语法复习纲要doc.doc

语法复习纲要 姓名一 句子成分1英语共有十大词类，它们的定义和例词如下：词类定义例词名词表示人或事物名称的词book，water，people，China冠词用于名词前，帮助说明名词含义的词A，an，the代词代替名词或名词所属格的词you，your，yourself，that数词表示数目或顺序的词one，first，hundred动词表示动作或状态的词is，run ，eat形容词表示人物或事物的性质、特征的词good，bad，red副词表示动作、状态的特征或某种性质的程度的词always，very，early连词用于连接词与词、词组与词组、句与句的词and，but，when介词用于名词或代词之前，表示该词与其他词的关系的词at，on，in ，after ，behind感叹词表示说话时的情感的词well，oh，why2句子成分成分说明举例（英语）担任此成分的词类！主语主语是句子中的陈述对象，说明是谁或是什么。(1)We are a row of trees.(2)The sping comes too late this year.名词、代词或动词的不定试或相当的词类。谓语谓语是句子的主语发出的动作或存在的状态，说明主语怎么样。(1)He is a tall and thin aged man.(2)Mother asks me suddenly.动词宾语或表语它是谓语指向的对象，表示动作的承受者。其中连系动词指向的对象叫表语！。(1)Our family built a new house.(2)Chinese history is long.(3)The book is on the desk.名词、代词、形容词、介词短语或不定试或相当的词。补语（补足语）它是宾语或主语的补充成分，补充说明宾语或主语的情况，(1)We make xiao ming our monitor.(2)The cleaners make the city beautiful. (3)We invite him to take part in the meeting. 名词、形容词、或相当的词。动词不定试定语它是名词或代词前头的修饰成分，说明名词的性质、特征、数量、或属性。(1)Young teachers will get old little by little, too.(2)This is a book on Chinese history.形容词、介词短语、动词不定试或相当的词。状语它是句子中动词、形容词或副词前头的修饰成分，（有的状语位置较灵活），说明它们的时间、位置、方式、程度等。(1)The weather is so warm and so clear.(2)Last year,I went to Gui lin for my holidays.副词，介词短语动词不定试等。注意1主语、谓语、宾语（或表语）、补语是句子的主要的成分，定语和状语是修饰成分。2英语的句子按照复杂程度可分为有简单句和复合句。简单句只有一个主语和谓语结构，且其他成分是由单词、词组或不定式、分词担任，甚至一个单词或词组也成为一个简单句。学好简单句的成分和句子结构是学习其他句子的重要基础。3英语的简单句按照用途和结构的不同，可分为四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。这四种简单句结构差别较大，其中的陈述句与汉语的句子的句子结构比较接近。3按结构分，句子可分为简单句和复合句，见下表：类别例句简单句：（五种基本句型）1主语+不及物动词：2主语+连系动词+表语：3主语+及物动词+宾语：4主语+及物动词+双宾：5主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补：1A bird can fly.2The sentence is simple3We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.4He also brought me a cup of tea at once.5The sun keeps us warm.复句并列复句He is in Class One and I am in Class two.She is an American but she lives in England.Some people respect him, while others look down upon him.主从复句主语从句What he did is only for himself.表语从句The question is that you dont like it.宾语从句I know what you really like.同位语从句I have no idea when he will be back. 定语从句He is ill, which is true.状语从句As he was not well, I decided to go without him. 说明：1、英语中，有些动词后面不能直接跟对象，于是产生了简单句式一，这类动词称为不及物动词。这是行为动词的第一种。2、英语中，有些动词后面可以直接跟对象，于是产生了简单句式二，这类动词称为及物动词，这是行为动词的第二种。3、英语中，连系动词后面跟的成分叫做表语。Be动词是最基本的连系动词。Be动词是个总称，它的一般式是is are 和am ;它的过去式是was ,were,它的过去分词是been。4、英语中，有些行为动词后面可以同时跟两个对象，一个叫做间接宾语，一个叫做直接宾语。要注意积累这些动词。这是行为动词的第三种，。5、英语中，有些行为动词后面跟名词作宾语，名词又具有某种情况，于是产生简单句式五。要注意积累这些动词，这是行为动词的第四种。be (am is are was were) / seem / keep是/好象(似乎)是/保持look / feel / taste / smell / sound 看/感觉/尝/闻/听起来(上去)become / turn / get / grow 变得6、英语动词的简单分类： 连系动词 主要动词及物动词see / hear / drink / eat动词不及物动词laugh / smlie / look / listen 行为动词 be (am / is /are / was / were)/being/been； do / does / did ； have / has / had ； will / shall / would 辅助动词 助动词 can / may / must / needcould / should / would / mighthave (has) to / had better 情态动词二 名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants补充：单数变复数歌诀1妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。例如：leaf(树叶，叶子)，half(一半)，self(自已)，wife(妻子)，knife(刀子)，shelf(架子)，wolf(狼),thief(窃贼，强盗)和life(生命)，这些名词变成复数时，都要改-f(e)为v，再加-es。 2.-f结尾的名词直接加-s变复数歌诀：海湾边、屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望；谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。例如：gulf,roof,chief,serf,belief,proof,handkerchief，这些名词变复数直接加-s3黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆。NegroNegroes,heroheroes,tomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes4中日不变英法变，其余-s加后面III. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)63. of所有格的用法：1用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book2用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students3用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed补充：1单复同形一单数出现;deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民币元、角、分外美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters2单复数同形，以复数形式出现 如；means,works,species,series,bellows,lazybones,headquarters等。3集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数1 peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, 2 the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等 名 词， 表 示国 民总称时，作复数用eg:The Chinese are industries and brave. 4 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： maths，politics，physics等学科名词，及news， the United States，the United Nations 等。5只有复数形式的名词：scissors trousers pants compasses savings belongings ashes arms contents commons 6 单复数形式含义不同的名词brainbrains脑力 sand-sans沙滩 water-waters水域 pain-pains辛苦 paperpapers论文 三冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.口诀：a(n)的使用：每一，同一，任何一，一位，一再，泛指a（n）. The 的使用：独一无二姓复前，形容词，一类人，最高级别序数前，乐器发明单位词，自然现象方位词，群山半岛河海湾，国家党派普转专，说话双方心理明，修饰限定特指前。 零冠词：抽象专有和物质，球类棋类三餐饭，疾病颜色和器官，月份季节节假日，称呼职位和头衔，星期限定固定圈。注; 抽象物专具指化是说抽象名词，专有名词和 物质名词具体化且特指时用the 泛指用a(n).名词有前置的限定词，一般不加冠词如this his 等，若是后置限定词如of 常在名词前加the语法复习纲要 姓名四代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：361. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.4 none, no one 和 no No 意为nota /any 有时等于not at all 加强语气。只能做定语。 No 做副词时可与形容词或比较级连用。意思是毫不，并不。如：He is no fool. No smoking.None 既可以指人又可以指物，作主语谓语用单或复数。还可以和of 连用。No one 只能指人，谓语用单数。不可和of 连用。None可以回答how many 或how much 的问题，no one 用于回答who 的问题。5 many, much, few, a few, little, a little6 all, both, none ,neither, any, either8 that, it, one，those ,onesThat 指代可数或不可数名词，指同一类但不一定是同一个。相当于the 加上名词。复数those.It 指同一个。One 指代可数名词，相当于a 加名词，只的是同一类中的某一个。复数ones. 五 形容词和副词I. 形容词：定义形容词修饰名词或不定代词，表示人或事物的性质、特征或状态。1、性质形容词这类形容词是直接说明人或事物的性质、特征的形容词，它们有等级变化，也可以用程度副词来修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和宾语补足语。大部分形容词都是性质形容词。The sweater is very beautiful. 这件毛衣非常漂亮。（作表语）2、叙述形容词这类形容词只能作表语，不能作定语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有比较等级的变化，也不可用程度副词来修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。如：afraid（害怕的），alone（单独的），alive（活着的），asleep（睡着的），awake（醒着的），以及well（健康的），worth（值得的），unable（不能的），ill（病的）等。如： The book is well worth reading. 这本书非常值得一读。The girl is afraid of snake. 这个女孩怕蛇。【特别提示】这类形容词不能用very来修饰，如不能说：very asleep,但可以说： fast asleep; 不能说very alone, 但可以说quite alone。成分1. 用作表语 Everyone was happy.2. 用作定语 He is an honest student.3. 用作宾语补足语He pushed the door open.4. 用作状语 He arrived home, hungry and cold.5.用作主语或宾语 “定冠词the+形容词”表示一类人或物。如：the old（老人），the young（青少年）这种名词化的形容词起名词的作用，在句中可作主语或宾语。The new will replace the old.6. 用作独立成分 Strange to say, he married such a girl.位置1） 一般位于被修饰的名词前They do expensive operation to give people new hearts.2) 下列情况下后置A. 修饰合成不定代词 I have something interesting to tell you.B. 以a开头的形容词作定语 The boy asleep is my brother.若这类形容词有副词修饰，也可作前置定语 the fast asleep childrenC. 形容词短语作定语要后置（相当于定语从句）A man(who is ) difficult to please must be hard to work with.D. 对的形容词可后置There was a huge cupboard, simple and beautiful.2 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-year4. 由分词转化来的形容词interesting/ed, disappoingting/ed, exciting/ed, astonishing/ed, puzzling/ed, pleasing/ed, worrying/ed, surprising/ed, tiring/ed,discouraging/ed, satisfying/ed,frighting,frightened, boring/bored ,delighted, devoted(这两个不成对)以上形容词仍有一定动词含义,ing往往具有主动含义,意思是使/令人., ed 则具有被动含义.His pussled look made me very angry. The exciting news made everyone of us very excited.5. 以ly结尾的形容词friendly/likely/costly/lively/lovely/monthly/orderly整齐的/brotherly/deadly/daily/weekly6. enough 修饰形容词要后置，修饰名词前后均可The boy is not old enough to join the Army. I have enough food.II. 副词：副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, 5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside,6疑问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly,7连接副词when, where, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly,8关系副词when, where, why副词的作用状语He studied very hard.1）close 近（亲密的adj)/closely 仔细地，密切地2) late晚，迟/lately最近3) deep空间深度/deeply情感深度4)high空间高度/highly抽象“程度”、高度地5) wide空间宽度/widely抽象“广泛地”3. 同形的形容词和副fast/hard/far/straight/early/enough/long/clean(干净的，彻底地）He is a hard worker. He works hard.表语The meeting is over.定语Life here is full of joy.介词宾语He walked out from behind.宾语补足语Show him in.注意：1常作后置定语的副词 有： above/below/here/there/nearly/nearby/around/ahead/abroad/home/upstairs/downstairs2 兼有两种形式的（形容词/副词）副词副词的位置1） 在动词之前。2）在be动词、助动词之后3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。副词的排列顺序：1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。III. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及not so(as)as as +adj+a(n)+ 单数名词+as2. 可以1修饰比较级的词：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。2修饰最高级的词： much/by far/about/almost/nearly/by no means /以及序数词3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用1the +比较级+ the +比较级“the morethe more”句型。2越来越”：比较级+and+比较级 或 more and more+原级4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。比较级表最高级含义的几个句型：a. 比较级+than any other+单数名词（主语在内）b.比较级+than any+单数名词 （主语不在范围内）c.比较级+than anyone/anything else d.比较级+than all/any of the otherse在比较句型中使用no,nobody,nothing等词。Ilikenothingbetterthanswimming.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：1表示“是.的多少倍”用“倍数+as+原级+as从句” 2表示“A是B的几倍”：A is +倍数+the+名词+of B“ 3表示A比B大/长/高/宽 几倍：A is +倍数+larger/longer/higher/wider than B.6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。7 no+比较级+than 表示比较的双方都不. not +比较级+than 不比更8若most+ 形容词，无比较的范围，则不用最高级，其中most表程度，相当于very六 介词I. 介词分类：()1简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论), including6形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII按词义分类表地点（包括动向）about ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards, under, up, unpon, with, within , without表时间about, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。表除去beside , but, except表比较As, l like,above, over表让步despite, in spite of表关于about, concerning, regarding , as for , as to表根据on, according toIII. 常用介词区别：1表示时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关