非限定动词.doc

非限定动词13.2.1 概说分词（Participle）是动词的另一种非限定形式。分词有现在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）两种。它们同时兼有动词、形容词及副词的特征。分词与其宾语（仅限于及物动词的现在分词）或状语一起构成分词短语。在句中可以用作表语、定语、状语或复合宾语。13.2.2 现在分词和过去分词的用法区别虽然在语法功能上，现在分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与过去分词相同，但在意义上两者有差别：现在分词表示主动的意义，而过去分词则表示被动的意义；现在分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作，而过去分词（及物动词）则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，现在分词有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分；而过去分词只有一种形式。见下表： 主动形式被动形式现在分词一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving being done过去分词done现在分词与过去分词的主要区别在于语态和时间关系上。在时间关系上：现在分词表达进行的意思，而过去分词表达完成的意思，有时两者均可表示与谓语动词同时发生。在语态关系上：现在分词表达主动的意思，而过去分词（及物动词）表达被动的意思。13.2.3 分词或分词短语在句中的用法1). 作表语现在分词作表语表示句中主语所处的特征；过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。例如：Dont get excited! 别激动！The film is very moving. 这部电影很感人。The glasses are broken. 那些杯子是破的。The boy was very disappointing. 那个孩子很令人失望。The boy was very disappointed. 那个孩子很感失望。He was nearly frightened out of his mind. 他几乎吓得要死。He seemed quite delighted at the news. 听了这消息他似乎很高兴。The door remains locked. 门仍然锁着。注一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，disappoint等都是及物动词，作“使激动”、“使失望”解。其现在分词表示“令人激动的”、“令人失望的”；过去分词表示“感到激动的”和“感到失望的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，表示“感到”都用-ed形式。这类分词有很多都完全用作了形容词。指人时通常用过去分词形容词；指物时通常用现在分词形容词。当然，主要应从意义上去区别。例如：amazed 吃惊的amazing 惊人的bored 厌倦的boring 令人厌倦的excited感到激动的exciting令人激动的delighted感到高兴的 delighting令人高兴的disappointed感到失望的 disappointing令人失望的encouraged感到鼓舞的 encouraging令人鼓舞的frightened害怕的 frightening令人害怕的interested 感兴趣的interesting令人感兴趣的pleased感到愉快的 pleasing令人愉快的puzzled感到费解的 puzzling令人费解的satisfied感到满意的 satisfying令人满意的surprised感到惊异的 surprising令人惊异的tired疲倦的tiring令人疲倦的worried感到担心的 worrying令人担心的2). 作定语A. 分词或分词短语作定语时的位置单个分词作定语时，通常位于所修饰的中心词之前；分词短语作定语，则只能位于所修饰的中心词之后。例如： The running horse galloped down the street. 那匹奔马沿着公路疾驰。Those are stolen goods. 那些是赃物。The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew. 00北京The boy standing there is a classmate of mine. 站在那儿的那个男孩是我的一个同学。This is one of the factories built in 1960s. 这是六十年代修建的一家工厂。注1有时单个分词作定语，也可位于所修饰词之后。例如：He has no parents living. 他父母双亡。On the day following he left for Beijing. 第二天他启程去北京。Do you know the number of books ordered? 你找到订购了多少书吗？“Things lost never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself. 07湖南注2分词或分词短语作定语，中心词（也就是分词所修饰的词）是分词短语的逻辑主语，在意义上相当于一个定语从句。例如：Do you know the man sitting at the desk? = Do you know the man who is sitting at the desk. 你认识坐在桌旁的那个人吗？In his novel, all the people referred to are fictitious. = In his novel, all the people who are referred to are fictitious. 在他的小说中提到的所有人物都是虚构的。B. 分词短语作限制性和非限制性定语分词短语作定语，象定语从句一样，也可分为限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语明确限定中心词，如省去，中心词的意思就会受到影响。而非限制性定语仅对中心词作一些附加说明，它相当于一个非限制性定语从句，要用逗号将中心词隔开。例如：All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. 我住在上海的所有弟兄都是科学家。（限制性）All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientist. 我所有弟兄都住在上海，都是科学家。（非限制性）All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. 抽屉里所有用铅笔写的信都是我姐姐寄来的。（限制性）All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 抽屉里所有的信，都是用铅笔写的，全是我姐姐寄来的。（非限制性）C. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语个别不及物动词如arrive, come, go等的过去分词也可在句中作定语，但不表被动意义，而表主动、完成的意思。例如：the risen sun 升起了的太阳 fallen leaves 落叶faded flower 萎谢的花 retired worker 退休工人The escaped thief was caught again. = The thief who had escaped was caught again. 逃跑的小偷又被捉住了。Here is Professor Li come from Beijing University. = Here is Professor Li who has come from Beijing University. 这是北京大学来的李教授。The train recently arrived at the station is from Beijing. = The train that has recently arrived at the station is from Beijing. 刚到站的那趟火车是北京开过来的。A man just come from the meeting told me about it. = A man who had just come from the meeting told me about it. 那件事是刚开完会的一个人告诉我的。3). 作复合宾语分词可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。这时，句中的宾语是分词短语的逻辑主语。例如：Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help? 10湖南We saw the teacher making the experiment. 我们看见那个老师在做实验。I heard my name called in the street. 我在街上听见有人叫我的名字。能跟这类复合宾语的动词有see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel, set等。注1在复合结构中现在分词表示主动，即分词的动作是它的逻辑主语（句中宾语）发出的。过去分词在复合结构中表示被动，其动作是它的逻辑主语所承受的。注2如果谓语是被动语态，这时分词结构作主语补足语。例如：The missing boy was last seen playing near the East Lake. 00上海 He was found buried in the snow. 有人发现他被埋在雪里。注3在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后，既可用现在分词作宾语补足语，也可用动词不定式作宾语补足语。现在分词表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束）用动词不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全部过程结束了）。例如：Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 你听见有人在敲门吗？Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times. 是的，我听见他敲了三下。I saw him going upstairs. 我看见他正往楼上走。I saw him go upstairs. 我看见他上楼去了。4). 作状语分词结构作状语的情况很普遍，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式及伴随情况等。A. 时间状语 （在意义上相当于一个时间状语从句）。例如：Walking in the street, he met a friend of his. 在街上散步时，他碰到了他的一个朋友。Hearing the news, they jumped with great joy. 听到这个消息，他们高兴得跳了起来。Thrown to the floor, he regained his footing and rushed into the street. 他摔倒在地上之后，站了起来，冲到街上。Born at the turn of the century, he became a famous poet in the late 20s. 他出生在本世纪初，到20年代后半期成为一个著名的诗人。B. 原因状语 （在意义上相当于一个原因状语从句）。例如：Being ill, he didnt come to school. 由于生病，他没来上学。Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. 01全国Moved by his deeds, she couldnt keep back her tears. 由于深受他的事迹说感到，她忍不住流泪。Tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep. 由于路途劳累，他很快就睡着了。C. 条件状语（在意义上相当于一个条件状语从句）。例如：I wouldnt feel happy living in a block of apartment. 要是我住在一座公寓楼里我不会感到高兴。Meeting (= If we had met) anywhere else, we wouldnt recognized each other. 如果是在别处相见，我们彼此会认不出来。Seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 从山上看这座城市非常漂亮。Given more time, we could do it much better. 如果多给点时间，我们会把它做得更好。D. 结果状语He died, leaving nothing but debt. 他去世了，留下一生债。It rained heavily in the south, causing serious flooding in several provinces. 10天津注不定式和现在分词短语都可作结果状语，一般说来不定式短语作结果状语表示“出乎意料”的结果；现在分词短语作结果状语表示顺理成章的结果。例如：His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 他父母去世了，使他成为一个孤儿。He lifted a stone only to have it dropped on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸在自己脚上。E. 方式或伴随状语He sent me an e-mail, hoping to get further information. 00上海Laughing and talking, they went into the classroom. 他们又说又笑地走进了教室。The teacher went into the classroom, following the two students. 老师跟着两个学生走进了教室。The teacher went into the classroom, followed by the two students. 老师走进教室，后面跟着两个学生。5). 连接词分词结构分词作状语还可以用连接词引起，表示各种意义。A表示时间，通常用when, while, once, until, whenever引起。例如：When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year. 02上海When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. 06浙江Be careful when crossing the street. 过街时要当心。While walking in the street, he met a friend of his. 在街上散步时，他碰到了他的一个朋友。The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to. 那姑娘横腼腆，从不先跟别人说话。B表示地点，通常用where, wherever引起。例如：Rats should be exterminated where found. 老鼠一经发现，应就地消灭。We should go and work wherever needed. 我们应该哪里需要就到哪里去工作。C表示条件，通常用if, unless引起。例如：The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if carried out regularly, can improve our health. 10浙江If invited, he will go to the party. 如果被邀请，他就去参加这次聚会。He wont come unless asked. 如果不叫他，他不会来。D表示让步，通常用though, although, even though, even if引起。例如：Even though defeated for a second time, he did not give in. 他虽然再次失败，但不屈服。Although told many times, he still didnt understand it. 尽管给他讲了多次，他还是不明白。No matter how frequentlyperformed, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. 06广东E表示虚拟比较，通常用as if, as though引起。例如：He sat down also, as though waiting. 他也坐下来，仿佛在等人。He stopped as if remembering something. 他仿佛想起什么，停了下来。注分词短语作时间、原因或条件状语时，常位于句首；作结果、方式或伴随状语时，常位于主句之后。13.2.4 分词的逻辑主语根据传统语法，分词作状语，如不是复合结构，其逻辑主语通常是句中的主语。现在分词短语作状语，表示主语发出的一个次要动作或说明主语的状态；过去分词短语作状语，表示句中主语是该动作的对象，表达被动意义。凡违反这条规则，被认为是语法错误。例如：Walking in the street, he met a friend of his. (= While he was walking in the street, he met friend of his.) 在街上散步时，他碰到了他的一个朋友。Being ill, he didnt come to school. (= As he was ill, he didnt come to school) 由于生病，他没来上学。Seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. (= If the city was seen from the hill, it looks more beautiful.) 从山上看这座城市非常漂亮。Given more time, we could do it much better. (= If we are given more time, we could do it much better.) 如果多给点时间，我们会把它做得更好。但以下几种情况需要注意：A. 有一些分词具有介词或连接词的性质，这时就不必遵守这条规则。例如：There are ten people in the bus, including two boys. 车上有十个人，包括两个小孩在内。Supposing he cant come, who will do the work? 如果他来不了，谁干这工种？He is strong considering his age. 就他的年龄而论，他可算得上强壮的。Provided that there is sufficient time, we can do the work better. 只要有足够的时间，我们就能够把这工种做得更好。经常这样用的分词有：concerning关于；barring除外，不包括；excepting除外；failing如果没有；granting/granted (that)尽管，即使；owing to由于；providing/provided假如；regarding关于；respecting由于，关于；saving除外，考虑到；seeing (that)既然，考虑到，supposing (that)假使；等。B. 另有一些分词短语可用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度。这时，也不必遵守这一规则。例如：Judging by his accent, he must be from Sichuan. 听他的口音，他一定是四川人。Judged by ordinary standards, their quality is good. 按通常标准来看，他们的质量是好的。Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the book. 总的来说，这本书没有问题。Looking at the question objectively, who is to blame after all? 客观地来看，究竟该怪谁？Generally speaking, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. 05全国III经常这样用的分词短语有：generally speaking一般说来；strictly speaking严格地讲；frankly speaking坦率地说；judged/judging by/from从来看；taken as a whole总的说来；C. 如果主语是非人称it，也可不必顾及这一规则。例如：It rained hard coming back. 回来时雨下得很大。It was cold getting up this morning. 今天早晨起床时天气很冷。13.2.5 现在分词的否定式现在分词的否定式是在现在分词前加上not。例如：Not knowing what to do, he kept silent. 他不知该说什么，就保持沉默。Not having been told when to start, he came late. 没人告诉他什么时候出发，所以来晚了。13.2.6 现在分词的时态1). 现在分词一般式现在分词一般式通常表示一个正在发生的动作或与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生或之后发生。这取决于词汇手段、上下文及语序等。例如：She sat at the desk, reading a newspaper. 她坐在桌旁看报。（与谓语动词同时发生）When crossing the street, I came across an old friend of mine. 过街时我碰见了我的一位老朋友。（与谓语动词同时发生）Rolling up his trousers, he waded into the river. 他卷起裤腿，淌水过河。（先于谓语动词发生）Opening the door, he found somebody broken into his room. 他打开门，发现有人进过他的房间。（先于谓语动词发生）He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后随手将门关上。（后于谓语动词发生）My train starts at two, arriving in Chengdu at eight. 我坐的火车两点钟开，将于八点钟抵达成都。（后于谓语动词发生）2). 现在分词完成式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如：Having studied in the university for three years, he knows the place very well. 在大学学习了三年，他对那地方很熟。Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. 这地方他去过多次，因此他主动提出给我们当向导。Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them. 由于没收到回信，他决定给他们再写一封信。注现在分词完成式一般不作定语。13.2.7 现在分词的被动语态现在分词的被动语态只有两种，即：“being + 过去分词”和“having been + 过去分词”。前者通常表示进行；后者通常表示完成。例如：He heard the door being closed. 他听到门被关上的声音。The professor being talked about will be here tomorrow. 人们正在谈论的那位教授明天到达这里。Having been told many times, he finally understood it. 13.2.8 表被动意义的分词结构用来表达被动意义的分词结构有“过去分词”，现在分词“being + 过去分词”和“having been + 过去分词”。它们在句中可用作：1). 定语A. “过去分词”、“being + 过去分词”可在句中用作定语；“having been + 过去分词”则一般不能用来作定语。例如：The food eaten was meant for tomorrow. The food being eaten was meant for tomorrow. * The food having been eaten was meant for tomorrow.B. 延续性及物动词的过去分词与being + 过去分词都可在句中作定语。过去分常表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，但有时时间概念不强，仅表示被动意义；being + 过去分词通常表示动作正在进行，有时表示与谓语动作几乎同时发生。例如：He likes reading books written by Lu Xun. 他喜欢看鲁迅写的书。The large building being built will be a school. 正在修建的那幢大楼将是一所学校。He is a man loved by all. 他是一位深受大家爱戴的人。He told us to keep a secret of the things being discussed. 他叫我们对正在讨论的那些事情保密。有时将“being + 过去分词”改为“过去分词”，句子结构仍然正确，但语义发生了变化，由原来表进行的意义变成了表完成的意义。例如：The bike being repaired is mine. = The bike which is being repaired is mine. 正在修的那辆自行车是我的。The bike repaired is mine. = The bike which has been repaired is mine. 修好了的那辆自行车是我的。但“过去分词”并非都可以改为“being + 过去分词”，否则会出现语义不合逻辑的情况。例如：The novel written by him came out last month. 他写的那部小说上个月就出版了。* The novel being written by him came out last month.C. 非延续性及物动词的过去分词在句中作定语，表示动作的完成或结束；“being + 过去分词”则不能用来作定语。例如：The maps stolen by the captain were found hidden in a boot. 上尉偷的那些地图被发现藏在一只靴子里。* The maps being stolen by the captain were found in a boot.The letter just received must been written by Mary. 刚收到的那封信一定是玛丽写的。* The letter being received must have been written by Mary.2). 状语A. 时间状语“过去分词”如同时表示被动意义或完成时，常可与“having being + 过去分词”换用。用“having being + 过去分词”主要表示动作在谓语动作之前发生。其意义相当于由after引导的时间状语从句。例如：Driven out of the house, the cat limbed up the tree. = Having been driven out of the house, the cat limbed up the tree. = After the cat was driven/had been driven out of the house, it limbed up the tree. 那只猫被赶出房子后，爬到树上去了。如“过去分词”不表示完成的动作或先于谓语动词发生的动作，则不能用having been + 过去分词来替换。例如：Seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市看起来更加漂亮。* Having been seen from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.* After the town has been seen from the hill, it looks more beautiful.城市漂亮是客观存在的事实，不能因为从山上看了后才漂亮。因此该句实际意义相当于when/if引导的状语从句：When/If you see the town from the hill, it looks more beautiful. 或When/If the town is seen from the hill, it looks more beautiful.B. 原因状语延续性及物动词和非延续性及物动词的过去分词可与“being + 过去分词”互换，在时间和意义上无多大差异。用“being + 过去分词”有强调原因的意味，都相当于一个原因状语从句。例如：Regarded as a thief, John couldnt work there any longer. = Being regarded as a thief, John couldnt work there any longer. = John couldnt work there any longer because he was regarded as a thief. 由于约翰被当作了小偷，他不能再在那儿工作了。Asked to sing a song, she couldnt very well refuse. = Being asked to sing a song, she couldnt very well refuse. = As she was asked to sing a song, she couldnt very well refuse. 由于有人请她唱首歌，她不好拒绝但是，非延续性及物动词的过去分词用得较普遍，“being + 过去分词”较少用。例如：Hit by the bullet, the boy fell down from the tree. 那个孩子被子弹击中，从树上摔了下来。Properly marked with numbers, the books can be easily found. 把这些书适当地编上号就容易找到了。为了强调分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，也可用“having been + 过去分词”。例如：Having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up？由于得到这样好的机会，他怎么好放弃呢？ Having been polluted, the water is not allowed to be drunk by the people. 由于水已经受到了污染，已不允许人们再饮用。C. 宾语补足语在表示“看见，听见”等感官动词如fell, find, notice, hear, see, observe, watch等后的复合结构中，可用及物动词的“过去分词” 或“being + 过去分词” 作宾语补足语。过去分词着重表示动作的完成或结果；being + 过去分词着重表示动作正在进行或与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。例如：When he came to, he found himself taken to a hospital. 他醒来时发现自己被送到了医院。When he came to, he found himself being taken to a hospital. 他醒来时发现自己正被送往医院。在使役动词have, get后，一般只用及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语，不用being + 过去分词。在其它使役动词或表意向的动词如keep, make, like, want等后，也常用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：While playing football, he had his leg broken. 他在踢足球时把腿给弄折了。* While playing football, he had his leg being broken.We must get the machine repaired. 我们必须（请人）把机器修好。* We must get the machine being repaired.I dont want the children taken out in such weather. 这样的天气我不想别人把孩子带出去。When you speak English, you are sure to make yourself understand. 你讲英语时，一定要让别人明白你说的话。3). 小结过去分词在句中可用作表语、定语、宾语补足语或状语表示时间、原因、条件、及伴随情况等；being + 过去分词可用作定语、宾语补足语或状语表示时间、原因等，主要表示一个正在进行的动作；having been + 过去分词一般用作状语，表示时间或原因，指一个完成了的动作。13.2.9 分词短语作定语与定语从句的转换无论是单个分词还是分词短语作定语，中心词（即被分词所修饰的词）是分词（短语）的逻辑主语。因此分词（短语）作定语，相当于一个定语从句，关系代词就是中心词即先行词的意思。分词结构作定语转换成定语从句时，必须注意以下两点：1). 在语态上要一致现在分词（短语）作定语表达主动的意义，转换成定语从句时，从句谓语动词须用主动语态。例如：Who is the man reading the book over there? = Who is the man that is reading the book over there? 在那边看书的那人是谁？过去分词（短语）作定语表达被动的意义，转换成定语从句时，从句谓语动词须用被动语态。例如：This is one of the factories built in 1960s. = This is one of the factories that were built in 1960s. 这是六十年代修建的一家工厂。This is a book written by Lao She. = This is a book which was written by Lao She. 这时老舍写的一本书。2). 在时态上要一致现在分词具有进行，持续的意义，转换成定语从句时，从句谓语用进行时态；如表示经常性的动作或现在（当时）的状态，转换成定语从句时，从句谓语用一般时态。例如：The professor giving us a talk is from Beijing University. = The professor who is giving us a talk is from Beijing University. 给我们作报告的那位教授来自北京大学。He lived in a room facing the south. = He lived in a room which faces the south. 他住在一间朝南的房间里。The door opening on to the garden will be locked this evening. = The door which opens on to the garden will be locked this evening. 通往花园的门今晚将上锁。过去分词具有完成的意义，表达的动作通常在谓语动词之前发生，转换成定语从句时，从句谓语根据主句谓语时态可用一般过去时或过去完成时。例如：He likes to read books written Lu Xun. = He likes to read books which were written by Lu Xun. 他喜欢看鲁迅写的书。Yesterday I received a book sent by a friend of mine in Chengdu. = Yesterday I received a book which had been sent by a friend of mine in Chengdu. 昨天我收到成都一个朋友寄来的书。有时也表示与谓语动词同时发生，转换成定语从句时，从句谓语与主句谓语一致。例如：We suddenly found ourselves in a lovely glade of greenwood surrounded by ancient trees. = We suddenly found ourselves in a lovely glade of greenwood which was surrounded by ancient trees. 我们突然发现自己进入了一片古树环绕、景色幽美的林间空地。过去分词作定语，有时候所表示的时间不确切，转换成定语从句时，从句谓语则应根据上下文的意思来确定时态。例如：She is a good teacher loved by all. who is lovedShe is a good teacher who was loved by all. who will be loved3). 现在分词一般式的被动结构作后置定语现在分词一般式的被动结构作定语时，中心词是现在分词被动式的承受者, 转换成定语从句时, 从句谓语是被动语态。例如：This is the car being repaired = This is the car which is being repaired. 这是那辆正在修理的汽车。The large building being built down the street will be a hospital. = The large building which is being built down the street will be a hospital. 街上正在修的那幢大楼将是一家医院。12.2.10 不能转换为分词结构的定语从句上一节讲到了分词结构作定语转换成定语从句的情况。从以上示例我们可以看出，分词结构转换成的定语从句，关系代词在定语从句中都是作主语。但关系代词作主语的定语从句并非都可以转换成分词结构。下面就是不能转换的几种情况：1). 如主句谓语是现在时，从句谓语事过去时时。例如：The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. 昨天到我们学校参观的外国人来自加拿大。(The foreigner visited our class yesterday is from Canada.) The boy who broke the window is called Tom.打坏窗子的那个男孩教汤姆。 (The boy breaking the window is called Tom.)2). 如定语从句是完成时时。例如：She told her father all that had happened. 她把所发生的一切告诉了她父亲。 (She told her father all having happened.)We like the football team that has played several games here. 我喜欢在这儿踢了几