限制性与非限制性定语从句区别.doc

限制性与非限制性定语从句区别一、在句中作用不同 限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。 非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。二、外在表现形式不同 限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。 例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English? 你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗? 例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time. 钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。 例 3. This is the place where he used to live. 这就是他过去居住的地方。 例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. 张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。 例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day. 我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。 析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。三、先行词内容有所不同 大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。 例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。 析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。 例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present. 一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。 析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。 四、关系词的使用情况有所不同 (一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句 所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。 例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。 误: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot. 正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot. 例 2. 他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。 误: He didnt pass the exam, that disappointed me. 正: He didnt pass the exam, which disappointed me. 值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who , which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when , where 引导非限制性定语从句。 例 1. Well graduate in July, when we will be free. 我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。 例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。 (二)关系代词替代情况不同 关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。 例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street. 这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。 析:先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom . 例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress. 一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。 析:先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用 who 代替 whom . 在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用 that 代替 who/whom . 例:她有一个姐姐,她是教师。 误: She has a sister, that is a teacher. 正: She has a sister, who is teacher. (三)关系代词省略情况不同 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。 例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. 这就是他昨天丢的那本书。 析:先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。 例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found. 他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。 析:先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 不可省。 实战演练 1. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 2. Have you ever been to Xian, _ I left ten years ago. A. which B. whose C. that D. / 3. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 4. His English, _ used to be very poor is now excellent. A. which B. that C. it D . whom 5. Some of the roads were flooded, _ makes o ur journey more difficult. A. that B. it C. which D. who 6. Ill find a nice girl, _ I want to marry. A. who B. whom C. that D. which 7. Ill come at ten, _ Ill be free. A. which B. that C. when D. what 8. She has two brothers, _ are teachers. A. who B. that C. whom D. / 9. Which answer is NOT true? This is the factory _ I visited yesterday. A. that B. which C. / D. where 10. I still remember the days _ I spent in Beijing. A. when B. what C. that D. during Key: 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C定语从句关系代词有哪些?一 定语从句中关系代词的使用 如果修饰人,一般用关系代词who, whom, whose 或that.在定语从句中作主语的一般用who或that,作宾语的一般用whom, who或that,作定语并具有物主性质的用whose.（在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可省略）如：I dont like people who/that get angry easily.我不喜欢容易发脾气的人.（ 关系代词who/ that在定语从句中作主语,不可省略）Here is the man (whom/ who/ that) you want to see.这就是你想见的人.（ 关系代词whom/ who/ that在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略）Is there anyone in your class whose home is in the northeast?你班上有谁家在东北的?（ 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语,不能省略）注意：用who 还是whom ,完全根据它们本身在定语从句中的地位和作用而定,与先行词在主句中的作用无关.尤其要注意在带有插入语的定语从句中who和whom的选用.如：The person who sent the letter had to pay the postage.寄信人要付邮资.（ who sent the letter是定语从句,修饰person, who在定语从句中作主语,因此用主格）He is a man who I believe is honest.他是一个我认为诚实的人.（ I believe是插入语,去掉该插入语剩下的便是He is a man who is honest,在语法及句意上都能成立,who是定语从句中动词is的主语,故用主格,不用宾格whom.） 如果修饰事物,用关系代词which 和that,作宾语时可省略.作介词宾语时,如果介词位于关系代词之前,则用which (不能省) ,而不用that（关系代词that既能代人,又能代物）.whose也可用来指物（此时可用of which来代替）,在定语从句中作定语.如：Dont buy tomatoes that/ which are green.不要买颜色还是青的西红柿.( that/ which 在定语从句中作主语,不能省)The fish (that/ which) they sell are not fresh.他们卖的鱼不新鲜.（ that/ which 在定语从句中作宾语,可以省）The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.门坏了的那个教室将很快修理.The tool with which he is working is called a saw.=The tool (that/ which) he is working is called a saw.他干活用的那个工具叫叫锯.（介词with位于关系代词之前,须用which,不能省,也不能用that）二 定语从句中关系副词的选用 when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,有时也可用介词+which来代替.如：I still remember the day when / on which I first came to Beijing.我还记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景.She came at a time when we needed her most.她是在我们需要她的时候来的. where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,有时也可用介词+which来代替.如：That is the house where/ in which he lived ten years ago.那是他十年前住过的房子.I have found a peaceful place where/ in which we can study.我找到了一个能学习的安静的地方. why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,常可用for+ which来代替.如：I know the reason why/ for which she was so angry.我知道她为什么那么生气.Do you know the reason why/for which he came so late?你知道他来得这么晚的原因吗?应注意关系副词和关系代词在定语从句中的不同使用.如：* Ill never forget the day when I went abroad myself.我永远忘不了我独自出国的那一天.( when在从句中代替时间状语on the day,我们可以把这个句子分解为Ill never forget the day.I went abroad myself on the day.) * Well never forget the days that we spent together.我们永远也不会忘记我们在一起度过的那些日子.(t