Gre作文考试：如何让写作更加连贯.pdf

智 课 网 G R E 备 考 资 料 Gre作文考试 如何让写作更加连贯 Gre作文考试是美国所有作文考试中时间最长而质量要求最高的一 类作文考试 如何清晰的表达自己的逻辑思维能力和评价 让你的gre 作文连贯论据条条有理 下面是小编搜集整理的有关gre写作相关内容 我们首先来看下面这段话 Panda bear is a kind of docile lovely animal in the southwest of China Its cherubic appearance and awkward movement appeals to not only children but also adults It symbolizes the spirit of peace and harmony which is cherished by Chinese people Expansion of human activities to wild areas has caused a sharp decrease in the number of panda bears 这段话由四句组成 彼此之间存在着明显的联系 论证的都是中国 大熊猫的情况 排除语法 文字优美等诸多考虑 这段话给人的感觉是 四个孤立的句子 而不是一段文章 其原因之一 也被笔者认为是最重 要的一个原因 是它缺乏必要的过渡 Transitions 文中主题之间缺乏 有机联系导致文章缺乏必要的连贯性 这一问题也是学生在写作实践中 普遍存在的现象 本文的目的就是介绍英文写作中transitions的使用 作为考试项目教师 出于通过考试的目的 注意在文章中必要的连 接也显得尤其重要 在诸多北美考试的写作评分标准中 都出现过与之 相关的要求 比如 displays unity progression and coherence though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured iBT Independent Writing 3分评分标准 develops and organizes ideas satisfactorily but may notconnect them with transitions GRE Argument 4分评分标准 is limited in its organization or focus or may demonstrate some lapses in coherence or progression of ideas Sat Write an Essay 3分评分标准 各种考试中不约而同的出现对于coherence connection transit ions等概念的要求 而且这部分做的不到位都会影响考试写作部分的成 绩 其重要性可见一斑 上面三个词的翻译为 连贯性 连接 和 过渡 而connection和transitions在这里可以被理解为同义词 笔者认为 就是达到coherence这一目的的重要手段之一 还有一些其他方法 比如 重述和首尾的呼应 那么到底甚么是Transitions呢 在GRE考试中又被称作Transitional devices 连接元件 笔者尝试对之做出定义 Transitions是出现在文 章中的一种词 短语甚至句子 其目的是用来表明它前后两部分之间的 逻辑关系的 它的用处是能够帮助读者自然地从作者的一个idea转移到 下一个idea 使用的结果可以使文章的逻辑性更强 更加连贯 打个比 方来说 它很像道路上引导旅者的标志牌 They are like the road signs that guide travelers College Writing Skills 之所以说 前后 两部分 是因为Transitions的前后可能是两个段落 两句话 甚至两 个单词 它们彼此之间都会存在各种各样的逻辑关系 比如说 Addition and in addition additionally one another first of all secondly furthermore moreover Time then after before since once until meanwhile now during Space next to across above below nearby Change of direction but yet however otherwise nevertheless although in contrast on the contrary Conclusion because so therefore as a result consequently thus in summary conclude 其实还有很多其他关系 其他的词 这几种是比较常见的 我们发 现这种transitions的出现方式非常多样 包含了很多词性 连词 介词 副词 动词等等 还有很多短语 所以把它称之为Transitional devices是非常恰当的 针对Transitional devices前后可以是段落 句子以及单词 我们分别举几个例子 Among paragraphs In the first place human always like exploring the world around especially mysterious fields Besides human s curiosity to explore dangerous fields draws them away from daily routine and boredom Finally although these dangerous activities may not bring us any material reward they bring forth a lot of psychological benefits 这是一篇托福作文的三个中间段的topic sentence 可以看出三段 分别论证了人类参加危险运动的三条理由 好奇心 找刺激以及精神的愉 悦 彼此之间的并列关系 是通过In the first place Besides Finally这三个Transitional devices来体现的 另外 段落之间也有可能出现转折逻辑关系 相应的连接语也会发 生变化 比如 One reason for my fundamental agreement with the speaker is that withholding some personal information is necessary to gain and maintain political leadership Another reason why I essentially agree with the speaker is that fully disclosing to the public certain types of information would threaten public safety and perhaps even national security Having recognized that withholding information from the public is often necessary to serve the interests of that public legitimate political leadership nevertheless requires forthrightness with the citizenry as to the leader s motives and agenda 上面是一篇GRE北美范文的三个中间段的topic sentences 可以发现 前两段之间是并列关系 one reason another reason 而第三段和前两段之间就是转折关系 nevertheless Among sentences Office workers time is hardly enough for their own work As a result big companies lack necessary team spirit rendering employees emotional distance from each other 这两句话论证了为什么大公司缺乏必要的团队精神 员工之间感情 淡漠 各自忙于工作是原因 缺乏team spirit是结果 所以前后两句话之间通过连接语As a result表明了因果逻辑关系 同样的 句子之间也有并列与转折关系 For example foods in western world such as cheese jam and butter are now becoming familiar and popular in China By the same token more and more products with Chinese style can be found in American markets 并列 In the past people may only obtain information from some traditional media such as televisions books or newspapers However today people are able to receive the same material through computers 转折 Among words Instead ofobtaining splendid grade in exams students main assignment is to perceive the way to search knowledge they want 这句话中的instead of 前后实际上是两个具有名词特性的短语 分词短语obtaining splendid grade in exams 和介词短语to perceive the way to search knowledge they want 这两部分之间具有转折关系 用Instead of来体现 而用来表达单词中的并列和因果关系的连接语就是我们很常 见的and还有because of 这个很简单就不举例子 在写作文章中充分合理地加入这种Transitional devices 就可以 在很大程度上增加文章的连贯性 比如还是本文开头的那段话 稍加修 改之后变成了 Panda bear is a kind of docile lovely animal in the southwest of China Because of its cherubic appearance and awkward movement it also symbolizes the spirit of peace and harmony which is cherished by Chinese people However expansion of human activities to wild areas has caused a sharp decrease in the number of panda bears 通过判断 我们发现修改前的一二两句之间存在因果关系 因此加 入because of 将它们连在了一起 而修改前的第三句和前两句之间是一 个并列关系 因此加入了also 最后一句话的意思和前面明显出现了转折 通过however来体现这种转折关系 经过修改之后 几句话被有机地 结合在了一起 形成了一段篇章而非四个独立的句子 不过 在充分使用各种连接语的同时 也应该注意不同词性连接语 的用法 比如连词很自由 and but so这些连词的后面可以跟名词 或者句子 但是介词 介词短语 后面只能跟名词 比如because of instead of in addition to等等 而副词 副词性短语 的后面只能加句子 比如however in addition as a result等等 刚才看到的是一些词或短语充当transitions的情况 其实transitio ns还有另外一种体现方式就是transitional sentences 比如很常见的让步状语从句 Even if traveling with a companion could bring us financial and some other benefits this type conducts our traveling experience to a mechanical boring event 从这个句子中可以看出由even if引导的让步状语从句 说明了这句 话之前的内容论证的是traveling with a companion的好处 而主句则 是讲这种方式让我们的旅行成为意见机械无聊的行为 也是后面要论证 的一个主题 前后两部分之间显然是转折的逻辑关系 出现在文章之中 可以有效地连接上下文 使之变得连贯 I concede that traveling with a companion may have one or more benefits One ofthe most obvious advantages is saving money In other words Traveling in a group would be much cheaper than traveling alone In my observation travel agency the most common group travel organization in China reserves a prerogative of paying considerably less on tickets fees traffic costs and so forth than individuals Moreover individuals have to purchase some necessaries like tent when traveling by themselves but if we go hiking with one or two friends we could pay for these shared outfits together Another advantage of traveling in a group is that we have accompaniers to communicate with But I believe that this advantage is only desirable for those who often feel lonely and like clatter Even if traveling with a companion could bring us financial and some other benefits this type conducts our traveling experience to a mechanical boring event People might not arrange his or her own plan if he or she is traveling in a group because all group members should be restricted by lots of rules such as the place where we have to reside the time when we can play or must gather etc For instance when I followed a travel agency to Hangzhou which is one of the most beautiful cities of China l