大学英语(2).doc

大学英语（2）课 程 学 习 指 导 资 料编写 蔡懿 胡娇 游颖适用专业：护理专业适用层次：专科四 川 大 学 网 络 教 育 学 院二OO 五 年 六 月1大学英语（2）学习指导资料编写：蔡懿 胡娇 游颖本课程学习指导资料根据该课程教学大纲的要求，参照现行采用教材新编实用英语（教育部新编实用英语编写组编写，高等教育出版社，2004年8月）以及课程学习光盘，并结合远程网络业余教育的教学特点和教学规律进行编写，适用于护理专业专科学生。第一部分 课程的学习目的及总体要求一、课程的学习目的：在一个学期的学习时间内,掌握英语语言的一些基础知识和基本技能，从而提高外语素质，为进一步学习打下一定基础.二、课程的总体要求：通过语言学习和语言实践活动，增加词汇约500个和短语约100个，其中本学期要求掌握大约250个单词和60个短语；语法重点掌握句子从句的语序、名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句、分词短语、.虚拟语气、强调句, 省略句与倒装句.等内容；积累英语国家文化等方面知识；并在英语听力、阅读、翻译及写作能力方面初步有所收获。 第二部分 课程学习的基本要求及重点难点内容分析一. 课程学习计划本期学习新编实用英语(综合教程)和新编实用英语(学学.练练.考考)第二册第1, 2, 3, 5 及6课。二. 课程学习基本要求: 1学生要有接收、下载和播放听力材料的设备； 2既要有时间看书，也要保证有足够时间进行语言实践活动，作到动口, 动耳、动眼、动手和动脑同时并举； 3最好能和一个同学搭档进行语言实践活动, 尤其是学习教材第一部分的 “Talking Face to Fact 口若悬河 说”的时候； 4学习阅读部分“Maintaining a Sharp Eye 火眼金睛 读”时，要勤查词典, 最好把生词和新短语记录在小笔记本上，以备复习之用。三.新编实用英语学习总体要求 本期学习(2)课程使用第二册，本期学习第二册第一、二、三、五和六课。在“综合教程”每课的五部分中，着重掌握 “Being All Ears洗耳恭听 听； Maintaining a Sharp Eye 火眼金睛 读；Trying your Hand试身手 写” 三部分。要求通过语言实践的方法来学习，作到动嘴、动耳、动眼、动手与动脑并举。学生用书“学学练练考考”基本上是“综合教程”的补充和扩展，学生只需在“Maintaining a Sharp Eye火眼金睛读”部分中选第一篇文章来学习即可。基础好、有余力的学生可多选择一些其他部分的内容来学习。四.新编实用英语重、难点分析（一）词汇和短语部分1本期要求掌握约生词250个和短语约60个，并能在听说读写译的实践中学会使用。每课阅读部分练习“Read and Complete 4”是仅有的纯粹词汇练习，应该全作。本册书第193 202页对全书的词汇与短语作了总结，应安排一定时间学习。2要求重点掌握的短语见下：be supposed to 期望，应该bump into sb.偶然遇到be prepared to do sth.准备干.；愿意干commit oneself 全力投入in many instances 在许多情况下in terms of 就而言be in a position to do sth/of doing 有能力做pine for 渴望；思念get along with 和相处have sth in common 有共同之处allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事merge with 与融合make compromise 做出妥协，做出让步 make allowance 留有余地go ahead 开始，进行check out 结帐on the way to在的路上hang up 挂断电话save the bother of（doing sth）免于做的麻烦in combination 混合，组合go Dutch各付各的帐follow through坚持到底settle the bill结帐lay down制定make a scene在众人面前出丑project oneself into设想自己处于due to 由于，因为refer to谈到；参考browse through 浏览log into 登陆进入have the pleasure of (doing) 有幸（做）make a transaction 交易in ones opinion 依照的看法shipping charge 运费（二）语法部分1从句的语序：（1） 英语句子语序指主语和谓语在句中的位置顺序。一种是主语在前，谓语在后，这种语序称为自然语序（陈述句语序）；另一种是谓语在前，主语在后，称为倒装语序。在我们的一般疑问句里和特殊疑问句中所用的语序就是倒装语序中的部分倒装语序，即把谓语的助动词、情态动词和系动词be提前于主语之前。 e.g. The girl is inviting the boy for a meal on her birthday. （陈述句语序） Is the girl inviting the boy for a meal on her birthday? （部分倒装语序）（2） 英语从句语序一般由that, if / whether和特殊疑问词 (wh-, how)引导。在if / whether, 特殊疑问词引导的从句中一般含有原有的疑问含义，但是其语序不能使用疑问句语序（即前面所讲的部分倒装语序），而要使用陈述句语序，即主语在前，谓语在后的语序。详见新编实用英语 - 学学练练考考第二册P.13-14）2名词性从句 (详见学练练考考P47-49)在句中起名词作用的从句称为名词性从句，可以在句中作主语、宾语、介词宾语、表语或同位语等，分别称主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。（1） 由that 引导的名词性从句。That在从句中不作任何语法成分，只起连接作用that引导主语从句时，通常用It is that-clause 结构（2） 由wh-引导的名词性从句。如：what, who, which, whom, where, when , why, how, how many, whatever, whichever, whoever 等。wh-在从句中担任语法成分，而且常保留其本身含义。从句要用正常语序，不可用疑问句语序。（3） 由whether/if引导的名词性从句。e. g. I dont know whether/if he will come.我不知道他是否要来。Whether she comes or not is not important to me.(这里只能用whether)3定语从句：（详见学练练考考P80-82）（1）定义：在句子中作定语的从句称为定语从句。e. g. A man who does not try to learn from others cannot hope to achieve much.（先行词） 关联词 （定语从句）（一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望他有多大成就的。）（2）关联词可以分为两类：a. 关系代词:在定语从句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语和定语等。who 代替人，在从句中作主语（在口语中偶尔可作宾语）。whom 代替人，在从句中作宾语whose 代替人或物，在从句中作定语which 代替物，在从句中作主语，宾语或介词宾语。作宾语时，通常可省略 that 代替人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，但不能作介词宾语。作宾语时，通常可省略b. 关系副词：在定语从句中只能作状语。When 表时间；Where 表地点；Why 表原因（3）that 和which 的用法区别；（4）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。a. 限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密；如果去掉从句，句子意思会表达不完整。从句前不用逗号。e. g. You cant answer the question which he put forward. 你回答不了他提出的问题。b. 非限制性定语从句与先行词关系松散，一般只起补充作用；如果去掉从句，主句意思的完整性不会受影响。从句前常用用逗号分开，关系代词不能省略。e. g. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, which of course made others jealous. 海伦对最小的孩子比别的孩子体贴的多，这当然使得别的孩子妒忌。4状语从句（详见学练练考考P95-98）用作状语的从句称为状语从句；它在句中位置比较灵活，可放在主句之前或之后，偶尔也可以插在主句之中。状语从句由从属连词引导，按照不同的连词引出不同的状语从句，可分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、结果、比较、方式、目的及让步状语从句。e. g. When it rains, I usually go to school by bus.（由从属连词when引起的表时间的状语从句）e. g. However hard she tried, she never seems able to do the work satisfactory. (由从属连词however引起的表让步的状语从句)（三）听力部分通过对本书的学习，学生可以基本听懂日常生活和社会生活中内容简单, 语速较慢的对话和短文，并且能够熟悉有关日常生活和社会生活英语对话的普通模式, 类型和特点；掌握听力中常用的提问方式，掌握一定英语词汇极其配搭和其中涉及到的语法结构特征及用法。 1 在英语听力中，常用的提问方式就是一般疑问和特殊疑问两种方式。特殊疑问的方式中即以Wh-开头 (who, when, where, what, which, why) 和How (how many / much / long )引导的特殊疑问句。2 听力中的对话是本书听力练习的重点之一。就提问的方式归结出几种题型：（1）地点类型题 (where)；（2）因果类型题 (why)；（3）计算类型题 (how many / much)；（4）时间类型题 (when)；（5）关系类型题 (whats the relationship between the two speakers?)；（6）态度类型题 (How does / did the man / woman feel about / like it)（7）谈话主题题 (what)等。3 听力技巧：抓关键词、预测问题、猜测大意以及采用排除法。（四）交际用语部分英语交际用语有很强的实用性, 也是本科大学英语课程统考科目之一. 交际用语的运用不但要求在一定语境中用语和应答在语法上正确, 尤其要求用语符合英语国家人民的交际礼仪和用语习惯, 要求语言得体, 这涉及到语用学以及跨文化等多方面知识. 大家应该在自己的涉外实践活动中和平时的英语学习中不断积累总结, 大家应该在自己的涉外实践活动中和平时的英语学习中不断积累总结, 才能熟悉并掌握大量的英语交际用语.下面以三个实例来说明交际用语的一些特点和解题的一般技巧.【示例一:】 A: Are you ready to order desert, please? B: .A. Yes, pleaseB. Please dont order itC. Yes, Id like to have some chocolate cake D. No, dont mention it 解开这一道问题的关键是, 弄清楚对话发生在何处以及对话者之间的关系. 从发问的内容便知道, 这是发生在一家餐馆中一个招待和一位顾客之间的对话. 清楚了对话发生的场合以及对话者的身份, 很快就可以确定答案是C了. 其实, 很多涉及交际用语的问题都有一个辩明对话者身份的问题, 这一点同学们一定要注意.【示例二】 M: Hi, miss. Your coat is really very beautiful. W: _.A. Thank you B. None of your business. C. Yes, I bought it in Boston.D. Yeah, my husband gave it to me as a birthday present. 在这位女士可以选择的四个答语中, 前面三个在语法上也都正确, 但是只有最后一个答语A才是最得体(注意: 是得体, 而不仅仅是正确)的回答. 因为, 在等车的这段时间中, 男士为了打发时间, 想主动与女士拉话, 这句话只不过是他想“抛砖引玉”用来开始一场谈话的开场白. 【示例三】 Mike: Do you mind telling me where youre from, Jane? Jane: . A. Certainly. Im from London B. Sure. I was born in London C. Not really, you can do it D. Certainly not. Im from London 这是明显发生在两个陌生人或者不太熟悉的人之间的对话. 只有D才是正确答案. 因为, 答语是针对 Do you mind?而不是 where are you from?的, 所以用 Certainly 和 Sure 都表明她在意,不愿意讲她是哪里人, 但后面又回答了是哪里人这个问题, 显得前后矛盾. 这个例子说明, 交际用语要复合英语国家人民的用语习惯, 才能达到顺利交流的目的.（五）完形填空部分这部分是从语篇的角度测试学生综合运用语言的能力，即阅读理解和理解使用词汇和语法的能力。做题基本步骤：1. 迅速通读短文,忽略空白,掌握文章大意 2. 充分利用篇首句和篇尾句,进行预测和推理 3. 重复阅读短文,进行选择填空 4. 最后通读一遍, 纠正错误.（六）阅读部分1要求学生能够综合运用英语语言基本知识，即英语词汇、语法和文体知识，掌握一定的阅读技巧。每课的 Maintaining A Sharp Eye 口若悬河 读里面包含两篇短文, 可以把第一篇作为学习重点, 完成其后的所有练习; 第二篇作为次重点. 基础好,有余力的学生还可以在学生用书的同一部分选学更多短文作为补充.2本期要求掌握的阅读技巧有：(1) skimming and scanning;(2) reading for the main idea; (3) recognizing important facts or detail; (4) looking for the Topic Sentence; (5) sing context clues for word meaning; (6) making Inferences and Judgments; （七）翻译部分教材每课阅读部分 “Maintaining a Sharp Eye火眼金睛-读”中的 “Read and Translate读短文做英译汉”， “Read and Simulate模仿句型做汉翻英”以及第二篇短文后面的“Read and Translate读短文做汉译英”都是英汉互译的材料，可根据各自情况选择一些来作。（八）写作部分本学期的作文训练要求主要是段落写作。段落是文章的缩影；写好了段落，是写好英语文章的关键一环。段落（ paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。典型段落(尤其是说明文)包括四种类型的句子: 主题句 (topic sentence), 推展句(supporting sentences); 过渡句(transitional sentence) 及结论句(concluding sentence). 1.主题句（topic sentence） 用以概括段落大意的句子，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。主题句通常放在段落的开端， 开门见山地摆出问题，也可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。 例1：Our life today depends very much on energy. （主题句）In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods - everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句是主题句，概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现的三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。 2.推展句(supporting sentence)是用来展开主题句所包含段落中心思想的一组句子. 可以用解释, 举例, 比较和因果等方法来展开段落. 3. 关联句在逻辑上连接段落中句子与句子, 以及连接上段或下段的作用. 4. 结论句起到总结, 归纳和重复强调的作用. 下面再举一例, 以最常用的因果法说明段落展开的方法以及段落中各种句子的作用: It is clear now that global warming may have various negative effects on the earth. First, as its direct result, it may greatly change the world climate and, of course, make unfavorable impacts on agricultural production. Second, it may cause huge amounts of ice and snow to melt which can lead to a higher sea level on this planet. And that is only part of the story. The world climate change will directly endanger the survival of many wildlife species. In general, global warming has bad influences on the lives of human beings, plants and animals. 上面段落中,加粗斜体部分是主题句，概括了本段的中心思想；波浪线部分是推展句, 把中心思想以因果方法加以展开，分析全球变暖的不良后果；其中斜体下加线的句子是过渡句，起到连接前后部分的作用；最后一句是结论句，对全球变暖这一原因引起的后果加以总结。第四部分 教材各部分提示语汉语译文A.本期学习课程目录1. INVITATIONS 第一课邀请2. EMAILS 第二课 电子邮件3. COMMUNICATION BY PHONE 第三课电话交际5. AT A RESTAURANT 第五课饭店用语6. SHOPPING 第六课购物B. 课程各部分提示语Section Talking Face to Face第一部分口若悬河-说Follow the Samples模仿实例练口语Act out成双成对练口语Put in use设身处地练口语Section Being All Ears第二部分洗耳恭听-听Listen and Decode听录音选答案Listen and Respond听录音作回应Listen and Complete听录音完成句子Listen and Judge听录音作判断Listen and Read听录音做短文填空Listen and Match听录音找关联答案Listen and Conclude听录音做结论Section Maintaining a Sharp Eye 第三部分 火眼金睛-读Read and Think 读短文回答问题Read and Complete读短文作填空练习Read and Translate读短文做英译汉Read and Simulate模仿句型做汉翻英Read and Judge读短文作判断Read and Rewrite读短文练习写作Read and Translate读短文做汉译英Section Trying your Hand第四部分一试身手-写Applied Writing应用文写作Read and Simulate模仿范例学习写作Simulate and Create模仿范例写应用文Sentence Writing 句子写作Write trough Applying Grammar Rules从语法规则练习写作Write through Correcting Mistakes从改错练习写作Write though Translation从翻译练习写作Write through Describing a Picture看图画写短文Section Having Some Fun第五部分开心一刻-乐第五部分 课程作业 网上作业将分两次在网上公布, 结果将记做平时成绩, 参加本课程成绩总评.第六部分 期末考试. Listening Comprehension听力理解 (15%) Section A听问题选答案 (101%) Section B对话 (51%). Use of English交际用语 (5 %) (51%).Reading Comprehension阅读理解 (30 %) (152%). Vocabulary and Structure词汇与结构 (25%)Section A多项选择 (151%)Section B完形填空 (101%). Translation 翻译(15%) Section A英译汉 (50.5%) Section B汉译英 (50.5%).Writing写作 (10%)第七部分 综合练习. Listening ComprehensionSection A:Directions: In this section you will hear ten questions. Each question will be read twice. For each question there is only one answer among the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Listen carefully and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Group One1. A. Shes from England.B. Shes at home. C. Shes not back.D. Shes very well.2. A. In the morning.B. Very well. C. In the library. D. By taking a course.3. A. Mary is.B. Mary is using. C. Mary isnt.D. Mary has.4. A. Last night.B. Next week. C. By plane.D. With my brother.5. A. Many languages.B. Pretty Well. C. Four languages.D. With his roommates.6. A. In a store.B. Some tapes. C. In the morning.D. By bike.7. A. To Germany.B. In Italy. C. To take some photographs.D. Tomorrow.8. A. Doing homework.B. Just fine. C. Very good.D. Reading aloud.9. A. What do you do?B. Fine, thank you. C. Im a college student.D. I do well in my studies.10.A. By car.B. Yesterday afternoon. C. In New York.D. For some information about travel.Group Two1. A. Yes, we are.B. No, we dont. C. No, I dont.D. No, we dont.2. A. Yes, they are.B. Yes, there are. C. Yes, they were.D. Yes, there were.3. A. Thats right.B. Youre right. C. No, its not here.D. Yes, I think so.4. A. She is very kind.B. She is very well. C. She is not very old.D. She is doing shopping now.5. A. At 10 oclock.B. With Mrs. Jones. C. By car.D. To the Grand Theater.6. A. He came to teach us last week.B. He teaches us English. C. He has two children.D. He is very nice.7. A. Not until next week.B. Three weeks ago. C. To Beijing.D. For only a day or two.8. A. No, I didnt go there last year.B. No, but I hope to go there sometime next year. C. Paris is a nice place to visit.D. No, it was a long time ago.9. A. Hes good at fixing things.B. He can speak good German. C. He does the washing-up after supper.D. Hes a language teacher.10.A. Quite a bit.B. More boys than girls. C. About 50.D. Three classes.Section B Directions: In this section you will hear a conversation. The conversation will be spoken twice. There are five questions about the conversation. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Decide on the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Group One1. What was Mary doing at the beginning of the dialogue?A. Going home.B. Waiting for a bus.C. Waiting for someone.D. Taking a walk.2. Where was Mary going? A. Home.B. To the bus stop. C. To the park.D. To a restaurant for supper.3. Why did Bill feel surprised when he first heard Mary was going for a walk? A. Because it was a cold day. B. Because she was going to take a bus for a walk in the park. C. Because she was going alone. D. Because she had not told him about this before.4. Why didnt Mary like walking to the park? A. Because the bus service was good. B. Because the park was too far. C. Because it was too cold. D. Because it was uninteresting for her to do that.5. When did the conversation most likely take place? A. Early on a cold winter morning.B. Late on a cold morning. C. Late in the afternoon.D. On a cold winter evening.Group Two1. What does the man intend to invite the woman to see? A. An opera.B. A play. C. A dance performance.D. An English film.2. What do the man and the woman agree to do? A. See an opera.B. See a play. C. See a film.D. See a performance.3. What is true of the woman? A. She doesnt mind seeing an opera.B. She prefers to see a play. C. She is busy on Sunday.D. She will stay at home.4. Why doesnt the woman like to go on Sunday? A. Because there are always too many people. B. Because she is fully occupied. C. Because shed rather see the performance on Monday. D. Because she has an appointment.5. When will the man and the woman see the play? A. On Saturday or Sunday.B. On Sunday or Monday. C. On Friday or Saturday.D. On Thursday or Friday. Use of English交际用语Directions: In this part there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the One answer that best completes the dialogue. 1. Hello, may I talk to the headmaster now? .A. Sorry, he is busy at the moment B. No, you cant C. Sorry, you cant D. I dont know2. Do you think I could borrow your dictionary? .A. Yes, you may borrow B. Yes, go onC. Yes, help yourself D. It doesnt matter3. Do you mind telling me where youre from? .A. Certainly. Im from LondonB. Sure. I was born in LondonC. Not really, you can do it D. Certainly not. Im from London4. I was worried about chemistry, but Mr. Brown gave me an A! .A. Dont worry about itB. Congratulations! Thats a difficult courseC. Mr. Brown is very goodD. Good luck to you!5.Would you like to have dinner with us this evening? .A. Ok, but I have to go to a meeting nowB. No, I cantC. Sorry, but this evening I have to go to the airport to meet my parentsD. I dont know6. Please help yourself to the fish. .A. Thanks, but I dont like fish B. Sorry, I cant helpC. Well, fish dont suit me D. No, I cant7. Excuse me, but can you tell me the way to the airport? .A. Dont ask that B. Sorry, Im a stranger hereC. No, I cant say that D. No, youre driving too fast8. Oh, sorry to bother you. .A. Thats okay B. No, you cant C. Thats good D. Oh, I dont know9. You have lovely children. . A. No, on no. They are not B. Oh, on, onC. Youre talking too much D. Thanks A. I have no idea 10. Can I help you with your suitcase? .A. I have no idea.B. No, no. I can carry it myselfC. Thats a good idea D. Thank you. I can manage myself11. Good night and thanks again. .A. You cant say thatB. No, no. Its what I can do C. How can you say thatD. Good night12. Can you turn down the radio, please? .A. Oh, I knowB. Im sorry, I didnt realize it was that loud.C. Ill keep it down next timeD. Please forgive me13. Could I speak to John Harris, please. .A. Oh, how are you B. Im JohnC. Im listening D. Speaking14. My grandmothers taken ill and Ive got to go down to the hospital. .A. Were going to the same placeB. Very sorry to hear it. I hope its nothing seriousC. Really?D. Let me go with you15. Well done. Congratulations on your success. .A. Thank you very much B. Oh, no, noC. No, I didnt do very well D. Sorry, I couldnt any better. Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 1 Ive got a cell phone, email and voice mail. But why am I so lonely? I was walki