语言学导论复习题.doc

1 IntroductionI. Blank-filling1. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronice_ linguistic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic_ linguistic study. Modern linguists tend to prefer a synchronic_ approach to a diachronic_ one.2. Speech_ and writing_ are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguistics regards the speech_ language as the primary medium of human language.3. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive_; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive_.4. Langue_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole_ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 5. Language is a system of arbitrary_ vocal symbols used for human communication_.6. Competence_ can be defined as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance_ can be defined as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.7. Language is arbitrary_ in the sense that there is no intrinsic本质的 connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.8. The fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal_.9. Language is productive_ or creative in that its users can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.10. Language can be used to refer to things which are present or absent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. This is what displacement_ means.11. The study of language as a whole is often called general_ linguistics.12. Linguistics can be defined as the systematic_ study of language_.13. Duality of structures is also referred to as double_ articulation结构双重性_.II. Multiple choice1. The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist _ in the early 20th century.A. Noam. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Charles HockettD. J.R. Firth2. The distinction between competence and performance was made by the American linguist _ in the late 1950s.A. Noam. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Charles HockettD. J.R. Firth3. A modern linguist would not prefer to be a(n) _.A. observerB. analyzerC. judgeD. recorderII. True or false judgement( ) 1. Langue is concrete while parole is abstract. Langue is relatively stable while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.( ) 2. Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speakers performance, not his competence. ( ) 3. Modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive.( ) 4. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.( ) 5. Traditional grammar forced languages into a Latin-based framework. ( ) 6. In modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a synchronic one.( ) 7. “Language is a system” means that elements of language are combined according to rules.( ) 8. Language is culturally as well as genetically transmitted.( ) 9. Linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.( ) 10. In a broad sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.( ) 11.A modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said.Keys:I. Blank-filling1. synchronic, diachronic, synchronic, diachronic2. Speech, writing, speech3. descriptive, prescriptive4. Langue, parole5. arbitrary, communication6. competence, performance7. arbitrary8. vocal9. productive10. displacement11. general12. systematic/scientific, language13. double articulationII. Multiple choice1. B2. A3. CIII. True or false judgement1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T10. F11. T2 PhonologyI. Blank-filling1. Phonetics_ is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.2. The three important branches of phonetics are: (1) 发音学articulatory_ phonetics, which studies how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds; (2) 听觉acoustic_ phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds and (3) 声学acoustic _ phonetics, which studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.4. Vibration of the vocal_ cords_ results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing_”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.5. There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. The transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. The former is called broad_ transcription while the latter is called narrow_ transcription.6. The sound p is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the soundp is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the p sound is said to be aspirated _ and in the case of spit, the p sound is unaspirated_.7. Speech sounds in English can be divided into two broad categories: vowels_ and consonants_.8. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless_.9. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops_, fricatives_, affricates_, liquids_, nasals_, glides_. In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types: bilabial_, labiodental _, dental_, alveolar_, palatal_, velar_, glottal_ consonants.10. English vowels may be distinguished as front_, central_, and back _ according to which part of the tongue is held highest. 11. According to the openness of the mouth, we can classify the vowels into: close _ vowels, semi close_ vowels, semi open _ vowels and open _ vowels.12. Vowels can be classified according to the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels are unrounded _ vowels and most back vowels are rounded _.13. The English vowels can be classified according to the length of the sound. The long vowels are all tense_ vowels and the lax_ vowels are lax vowels.14. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone_ in a certain phonetic context.15. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones_ of that phoneme.16. Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. If they are two distinctive phonemes they are said to form a phonemic_ contrast_. If they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they are said to be in complementary _ distribution_.17. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal_ pair _.19. Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential_ rules.21. The parts of speech that are normally stressed in an English sentence are nouns _, main_ verbs, adjectives_, adverbs_, numerals _ and demonstrative_ pronouns; the other categories of words like articles_, person_ pronouns, auxiliary_ verbs, preposition_, and conj unctions_ are usually not stressed.25. In English we can produce a sound by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions, the sound thus produced is called a diphthong_.26. Speech_ sounds are sounds that convey meaning in human communication.27. IPA is the short form for International_ Phonetic_ Alphabet_ or I_ P_ Association_.28. In English glides are sometimes called semivowels_. The English glides are _w _ and _j _.29. A phoneme consists of a set of distinctive与众不同的_ features. It is just because of these features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning.II. Multiple choice1. Which of the following is NOT a suprasegmental feature?A. phonemeB. stressC. toneD. intonation2. The English word that contains a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop is _. A. peak B. speak C. tip C. topic3. Chinese is a(n) _ language. A. intonation B. tone C. pitch D. stress4. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _.A. sequential rules B. combining rules C. assimilation rules D. deletion rules5. Which of the following is a minimal pair?A. fear, pearB. put, hutC. bit, beatD. beat, beastIII. True or false judgement( ) 2. Linguists are interested in all sounds produced by humans.( ) 3. The “same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.( ) 4. Narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.( ) 6. A phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value.( ) 7. The location of stress in English does not distinguish meaning.( ) 10. Conventionally phonemes are placed within square brackets, and phones in slashes.Keys:Blank-filling1.Phonetics2.rticulatory, acoustic, auditory4.vocal cords, voicing5.broad, narrow6.aspirated, unaspirated7.vowels, consonants8.voiceless9.stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal10.front, central, back11.close, semi-close, semi-open, open12.unrounded, rounded13.tense, lax14.phone15.allophones16.phonemic contrast, complementary distribution17.minimal pair19.sequential21.nouns, main, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative; articles, person, auxiliary, prepositions, conjunctions25.diphthong26.Speech27.International Phonetic Alphabet, International Phonetic Association28.semivowels, w, j29.distinctiveMultiple choice1-5ABBACTrue or false judgement2.F3.T4.F6.T7.F10.F3. MorphologyI. Blank filling1. In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are sometimes called o_ class words since we can regularly add new words to these classes. The other syntactic categories, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, are sometimes called c_ class words since new words are not usually added to them.2. M_ refers to the study of the internal structure of w_, and the rules by which words are formed.3. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called m_.4. Some morphemes occurs only before other morphemes. Such morphemes are called p_; other morphemes occur only after other morphemes, such morphemes are called s_.5. When some morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is formed, such morphemes are called d_ morphemes.6. Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on are referred to as i_ morphemes.Multiple choice1. Which of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme?A. inbornB. impossibleC. quicklyD. without2. Which of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme?A. readableB. westwardC. clockwiseD. freely3. Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme?A. smallerB. stimuliC. intervieweeD. Johns4. Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme?A. oxenB. excitedC. dataD. encourage5. How many morphemes can we find in the word internationalize?A. ThreeB. FourC. FiveD. Six6. Which of the following does not belong to the open classes?A. nouns B. verbs C. articles D. adverbs7. The word centralization consists of _ syllables as against _ morphemes.A. five/five B. five/four C. four/three D. four/four8. The word uncomfortable consists of _ syllables as against _ morphemes.A. four/three B. five/two C. five/three D. three/five9. In modern English, which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. ceive B. ulcer C. escape D. aspectIII. True or false judgment( ) 1. Bound morphemes cannot occur “unattached” while free morphemes can occur alone.( ) 2. Some morphemes may occur in many words, combining with different morphemes but for which it is difficult to find a constant meaning.( ) 3. Inflectional morphemes are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category. Yet they usually add lexical meaning to the words or morphemes.( ) 4. It is often the case that compounds have the same stress patterns from the noncompounded word sequence.( ) 6. Pronouns and articles fall into the closed classes.( ) 7. Words like blackboard, international, sit-in, living room are compounds.( ) 8. As for the compound greenhouse, the primary stress falls on the second part of the word.( ) 9. A single word may contain one or more morphemes.( ) 10. To a certain degree, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its meanings of individual parts.( ) 11. Such affixes as or, -ize, -ish used to form the words actor, modernize and childish are called inflectional affixes.( ) 12. Inflectional affixes are used to form new words with new lexical meanings.Keys:Blank-filling1.open, close2.Morphology, words3.morpheme4.prefixes, suffixes5.derivational6.inflectionalII. Multiple choice1. B.2. D3.C4. D5. B6. C7. B8. C9.ATrue or false judgement1. T2.T3. F4. F6. T7. F8. F9.T10. T11. F12. F4SyntaxI. blank1. S_ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form s_ and the rules that govern the formation of s_.4. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: h_, s_ and c_. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed h_. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as s_. The words on the right side of the heads are c_.5. Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called p_.8. The syntactic category of a specifier differs depending on the category of the h_. D_ serve as the specifiers of nouns while q_ typically function as the specifiers of verbs and d_ words as the specifiers of adjectives.11. Many linguists nowadays believe that sentences, like other phrases, also have their own heads. They take an abstract category i_ as their heads, which indicates the sentences t_ and a_.12. There are two levels of syntactic structure: the d_ structure and the s_ structure.II. Multiple choice1. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements EXCEPT_:A. headB. specifierC. complementD. inflection3. Which of the following is the head of the phrase a very lovely girl?A. veryB. girlC. aD. lovely 4. The following underlined parts are termed specifier EXCEPT_?A. listen attentivelyB. seldom sing songsC. quite rightD. that old house5. Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase?A. a story about a wolfB. cut the hairC. a careful manD. often read booksKeys:I. Blank-filling1. Syntax, sentences, sentences2. Noun, Verb, Adjective, Preposition3. meaning, inflection, distribution4. head, specifier, complement, head, specifiers, complements5. phrases6. coordinate structures, coordination7. head, phrase8. head, Determiners, qulifiers, degree9. complementizers10. expressible, heads, adjective, adverb, prepositional11. inflection, tense, agreement12. deep, surface13. complement clause, matrix clauseII. Multiple choice1.D3.B4.A5.A5 SemanticsI. Blank-filling1. Semantics can be defined as the study of m_.2. According to Platos n_ theory, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. 3. The contextualists hold that meaning should be studied in terms of s_, use, context-elements closely linked with language behavior.4. Synonymy refers to the s_ or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called s_.6. B_ English and A_ English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language.7. D_ synonyms refer to synonyms used in different regional dialects.8. The same one word may have more than one meaning, this is what we call p_ and such a word is called a p_ word.9. H_ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in s_ or s_, or in both.10. When two words are identical in sound, they are h_. When two words are identical in spelling, they are h_. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are c_ h_.11. H_ refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the s_, and the more specific words are called