辨错与改错.doc

辨错与改错一 时态语态常见错误设置及答题思路常见错误1 句中动词（含谓语、非谓语）时态形式与所给或暗示的时间状语不一致；2 应用被动语态而错用了主动语态，此错常设置在非谓语动词中；3 将没有进行时、表示动作结果的感官动词误用进行时；4 将非及物动词误用被动语态。例句：1） The changes that took place in air travel during the last sixty years would A Bhave seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the C Dturn of the 19t1h century.2) With production having gone up steadily, the facory needs and ever A B Cincreasing supply of raw materials. D3) The idea that learning is a lifelong process has expressed by philosophers A B Cand educationalists throughout the centuries. D4) Not too many years ago my mother jogged in the alley behind our house ABbecause she was embarrassed to see jogging in public. C D5) He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window A B C Dlast night. 6) If it doesnt rain within the next few weeks, the crops will have to be A B Cwatered if they are to be survived. D辨析思路如果句中动词划有横线，考生就应分析一下是否时态有错误，即动词的时态形式是否与句中给出的或暗示的时间状语相呼应；动词的语态形式与所涉及的人或物的关系是施动还是受动，是受动关系就要用被动式。改错要领1 掌握与某个特定时态连用的时间状语。与现在时连用的时间状语有：every day, always, usually, sometimes, twice a week, often等；与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：recently, lately, since, already, so far, these days, for, yet, in (over, during) the last (past) two years (months, weeks)等；与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by 2000 (the end of this year), up to 21st century, when从句等；与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by (up to) 1960 (或其他过去时间), between 1914 and 1945 (或其他过去时间)。2 注意不同时态的配合与呼应。主句是将来时，从句可以是现在完成时，一般现在时；主句是过去时，从句可以是过去进行时，过去完成时，一般过去时，过去将来时。3 熟悉时态替代的用法。从句在表示将来时间概念时，视情况用一般现在时或现在进行时替代；从句表示将来完成时的概念时，用现在完成时替代；go, come, leave 的过去进行时可以替代过去将来时。4 测试谓语动词时态的试题常同时测试主谓一致关系或语态，在答题时应全面考虑。5 动词短语作谓语的被动语态句中，注意不要将介词丢掉。二、虚拟语气常见错误设置及答题思路常见错误1 规范搭配的主从句动词形式有一个有错误。2 主句和从句的动词形式与各自发生的时间不相对应。3 在省略if采用倒装表示虚拟的结构中，主句谓语动词没有用虚拟形式，或主句动词是虚拟形式，但从句倒装有误。4 在用介词短语、并列分句或分词等其他方式表示虚拟条件的句子中，谓语动词没有采用虚拟形式。5 一些表达命令、建议、愿望意义的词后接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句或同位语从句时，从句中动词没有采用（should +）动词原形。例句：1） If the police would have arrived earlier, he would have seen the accident. A B C D2) Had paul received six more votes in the last election, he would have been A B Cour chairman now. D3) The demand for electricity can not readily be met were it not for another A B Csource of energynuclear power. D4) Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened; otherwise he didnt make A B Csuch a stupid remark. D5) Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people will in no A B C Dway be able to walk.6) So great was the influence of Thomas paine on his own time that John A B CAdams suggested that the era was called “The Age of Paine”. D7) Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained take A Binto account before starting a new project. C D8) It is essential that all these figures are to be checked twice.A B C D辨错思路注意查找句中表示虚拟语气的线索和信号：1 如果试题中出现连词if，应仔细研究句子的语义，分辨它引导的是真实条件，还是虚拟条件，如果是表示假定的虚拟语气意义，则看一下主、从句中的谓语动词是否采用了相应的形式。2 看到一个句子时，一定要弄明白句中条件和结果两部分的时间所指，再看谓语动词形式是否与所指时间一致。3 观察题句中是否出现表示建议、命令、意愿的词语（无论是动词、还是其派生出的形容词、名词），审查后接that从句中谓语是否用(should +)动词原形。4 如果题句中出现主谓部分倒装结构，或without, but for等介词，则应考虑到它们有可能引导虚拟条件。5 在确定谓语虚拟语气形式正确与否的同时，还要留意语态是否有误。改错要领1 熟记英语虚拟语气的主从句常规搭配形式： 假设类型从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去式（be动词were）would + 动词原形与过去事实相反had +过去分词would have +过去分词与将来事实相反should +动词原形were to + 动词原形 would + 动词原形2 熟记下列表示命令、意愿、建议的动词作谓语时，其宾语从句动词要求原形：advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, maintain, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge.3. 熟记下列形容词后接that 从句时，从句中谓语动词需用原形：advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, preferable, vital, natural.4. 熟记下列名词后接that从句时，从句中谓语动词需用原形：advice, command, demand, importance, insistance, motion, necessity, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion, wish, condition, decision.5. 除if 外，下列连词（或相当于连词）引导状语从句时，从句中谓语动词有时要用虚拟形式：even if, even though, as if, as though, lest, for fear that, in case, suppose, supposing.6. 下列介词和副词常用来引导让步假设和转折假设：but for, without/with, otherwise, but, or else.7下列固定句型需使用虚拟语气：would rather that动词过去式/过去完成式It is (high) time that 动词过去式If only动词过去式/过去完成式If it were / had been not for三、情态动词常见错误设置及答题思路常见错误1 考情态动词表达推断、预测的逻辑意义。2 考“情态动词+动词完成式”表达的虚拟意义。所设置的错误通常出现在情态动词后接的动词形式上，即是接不定式的一般式，还是接不定式的完成式。例句：1) That small country at one time must be prosperous, for it enjoyed a high A B C Dlevel of civilization.2) In a way I agree with you, but I think you could present your argument in a A B Cmuch better way. D3) I regret having left the work unfinished; I should plan everything ahead A B C Dcarefully.4) A piece of evidence shows that life may exist on earth 3.8 billion years ago. A B C D5) I got up early but I didnt need to do so, because I had no work to do that A B C Dmorning.6) He knew that she mustnt have taken the book as she hadnt been in the A B C Dhouse at that time.辨错思路反复阅读题句，正确理解句子的含义，确定其表达推测、判断的语气是强烈还是缓和（委婉），语义是禁止、允许、劝阻、警告、评论还是惋惜，据此辨别句中划线的情态动词用词是否准确，所接动词形式是否符合语义要求，从而找出错误所在。从以往试题来看，有关情态动词的错误大都设置在该接动词完成式而误用一般式，请考生注意这一点。改错要领把握不同的情态动词加动词不定式完成式表示的各种意义：1 must have + 过去分词，表示对过去情况的强烈肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定”。2 cant / couldnt have + 过去分词，表示对过去情况的强烈否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没”。3 may / might have + 过去分词，表示对已发生的事情作不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许”。4 neednt have + 过去分词，表示作了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要”。5 should(nt) have +过去分词，表示应该做其事，但实际上未做或不应该做但实际上做了，译为“本（不）应该”。6 ought to have + 过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，译为“该”。7 could have + 过去分词，表示过去本来可以做，但却未做，译为“完全可以”。注意下面几个情态动词的习惯用法：had better do (没有不定式符号to)had better not do (not的位置不在had后面)would like to do (带to)would not like to do (注意not的位置)used to do (to后接动词原形，不是-ing形式)四、非谓语动词常见错误设置及答题思路常见错误1 该用不定式作宾语而错用了动名词，或反之。2 该用不定式完成式而错用了一般式。3 该用不定式或动名词被动态而错用了主动态。4 该用过去分词而错用了现在分词。5 分词放在句首时，其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，构成垂悬分词的错误。例句：1) Not too many years ago, my mother jogged in the alley behind our house A Bbecause she was embarrassed to see jogging in public. C D2) You will almost always find Caroline playing a video game because she A B Cenjoys to be challenged. D3) When the tank car carried the poisonous gas ran off the rails, the firemen A Btried to isolate the village from all traffic. C D4) People cannot but feel puzzling, for they simply cannot understand how he A B Ccould have made such a stupid mistake. D5) Mr. Jankin regretted to blame his secretary for the mistake, for he later A B Cdiscovered it was his own fault. D6) When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believing A B Cthat the public will appreciate his gift. D7) The bank is reported in the local newspaper to be robbed in broad daylight A B C Dyesterday.8) Using English as a tool, some data may be collected for the research work. A B C D辩错思路1 首先要分辨动词的谓语形式与非谓语形式。如果题句中有两个动词形式划有横线，考生要分析句子的结构和语义，判断出哪个是谓语，哪个是非谓语，因为一个简单句或分句中不可能出现两个彼此间无连词连接的谓语。2 在判定某个动词形式应为非谓语后，要辨别其应当是不定式，还是-ing形式或-ed分词。3 在确定某一非谓语形式后，还要审查其时态语态是否有误；一般说来，已经发生了的动作用完成式，与逻辑主语的关系是受动，用被动态或过去分词。4 注意非谓语动词的否定式是将否定词置于非谓语动词之前；据此判断否定词的位置是否有误。5 观察分析句中的时间状语是修饰谓语动词，还是修饰非谓语动词，如果是后者，辨其时态是否有误。6 不定式和分词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语，否则不定式的逻辑主语应视情况用for, of引导，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，据此判断是否存在垂悬分词的错误。改错要领1 注意动词的不同接续要求。下列动词要求接不定式作宾语：afford, agree, attempt, decide, fail, manage, expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, refuse, tend, pretend, ask, claim, offer, determine, arrange.2 熟记下列动词要求接动名词作宾语：acknowledge, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, hate, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favour, finish, include, resent, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resist, stand, risk.3 掌握某些动词不同接续要求的不同含义：forget to do dth忘记了去做某事forget doing sth忘记已做了某事remember to do sth记住要去做某事remember doing sth记住了已做某事stop to do sth停下去做某事stop doing sth停下在做的某事regret to tell (say, announce) sb 遗憾地告诉某人regret doing sth对已做了的事表示后悔、遗憾try to do sth试图去做某事try doing sth试着做了某事mean to do sth打算做某事mean doing意味着4 注意下列短语中的to是介词，后面应接动名词：object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be committed to, be exposed to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be contrary to, with regard to, with a view to, as to, in contrast to5 注意下列后接动名词的习惯用法：use doing但是：Its of no use to dogood Its nopicnicfunuseless doingsenseless It isnuisanceworthwhileuse (in) doingpointThere is nosenseharmdifficulty doinghavetroubleproblemgood time doinghave ahard difficultspend (time)doingwasteworth doing bebusy feel like doing cant help doing6 下列习惯用语中都带有but, 后面都接不带to的不定式：can not help but docan not but docan do nothing but docan not choose but docan not do anything but dochoice but to do但是：have noalternative7 下列动词、介词后接动名词具有主动形式、被动含义，注意不要再用动名词被动态：worth doing 比较：Its worthwhile doing sth.sth bepastbeyondneed doingwantrequiresthdemandbeardeserve五、一致关系常见错误设置及答题思路常见错误一致关系包括主语与谓语、代词与所指代的名词在人称和数上要保持一致两个方面。1 主语是单数，谓语却是复数形式，或反之，主谓不一致的错误常出现在下列结构中： 主谓倒装结构； 主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰，所以距离较远，考生易误认主语； 动名词短语或不定式短语作主语； 主语带有with或such as等附加成分； 关系代词作主语的定语从句； 某些固定结构。2 代词所指代的名词不一致的错误常常是： 在数上不一致； 在人称上不一致； 在格上不一致； 出现在从属结构中。例句：1) On each side of the highway was hundreds of billboards advertising A B Ceverything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit and Dbedspreads. 2) The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affect the quality A B C Dof the products.3) Transforming raw materials into useful products are called manufacturing. A B CD4) The dean of the college together with some other faculty members are Aplanning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. B C D5) There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, A Bbut which does not bring a return in money to the community. CD6) One of the worlds largest salt mines lie directly under the city of Detroit. A B C D7) George is one of the graduate sudents who has got a part time job. A B C D8) Mr. Wang is the only one of the teachers in our university who own a car. A B C D9) Many a problem concerning the agricultural production have been solved A B Cthis way. D10) It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American A Bwriters Heminingway and Fitzgerald reached their highest point. CD11) Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually you A B C may get a serious disease from its effect. D12) It is required by law that a husband have to pay the debts of his wife until A Bformal notice is given that he no longer has to pay her. C D13) His achievements have earned him respect from both his colleagues and ABthose whose positions are higher than he. C D辨错思路1 一般来说，测试主谓一致的试题主语都有修饰语或附加成分，因此，考生应仔细阅读句子，找出主语、谓语。如果谓语划有横线，就应考虑是否存在主谓不一致的错误。2 主谓不一致错误的特点之一是，如果谓语应是单数，谓语前面的名词往往是复述；如果谓语应是复数，谓语前面的名词往往是单数，以形成假象，增大辨错难度。3 在倒装结构中测试主谓一致的试题往往是表示地点的短语放置句首，谓语是表示状态的动词be, lie, stand, stay 等，考生在辨错时注意这一规律。4 如果作主语的名词既可表示单数又可表示复数意义，考生应善于利于句中出现的代词、限定词或数词等暗示来判断题句中主语表示的数的概念，进而分析谓语动词是否有误。5 一个句子含有不止一个名词时，要分辨代词是否正确，关键是要搞清楚指代对象，然后再进一步分析是否在性、数、格、人称上与指代对象一致。改错要领在纠正一致关系错误时，除了了解一般的单复数概念外，还应掌握下列各特殊情况。1 貌似单数、实是复数的词。包括data等不规则变化的复数名词，和只用作复数意义的词如police以及根据情况有时用作复数意义的集合名词如committee.2 貌似复数、实是单数的名词。包括表示学科的词如politics；固定复数形式的词如means, series, species等。注意：上面两种情况切不可望形生义。3 动名词短语、不定式短语和名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数，如果用and连接上述相同的两个成分时，谓语则用复数。4 主语带有as well as, accompanied by等附加成分时，该主语的数不受附加成分的影响。5 两组结构相同但先行词不同导致从句中谓语数之不同的情况：one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句，先行词是复数名词，从句中谓语用复数。the only one + 复数名词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句，先行词是one，从句中谓语用单数。6 两组用法易混淆的含of的短语作主语时，谓语的数视名词的冠词而变，是不定冠词a，用复数；是定冠词the，用单数。a number of 一些the number of 的数量a variety of 各种各样的the variety of 的种类注意：the majority of + 复数名词，“的大多数”，谓语用复数。7 四组并列连词连接的主语，其谓语动词的单复数取决于靠近动词的主语：eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or。8 三个固定用法的谓语的数单纯取决于主语数的形式，而不考虑主语数的实际意义：many a + 单数名词 谓语用单数more than one + 单数名词 谓语用单数greatamany + 复数名词 谓语用复数good9 由each, every修饰的名词，用第三人称单数指代。10. “those of + 人称代词”构成短语时，指代短语的代词与短语中人称代词保持一致：those of us ourthose of you your11. 注意it is的缩写形式its与代词it的所有格形式its的区别。六、倒装结构常见错误设置及答题思路常见错误1 虚拟语气条件从句省略了连词if，主谓应倒装而未倒装。2 句中含有要求必须倒装的词或句型，句子却用正常语序。3 有的已倒装结构中采用助动词前置后，动词没有作相应变化。4 在no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句中其后的形容词、副词没有随其移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。5 在the more引导的比较从句中，其所修饰的名词没有随之移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。6 疑问词引导的名词从句不应倒装而倒装。例句：1) There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, there A B C Dshould be a loud moise.2) Suddenly, Gallups name was on everyones lips; not only he was the A Bprophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a C new and most important method of prediction. D3) Little did we expected that he would fulfil his task so rapidly. A B C D4) Many people take it for granted that the more one has children, the more A B Csecure ones late years will be. D5) However he tried hard, he still failed in the entrance exam. A B C D6) Why should he have gone to the free trade zone I dont know; but he did go, A B Cremaining away the whole day. D辨错思路1 如果两个句子之间没有连接词 而使其构成并列或从属结构，就要分析一下其中之一是否是省略了if采用倒装的虚拟条件句。2 如果试题句子起首部分出现了某些要求倒装结构的词语，则应进一步观察句内结构是否已按规则调整。3 切记however, no matter how, more几个词的共性是修饰语，必须放在所修饰的词前面，决不能将它们与所修饰的词分开。4 以wh开头的句子不都是疑问句（可以通过标点符号判断），而恰恰更多的是名词性从句，语序应为陈述句语序。5 注意观察已倒装结构中谓语动词在人称、数上是否与主语一致，时态是否与句子所提供的时间概念吻合。改错要领熟悉下列出现在句首、要求句子结构倒装的词和句型是做好此类试题的关键。1 以否定词和具有否定意义的词组开头的句子：no, not, neither, nor, never, nowherelittle, seldom, barely, hardly, scarcely, rarely;no longer, no less, no more, no soonerthan,not until, even less, not once, not only;under no circumtances, in no way, by no means, in vain,on no account, at no time, at hardly any place。2 以only +状语（副词、介词短语、从句）起首的句子：only then, only at that time, only once;only in this way, only with, only through, only by;only when, only after. Only because。3 以某些程度副词开头的句子：often, so, well。4 以such或短语开头的句子：to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes,to such a point, etc。5 以as引导让步状语从句时，从句中状语或表语要放在as前。6 某些表示方向、位置的副词开头的句子，主谓要全部颠倒：out, down, up, in, 。七、形容词、副词和比较结构常见错误设置及答题思路常见错误1 误用ly副词作系动词表语或宾语补足语。2 混用ing分词和ed分词转化的两种形容词。3 误用形容词修饰形容词或分词。4 误将没有比较级形式的形容词用于比较级形式。5 比较结构有误，即原级比较结构与比较级结构混在一起使用，或比较级形容词用于asas结构，原级形容词用于than结构。6 比较对象不一致，即不是同类事物相比较。例句：1) A Four-year study by the Infant Testing Center suggests that babies feel A Bmore comfortably around other babies than with adults. C D2) We found the poetry quite pleased in form; I had never seen one like it A B C Dbefore.3) If you want a real effective stereo that plays music clearly, youd better buy A B C Da graphic equalizer. 4) His method of doing research work is hardly appreciated; he feels more A B C Dinferior than others.5) On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies A Bthan are those with little ambition. C D6) Despite this similarity with other creatures, the evolution of humankind A Bdiffers from other species in one important and unique way. C D辨错思路1 如果题句中形容词或副词划有横线，作为选择项，考生应当马上反应到是否其用法有错误，然后根据句中提供的其他信息判断是副词修饰形容词方面有错误、形容词作表语、补语方面有错误，还是比较结构、比较对象有错误。2 一般说来，句中有形容词、副词比较级形式就应该有比较连词，反之亦然，因为morethan是连在一起使用的对应结构，只有其一，没有其二是错误的。据此即便不懂得句子的意思，也能