语法专题：行者虚拟语气.doc

语法专题：虚拟语气一、 概述1. 语气(mood)是英文中谓语动词的一种变化形式，用来表示说话者的意图和态度。英文中的语气可分为三种：陈述语气(indicative mood)、祈使语气(imperative mood)和虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)。2. 虚拟语气：虚拟语气是体现英汉语言习惯区别的一个语法现象，在汉语里表示假设虚拟的情况常用一些虚词来表示，例如“假设”，“如果”等等；而英语中虚拟的情况不但有虚词的提示，谓语动词也要相应的变化。3. 虚拟语气使用的场合： 当说话者谈到自己与实际情况相反的情况时 当说话者异想天开很难实现的愿望时 当说话者建议、要求、命令某事发生时。二、虚拟语气在条件句中的运用虚拟语气经常用在if引导的条件状语从句中，在条件句中做出和事实不相符的一种假设。1.和现在事实相反的假设If从句主句主语+动词过去式(be动词用were)+其它主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形+其它If I were you, I would study hard. If he had enough money, he would buy a computer.2.和过去事实相反的假设If从句主句主语+had done+其它主语+had been done+其它（被动）主语+would/should/could/might +have done主语+would/should/could/might +have been done(被动)If you had come five minutes earlier, you would have met him.If they had been treated in time, they would not have died.3.和将来事实相反的假设If从句主句主语+were to do+其它主语+动词过去式+其它主语+should+动词原形+其它主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形If I were to do it, I would do it in another day. If it rained tomorrow, we wouldnt be able to go on picnic.4. 混合条件句混合条件句是指主从句所指的时间不一致。它要求主从句中谓语动词的形式根据具体的时间概念来确定。If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在，主句指过去)If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去，主句指现在)注：如果从句中有were、had或者should时，则可以省略if，并将were、had或者should提前至句首，构成部分倒装，但如果是否定句，则否定词not不提前。Were I to be young again, I would study medicine. =If I were to be young again, I would study medicine.Had you not left so early, you might have missed the train. =If you had not left so early, you might have missed the train.用介词短语代替条件状语从句，常用的介词有with, without, but for.Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =But for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =If it had not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =Had it not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.在句中出现了表示转折的连词，如or, or else, otherwise等，如果句意和事实不符也要用虚拟语气。You did what you were asked to, otherwise you would have been punished.如果句子中有短语for fear that, lest, in case时，要用should+动词原形来表示虚拟，should可以省略。He is working hard for fear that he fail.如果句子前半部分是虚拟，句中出现了but，后面句子则不用虚拟语气。I would have come earlier, but I didnt know that you were waiting for me. The house would have been burnt down but the firefighters arrived in time.三、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用1.虚拟语气用在主语从句中(1). It is/was +adj.+ that+主语+should do (should可以省略)adj: advisable, amazing, astonishing, better, clear, certain, desirable, good, interesting, impossible, normal, necessary, possibleIt is natural that he (should) think so. It was necessary that the plan should be planned carefully.(2). It is/ was+ n.+ that+主语+should do(should可以省略)表示“惊奇、怀疑、遗憾”等意义的名词词组，如: a fact, a good thing, a pity, a shame, a wonder 表示“请求、命令、建议、决心”等意义的名词，如advice, demand, decision, order, proposal, requirement, suggestion It is a pity she should say so. It was her order that the matter should be discussed.(3) It is/was+过去分词+that+主语+should do(should可以省略)用在该句型中的动词过去分词表示“请求、命令、建议”等。It is requested that Miss Li should give a performance at the party.2.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中 (1).虚拟语气用在宾语从句中，不表示“和事实相反的假设”而表示说话者的一种意愿、决心、要求、命令和建议。“一坚持insist二命令order, command三建议advise, suggest, propose四要求ask, require, request, demand” 虚拟形式：在从句谓语动词前加should，should可以省略。My teacher suggested that I (should) spend more time learning English.注：当suggest翻译成“暗示、表明”；insist翻译成“坚持认为、坚持说”，坚持的是一种事实，而不是表示一种命令或者要求时，不应该用虚拟语气，应该用陈述语气。The smile on her face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. (2).在would rather后的宾语从句中也要用虚拟语气。would rather对现在、将来虚拟：一般过去时(did/be用were)对过去的虚拟：过去完成时 (had done)I would rather you came tomorrow. I would rather they didnt hear of the news. (3). wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。对现在虚拟一般过去时(did/be用were)对过去虚拟过去完成时(had done)对将来虚拟would/could+动词原形I wish I were a flying bird and could fly freely in the sky.I wish I had met that film star yesterday.How I wish it would be fine tomorrow!注: how I wish=if only(要是就好了)，虚拟和wish虚拟用法一致。3.虚拟语气用在表语从句中用在advise, idea, order, plan, suggestion, demand, proposal等后面的表语从句，需用“should do”构成谓语，should可以省略。What I suggest is that we should start the work at once.His order is that the meeting should be called off.5. 虚拟语气用在同位语从句中当demand, insist, decide, determine, recommend, suggest这些动词的名词形式后跟同位语从句时，要用虚拟语气，用should do表示虚拟。Not all of them agreed to my suggestion that more money should be given to them.His request that he should be given a rise was turned down at the meeting.五虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用。It is (high) time that+主语+did/should do，should不可以省略。到做的时间了。六.虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用。1.在目的状语从句中，in order that, so that用情态动词I got up early this morning so that I could catch the bus to Boston.2.在as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中(1). as if, as though引导的状语从句是否用虚拟取决于从句所描绘的情况，如果情况与事实相符就可以不用虚拟，否则就要用虚拟语气。It looks as if it is going to rain. She acted as if nothing had happened.(2).对将来的虚拟 as if/as though+主语+would/could/should/might +do（动词原形）It looks as if the old man could live another 10 years.(3).对现在的虚拟 as if/as though+主语+did(动词过去式) The old man is lying on the ground as if he were dead.(4). as if/ as though+主语+were doing(对现在进行虚拟)They ran as fast as they could as if a ghost were chasing them.(5). as if/as though+主语+had done(对过去事实的虚拟) He ate as if he hadnt had a meal for years.高考真题1. I went to bed early last night, but I wish I so.A. didnt do B. hadnt done C. havent done D. couldnt do 2. How I wish every family _a large house with a beautiful garden.A. has B. had C. will had D. had had 3. The teacher ordered that students_. A. mustnt smoke B. not smoke C. smoked D. had smoked4. The teacher demanded that the work _ before 4 oclock.A. finished B. finish C. should finish D. be finished 5. Is it necessary that he _ the examination? A. takes B. has to take C. must take D. take6. It is strange that he _ you this. A. would tell B. should tell C. had told D. has told7. It was ordered that no smoking _ in the library. A. should allow B. be allowed C. will be allowed D. is allowed8. His suggestion that you _ once more sounds reasonable. A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try9. He gave an advice that they _ each other. A. helped B. must help C.help D.had helped10. My suggestion is that a few more people _ there to help me.A. be sent B. have sent C. sent D. should sent11. We felt as if we _ each other for years.A. knew B. were knowing C. had known D. have knowing12. He took away the oxygen tank for fear that it _. A. may explore B. exploded C. explode D. had explode13. What would have happened, _ as far as the river bank? A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk fartherC. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther14. If you _ him yesterday, you _ what to do now. A. asked would know B. had asked would have knownC. asked him know D. had asked would know15. Without your help, we _ such rapid progress.A. couldnt make B. wouldnt make C. will not have made D. wouldnt have made16. I went by plane; otherwise I _ much longer time. A. could take B. would take C. will have taken D. would have taken17. I didntt see your sister at the meeting. If she , she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come (MET94) 18. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken (MET95)19. You didnt let me drive. If we in turn, you _so tired.A. drove ; didntt get B. drove ; wouldntt getC. were driving ; wouldntt get D. had driven ; wouldntt have got (MET95)20.Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night ,too cold for us to live.A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldlyC. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly (上海97)21._ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the meeting. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will (上海94)22. Janes pale face suggested that she_ill, and her parents suggested that she a medical examination.A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has (上海94)23._ for the free tickets, I wouldnt have gone to the films so often.A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not(上海95)24.Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she something.A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said (上海96)25. If only grandmother_this together with us now. A. will see B.could see C.must see D.should see答案： 1-5 BBBDD 6-10 BBACA 11-15 CCCDD 16-20 DDCDA 21-25 BBCDB高考英语陷阱题大揭密典型陷阱题分析 1. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now. A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing 【分析】正确答案选B.根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if I didnt forget where I read the article（要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话但事实上忘了）。 2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _.” A. Hed better give up drinking B. He shouldnt have drunk so much C. Health is more important than drink D. I wonder why he is always doing so 【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，主要是受句中 drunk 一词的影响。 【分析】最佳答案为D.关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D. 3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _ you if you had so high a fever.” A. do B. are C. will D. would 【陷阱】容易误选A或C.选A者，认为前后两句的动词性质应一致；选C者，认为其后带有if 条件状语从句，从语气上看，主句应用将来时态。 【分析】此题最佳答案为D.分析如下： （1） “so + 助动词 + 主语”是一个很有用的结构，它表示“也一样”时。如：He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜欢看电视，我也一样。When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候，人类也会随之消失。 （2） 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气（这是很重要的信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选D. 4. “He will come tomorrow.” “But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow.” A. will come B. is coming C. came D. had come 【陷阱】容易误选A或B.根据上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白处应填一个一般将来时态。 【分析】但此题的最佳答案是 C.按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气，即用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。又如： Id rather you left right now. 我宁愿你现在就离开。 I would much rather it was forgotten. 我更愿这事被遗忘掉。 Id rather he hadnt told me about it. 我宁愿他没告诉我这事。 请再做以下试题（答案均为B）： （1） “Shall I come tomorrow ？” “Id rather you _.” A. wontB. didnt C. dont D. wouldnt （2） “Ive told him about it.” “But Id rather you _.” A. didntB. hadnt C. dont D. wouldnt （3） “He will take you as well.” “But Id rather he _.” A. wont B. didnt C. doesntD. wouldnt 5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once. A. should be; be operated onB. were; must be operated on C. was; should be operatedD. was; be operated on 【分析】最佳答案选 D.请做以下类似试题（答案选B）： （1） The patient insisted that he _ ill and _ to the hospital. A. wasnt, wasnt sent B. wasnt, shouldnt be sent C. shouldnt be, wasnt sent D. shouldnt be, shouldnt be sent （2） The man in prison insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ set free. A. should do, should be B. had done, should be C. had done, had been D. should do, had been （3） I advised that he _ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he _ quite well then. A. was sent; felt B. be sent; was feeling C. he sent; feel D. should be sent; should feel 6. _ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give D. If he gave up 【分析】正确答案应选B. Were they to cease advertising, prices would come down. = If they were to cease advertising, prices would come down. 如果他们停止做广告，价钱会降下来。Had I been there, I would have filmed the occasion. = If I had been there, I would have filmed the occasion. 如果我在那里，我会把那场面拍摄下来了。精编陷阱题训练 1. “I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.” “Its time you _.” A. doB. did C. hadD. would 2. If I hadnt been lucky enough to meet you， I really _ what I would have done. A. dont know B. hadnt known C. wasnt knowing D. wouldnt know 3. “Ive told everyone about it.” “Oh, Id rather you _.” A. dont B. hadnt C. couldnt D. wouldnt 4. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadnt rained, we _ there by tomorrow. A. cant get B. wont get C. hadnt got D. wouldnt get 5. “Do you know his address？” “No, I also wish I _ where he _.” A. knew, live B. knew, lives C. know, lives D. know, lived 6. “Isnt it about time you _ to do morning exercises？” “Yes, it is. Would you like to join us？” A. be