditional family 36.解析：one parent households单亲家庭。two working parents双职工家庭。supervision监督。contrarily相反的（对立关系）。similar相似的（并列关系）。simultaneously同时的（并列关系）。6.AconsideringBignoringChighlightingDdiscarding【2004】Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantagedfamilies,26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.Thelatter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control.All theories,however,are tentative and are 28 to criticism.解析：juvenile delinquency青少年犯罪。disadvantaged families贫穷家庭。wealthy homes富裕家庭。前面贫穷，后面富裕，形成对立关系，所以，本题选择ignoring。ignoring忽略。discarding抛弃（不能说抛弃事实，之能说抛弃某种没有使用价值的东西）。considering考虑