中国传统建筑.ppt

TraditionalChineseArchitecture Content 1 TheCharacteristicsofChineseAncientArchitecture2 TypesofAncientChineseArchitecture3 ChineseBridges4 TypicalChineseStructuresandOrnaments 1 TheCharacteristicsofChineseAncientArchitecture Traditionally Chinesearchitecture fromthevillagehousestoimperialpalaces featuresthefollowingcharacteristics 1 Timberframework2 BalanceandsymmetricalLayout3 theelegantoutlines 轮廓 andvariedstructures 结构 4 Colorfuldecorationsandornaments 1 TimberframeworkAncientChinesearchitecturefeaturedtimberframeworkasthesupportingstructure Wallswerenotloadbearing theywereonlyusedtoseparatespaces Thetimberframesupportedmostoftheweightofthehouse sowindows doors andwallswerenotrestrictedtocertainlocations Theadvantage disadvantageoftimberframework Advantages materialsforconstructingsuchstructureswereeasilyavailableandconstructionmethodswererelativelysimple thewoodenframestructuresareshock resistant becausethepartsarelinkedbytenon and mortise 榫卯 jointssothattheyaresaferinearthquakes thewoodenframeworkbearsalltheweightofthebuilding whichmakestheinstallationofboththeouterandinnerwallsflexibleandabletobeplacedinaccordancewithpracticalneeds Disadvantages Theirdurabilityisnotasgoodasstructuresofbrickorstone woodgrowsveryslowlyandcannotbecutonalargescalerecklessly 2 BalanceandsymmetricalLayoutChinesestructuresarebasedontheprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry 对称 Themainstructureistheaxis 轴线 Thesecondarystructuresarepositionedastwowingsoneithersidetoformthemainroomandyard 故宫鸟瞰图Bird seyeviewoftheImperialPalace 3 theelegantoutlines 轮廓 andvariedstructures 结构 TheancientChinesearchitecturesaregreatlypraisedfortheelegantoutlines 轮廓 andvariedstructures 结构 whichrepresentthecharacteristicsofdifferentstylesandlocalfeaturesofancientChinesearchitectures 4 Colorfuldecorationsandornaments ArchitectsinancientChinapayspecialattentiontotheornaments Theyusedifferentcolorsorpaintings decorationsinsideandoutside 4 1Thebuildingmaterials WoodenancientChinesebuildingsandstructureswerethemostcommonbutsomewerebuiltwitheitherredorgreybricks 4 2Theartisticroofdesign Ancientbuildingstendtohavehugeroofswithextendedeaves 屋檐 Thiswastoensureenoughlightingandavoidthedampeningofthewalls Differentroofsarematchedwithdifferentstylesofbuildingsaccordingtotheirranksandimportance 三 中国古建筑的欣赏 屋顶 一 屋顶式样 1 重檐 单檐 2 庑殿式 歇山式 悬山式 硬山式 3 重檐庑殿式 重檐歇山式 单檐庑殿式 单檐歇山式 悬山式 硬山式庑殿Hiproof歇山gableandhiproof悬山顶hangingpeak硬山顶HardTop 一 屋顶形制1 庑殿式 俗称四面坡式 屋顶由位于顶端的正脊和四个角的斜脊构成 有正面前后两个大坡面和侧面左右两个小坡面 庑殿式建筑 在中国封建等级制度中 是最高级别的建筑 只有皇帝才能拥有和居住 庑殿式 太和殿 重檐庑殿式 大成殿重檐庑殿 2 歇山式 在正脊左右两端各建一道与之相垂直的墙面 其下部再接一个略有弧度的斜坡小屋顶 从侧面看 向下的两条脊好像是在半路上歇了一下 然后就改变了方向 折向另一个方向延伸出去了 所以侧面的上半部形成了一个类似三角形的样子 歇山式建筑 在中国封建社会等级制度中 级别低于庑殿式建筑 常作为皇宫里的非主体建筑及王府 达官贵人 五品以上官员 的府邸 官署 寺庙等建筑的形制 保和殿 屋顶为重檐歇山顶 3 悬山式 俗称两面坡式 屋顶只有正面前后两个斜坡屋面 且屋面两侧悬伸在山墙之外 俗称挑山 出山 从侧面看 屋面的檩头在山墙处没有停下来 而是又外挑了一段 悬山之名由此而来 悬山式建筑在中国封建社会的等级制度中 属级别较低的一种建筑 多为宫廷 官署 寺庙中的杂用性建筑 也是民居的一种形制 檩 山墙 4 硬山式 也俗称两面坡式 屋顶亦为正面前后两个坡面 但与悬山式建筑的不同之处 是屋面两端不悬伸于山墙之外 而是与山墙齐头 硬山式建筑在中国封建社会属级别最低一等 是民居常用的一种形制 3 5 攒尖 平面为圆形或多边形 上为锥形的屋顶 没有正脊 有若干屋脊交于上端 宋代称为 撮尖 清代称 攒尖 依其平面有圆形攒尖 三角攒尖 四角攒尖 八角攒尖 也有单檐和重檐之分 多见于亭阁式建筑 中和殿 四角攒尖顶 正中为鎏金宝顶 六角攒尖 天坛的祈年殿是我国古代最高等级的建筑 4 3theanimalfiguresontheroofs 吻兽 Ontheirroofs ancientChinesepalaces templesandmansionshavezoomorphic 兽形的 ornaments 装饰品 calledwenshou 吻兽 Someareonthemainridges andsomeontheslopingandbranchridges Theseonroofridgesonthetopofpalaces templesandotherancientbuildingsformanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesearchitecture 故宫的吻兽 Themonstrous 怪异的 figuresateitherendofthemainridgesiscalledchiwen 鸱吻 Itappearsroughlylikethetailofafishandlooksasifitwerereadytodevour 吞没 thewholeridge AccordingtoChinesemythology chiwenisoneofthesonsoftheDragonKingwhostirsupwavesandchangesthemintorains Sochiwenareplacedateitherendofthemainridgefortheirmagicalpowertoconjure 施魔法 upaheavyraintoputoutanyfire Attheendoftheslopingandbranchridges thereareoftenagroupofsmalleranimals theirsizesandnumbersdecidedbythestatusoftheownerofthebuildinginthefeudalhierarchy 等级制度 Thelargestnumber 11 ofzoomorphicornamentsisfoundontheTaihedianThroneHall 太和殿 intheForbiddenCity allwithunusualnames Agodridingaphoenix orrooster 雄鸡 thefirstanimal leadstheflock Behindthegod comeadragon aphoenix alion aheavenlyhorse aseahorseandfiveothermythological 神话的 animals Qianqinggong 乾清宫 thePalaceofHeavenlyPurity hasnineanimalfigures Kunninggong 坤宁宫 thePalaceofFemaleTranquility 平静 hasseven theothertwelvehallsusedtohousetheimperialconcubines 妾 eachhavefive Placinganimalfiguresonroof ridgeshasbeenatraditionalpracticeforatleast2 100years Itisbelievedthatanimmortalbeingandvariousbeastsservetoprotectsacredbuildingsandkeepevilspiritsfaraway TheelevenzoomorphicornamentsontheroofoftheTaihedianThroneHall 太和殿 intheForbiddenCity 太和殿的吻兽 4 3吻兽吻兽 是通常置于古代大型建筑的屋脊上的 避邪物 传说可以驱逐来犯的厉鬼 守护家宅的平安 并可冀求丰衣足食 人丁兴旺 在宫殿建筑中 往往在四翼角的戗脊上塑有蹲兽 一般说吻兽越多级别越高 且它多以奇数出现 在我国宫殿建筑中 吻兽最多的为11个 戗脊 在有不同方向的承梁板的屋顶中 其两个斜屋面交接处所形成的外角 又称岔脊 在最高等级的建筑中 仙人走兽的排列次序是 最前为仙人 然后是龙 凤 狮子 麒麟 天马 海马 鱼 獬 犼 猴 等级较低时 走兽的数目也相应减少 吻兽排列有着严格的规定 按照建筑等级的高低而有数量的不同 最多的是故宫太和殿上的装饰 这在中国宫殿建筑史上是独一无二的 显示了至高无上的重要地位 在其它古建筑上一般最多使用九个走兽 这里有严格的等级界限 只有太和殿才能十一样齐全 相传汉武帝建柏梁殿时 有人上疏说大海中有一种鱼 虬尾似鸱鸟 也就是鹞鹰 能喷浪降雨 可以用来厌辟火灾 于是便塑其形象在殿角 殿脊 屋顶之上 螭吻 也叫鸱吻 鸱尾等 形状像四脚蛇剪去了尾巴 这位龙子好在险要处东张西望 也喜欢吞火 天安门建筑上的吻兽 thecarveddesign龙纹高于动物纹 动物纹高于其他纹 花鸟纹 动物纹 Coloredpaint Coloredpaintnotonlyfunctionsasdecoration butalsoasasignorsymbolofprotection Initially paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsis 防腐 whilelateritbecameanarchitecturalornament 2 TypesofAncientChineseArchitecture 1 Classificationbystructure2 Classificationbyfunction 2 TypesofAncientChineseArchitecture 1 ClassificationbystructureChinesepavilions亭Terraces台Multi storybuildings楼Storyedpavilions usu two 阁 ImperialPalaces 宫殿建筑 TraditionalChineseGardens 园林建筑 AltarsandTemples 坛庙建筑 ReligiousStructures 宗教建筑 TombsandMausoleums 陵墓建筑 ResidentialHouses 民居建筑 2 Classificationbyfunction Chinesepavilions ChinesePavilionsarecoveredstructureswithoutsurroundingwalls TypesofChinesePavilion Round square triangular hexagonal 六角亭 octagonal 八角亭 pavilions etc 2 1 FunctionsofChinesePavilion Practicalfunction usedformilitaryandgovernmentalpurposes asaplaceforrest asarooftoastonetablet Aestheticfunction Pavilionsprovidedaplacetositandenjoythescenery andtheyalsobecamepartofthesceneryitself beingattractivestructures terraces AsanancientarchitecturalstructureofChinese thetaiwasaverymuchelevatedterracewithaflattop generallybuiltofearthandstoneandsurfacedwithbrick Functionsofterraces asanobservatory 观象台 asbeacontowers 烽火台 alongtheGreatWall inhonorofthesincerefriendship multi storybuildings Aloucanrefertoanybuildingoftwoormorestoreyswithahorizontalmainridge formilitaryuse asprivatehomes asbelvederes 望景楼 asbellanddrumtowers Functionsofmulti storybuildings storyedpavilions usu two usedinancienttimesforthestorageofimportantarticlesanddocuments aplacewhereeducatedmenusedtogathertowritearticlesandholdbanquets usedforenjoyingthesights Functionsofstoryedpavilions ImperialPalaces 宫殿建筑 TraditionalChineseGardens 园林建筑 AltarsandTemples 坛庙建筑 ReligiousStructures 宗教建筑 TombsandMausoleums 陵墓建筑 ResidentialHouses 民居建筑 Classificationbyfunction ImperialPalaces 宫殿建筑 Usuallybuiltonagrandscale theimperialpalacesarecloselyrelatedtoimperialsovereignty 统治权 andwerealsoconstructedfortheentertainmentofrulers ImperialPalaces Imperialpalacesarewhereemperorslivedandadministeredtheircourtduringtheirreign Theyarethemostrevered 敬畏的 luxuriousandgrandiose 宏伟的 architecturaltypesfromancientChina TheNumber Nine Nine carriedaspecialmeaninginancientChina Itwasdeemedthatoddnumbersrepresentyangwhileevennumbersyin Sincenineisthelargestoddnumberunderten itwasregardedanextremelyluckynumber So emperorslikedtomonopolize 独占 ittosymbolizetheirsuperiority Designsrelatedtonineappearedalmostoneveryimperialstructure ArchitecturalFeaturesofimperialpalaces Theancientpalaceswerestrictlylaidoutoncentralaxis Yellowrooftileswereused Thewoodencolumnsofthebuildings aswellasthesurfaceofthewalls tendtoberedincolor TheChinesedragonwasheavilyusedonImperialarchitecture TraditionalChineseGardens 园林建筑 ThemostdistinguishingfeatureoftraditionalChinesegardensistheirnaturalmountain and waterstyle Chinesegardenarchitectureincludesbothgrandimperialgardensanddelicateprivateones AltarsandTemples 坛庙建筑 AltarsandtemplesbuiltinancientChinaweremeantforpracticeofrites Threecategories imperialtemplesandaltars 祭坛 forworshipingofHeaven theearth thesun themoonandtheimperialancestors commemorativetemplesfordeadpeopleofgreatvirtue familytemples 天坛的祈年殿是我国古代最高等级的建筑 大成殿重檐庑殿 AChineseTaoisttemple generallycalledgong 宫 orguan 观 inChinese istheholyhallwhereTaoistsperformtheirreligiousceremonies TaoistTempleConstructions ReligiousStructures 宗教建筑 BuddhistTempleConstructions BuddhistTempleConstructionsinChinaincludeBuddhisttemples monasteries 修道院 pagodas Buddhisthallsandgrottoes 岩洞 whicharecalledsi 佛寺 ta 佛塔 dian 佛殿 andshiku 石窟 inChineserespectively Amosque 清真寺 isaplaceofworshipforfollowersofIslam AnIslamicmosquehasaminaret 宣礼塔 fromwhichMuslimsarecalledtopray andanablutionroom 沐浴室 forworshipperstobathein Inthehall 礼拜殿 therearenoidols butanemptyshrine 圣龛 pointinginthedirectionofMecca 麦加 DecorationsonmosquesaresimplythetextoftheKoran 古兰经 patternsofplantsorgeometricfigures IslamicMosques 济南清真北大寺 TombsandMausoleums 陵墓建筑 Peopleofallsocialclasseshadtheirtombscarefullybuilt Overthecenturies thecraftoftombconstructiongraduallymergedwithartslikepainting calligraphyandsculpture Iteventuallybecameitsownartform ResidentialhousesrefertothehouseofthecommonpeopleindifferentpartsofChina ResidentialHouses 民居建筑 CivilianResidentialHousing SinceChinaisacountryofdiversenaturalenvironmentsandculturaltraditions itscivilianresidentialhousingfeaturesdiversestyles Beijingquadrangles 北京四合院 Shaanxicavedwellings 窑洞 HuizhouresidentialhousesHakkacastle likedwellings 客家土楼 SomeEthnicHouses CourtyardHouse 院落式民居 CourtyardHouse 院落式民居 Acourtyardhouseisatypeofhousewhereseveralbuildingsaredisposedaroundacentralcourtyard Quadrangle SiheyuanAsiheyuanisastyleofChinesecourtyardhouse ItisahistoricaltypeofresidencethatwascommonlyfoundthroughoutChina mostfamouslyinBeijing Thenameliterallymeansacourtyardsurroundedbyfourbuildings InEnglish siheyuanaresometimesreferredtoasChinesequadrangles Questions 1 Whydoyouthinktherearenowindowsorsmallwindowsontheoutsidewalls 2 Doyouknowwhythesehousesusuallyfacesouth Whydoyouthinktherearenowindowsorsmallwindowsontheoutsidewalls Thewallsaroundthehousenotonlygiveprivacyandsomeprotectionfromburglars Insidethewalls oneisinaprotectedenvironment wherewomen forinstance canmoveaboutfreely withoutworriesaboutbeingobservedbystrangers Formen theouterworldcanbeaburden makingthespacewithinthewallssomethingofasanctuary 庇护所 Doyouknowwhythesehousesusuallyfacesouth Thesehousesusuallyfacesouthinordertogetmoresunlightduringwinter Peoplebelievethatfacingsouthwillbringgoodfengshui Beijingsiheyuan Accordingtotheowner sstatusandtheconditionofthebuildingbase thequadranglescanbedividedintodifferentstyles single yardquadranglesiheyuantwo yardquadranglesiheyuanthree yardquadranglesiheyuanfour yardquadranglesiheyuanfive yardquadranglesiheyuan Shaanxicavedwellings 窑洞 CavedwellingsarecommoninthenorthwestLoessPlateau 黄土高原 ofChinaandatthemiddleandupperreachesoftheYellowRiver Thenaturalconditionofdryweather coldwinterandlimitedtimberleftaroomforthedevelopmentandcontinuityofcavedwellings Theyarewarminwinterandcoolinsummer 2 Whataretheadvantagesoflivinginthecaves Theconstructionofcavehomesrequireslowtechnology Thesedwellingswiththickwallandhighraisedceilings arewarminwinterandcoolinsummer Constructedwithsimpleandeconomicalmaterials thedwellingsarefullofasenseofintimacyandharmonybetweenmanandnature 1 Whypeopleliveincavesinsteadofhouses Wherethereisalackofwoodandmuchpoverty peoplecannotaffordhouses 3 Whatarethedisadvantagesoflivinginthecaves Cavehumidityishigh Lightingisinadequate Ventilationispoor Waterseepage Cavesdwellingsareoftenassociatedwithpoverty Drainagemustbeaddressedinasunkencourtyard unlikecourtyardsforcliffsidehomes Huizhouresidentialhouses Huizhouresidentialhousesembracedlocalphysicalfeaturesofthearea Theyincorporatedfengshuiconceptsandaesthetictrends withblacktiles 瓷瓦 whitewallsanddecorationsplacedelegantlyonupturnedeaves 屋檐 Agardenstylewasamajorfeatureoftheseoldbuildings Allbuildingshadexquisitewood stoneandbrickcarvingsonthedoorsandwindows Hakkacastle likedwellings 客家土楼 Theoverallbuildingcomplexesareroundorsquare andsomeinthestyleoflargemansionsorintheshapeoftheEightTrigrams 八卦 Thereareusuallythreetofourfloors butthetallestcomplexeshaveuptosixfloors Includingthehousesintheyard suchabuildingusuallyholdsmorethan50families Interiorofatypicalroundearthenbuilding Thefirstfloorisalwaysthekitchen Thesecondfloorbecomesastorageroomforfoodandfurniture Thethirdfloorandabovearebedrooms EarthenBuilding 土楼 EarthenBuilding 土楼 Atulouisalargemulti storeybuildinginsoutheastFujianmountainousregionforlargecommunitylivinganddefense builtwithweightbearingrammed 夯实 earthwallandwoodframestructure Doyouknowwhywerethehousesbuiltinthisway MostHakkaslivedinthemountains Thesecommunalhousesmadeofcompactedearthwerebuilttoprovideprotectionagainstbandits 强盗 andwildanimalsandwerealmostlikesmall fortifiedcastles StiltHouse 干栏式民居 Square two storybamboohouseshavebeenthetraditionaldwellingsoftheDaipeopleformorethan1 000years Theupperstoryislivingquarters supportedby20woodenpolesandaremorethantwometersabovetheground Theopen walledlowerstoryisforraisingdomesticanimalsandforstorage Thebuildinghasanoblique 斜的 roof shapedasanupsidedownV coveredwithgrassortiles Theupperstoryofthehouseisdividedintotwoparts innerbedroomsandanouterlivingroom Theupperstoryhasacorridorandabalcony Daibamboohouse Stonechamber 碉舫diaofang ThestonechamberisthemostpopulardwellinginTibetandsomeareasofInnerMongolia Builtmostlyofstoneandearth theylooklikediaolou blockhouse hencethenameofdiaofang Thefirstfloorisoftenusedforlivestockandpoultry andthesecondcontainsbedrooms livingrooms kitchensandstorehouses Somehaveathirdfloorasafamilysutra 佛经 hallandabalcony Flat roofHouse 碉房 ThesehousesarefoundmainlyinTibet XinjiangandYunnan Theyareusuallythreetofourstoreystall eachoccupiedbyonesinglehousehold Theexternalwallsaremadeofstoneandareflatandsquare Theroofsareflat Thehousesblendinwiththecontoursofthemountain Inatypicalfour storeyhouse theloweststoreyisforkeepinglivestock thesecondstoreyiswherepeoplecookandstorefoodandhay thethirdstoreyconsistsofalivingroom bedroomandministoreroom andthetopstoreyservesasadryingdeckandworshiphallwhichisbeautifullydecorated HouseE 1 Whatis arethepurpose s offlatroofs Toreceivemoresunlight Toprovidespacefordryingfood2 Whyaremulti storeyhousesbuiltintheseareas Thereisverylittleflatland sopeoplebuildmulti storeyhousestocreatemorelivingspace 3 Whichpartofthehouseisthemostimportant Theworshiphall 4 WhyisitsoimportanttotheTibetans TheyaredevoutBuddhists Mongolianyurts 蒙古包 Mongolianyurtsarefelttents Woodenwattlesarefastenedwithleatherthongsandstudstoformafence likestructure Eachpartoftheyurtisquiteconvenienttodisassembleandcarry Yurt 蒙古包 HouseB 1 Advantage Peopleneedtosetupanddismantletheirhousesfromtimetotime Becausetheyneedtomovefromplacetoplaceinsearchofnewgrassland Sotheyurtisportableandsuitablefornomadiclife 2 Whatisthepurposeoflettingtheroundholeontheroofopenatdaytimeandclosedatnight Itisletopenduringthedayforventilationandclosedatnighttokeepthetentwarm 3 Whyisleatherusedtobuildthetent Thereisalackofbuildingmaterialsinthegrassland Leatheristhemosteasilyavailableandmostsuitablefortheconditions ChineseBridges Chinahasinheritedinnumerablebridgesfromherpast Thereare itissaid 4millionbridgesifonecountsthestonearchbridgesalone Inthesouthernregionsofriversandlakes thelandscapeisdottedwithbridgesofvarioussizesanddescriptions TheStoneArchBridge 石拱桥 ThefirststonearchbridgenamedLurenqiao 路人桥 Wayfarers Bridge wasbuiltintheyearof282 neartheancientLuoyangPalace ChineseBridges Chinahasinheritedinnumerablebridgesfromherpast Thereare itissaid 4millionbridgesifonecountsthestonearchbridgesalone Inthesouthernregionsofriversandlakes thelandscapeisdottedwithbridgesofvarioussizesanddescriptions AnjiBridge 安济桥 AnjiBridgeisthemostfamousstonearchbridgeinChina ItspanstheJiaoheRiverinZhaoxianCounty HebeiProvince andisbetterknownasZhaozhouBridgeaftertheancientnameofthecounty Builtattheendofthesixthcentry bythemason 石匠 LiChun ZhaozhouBridgeisstillbeingusedtoday makingitoneofthebridgeswiththelongestservicelifeintheworldtoday Lugouqiao 卢沟桥 Onwideriversandlakes multiple archbridgeswereerectedinstone OneofthemisLugouqiaoorMarcoPoloBridge Builtintheyearsfrom1189to1192inthesouthernvicinity 近处 ofBeijing itis265metreslongandcomprises11archeswithspansrangingfrom16to20metres Whatmakesthebridgefamousisthestonelionsengravedonthebalustrades 扶栏 onbothsides The485stonelionsarelivelyandexquisitewithdifferentexpressionsandpostures TheZigzagBridge 曲桥 Asalandscapingstructure thezigzagbridgeisfoundinsomegardensorsuburbanparks Itisintendedtogiveaninterestingscenicfeatureonlakesandponds Suchabridgemayhavethree fiveormorezigzags TheNine BendBridgeinYuyuanGardenofShanghai soldtownisatypicalexample Crossing30metresofthelake thebridgewindsmorethan100metresbecauseofitsninetwistsandturns ThePavilionBridge 亭桥 Acomponentpartoftheartoflandscapegardening thepavilionbridgeisoftenbuiltoverthesurfaceofaquietlake formingasmallscenicareaandprovidingsightseerswithaplaceofrest shelteredfromthesunandrain Five PavilionBridge TheinYangzhouCity JiangsuProvince isafineexampleofthisstyle Builtin1757 resemblingabeltwornonthenarrowwaistofSlenderWestLake ithasfivepavilions Onepavilionishigherthantheotherfour twooneachsideinperfectsymmetry Themiddlepavilionistheonlydouble eavedstructure Allpavilionshavetheirfourcornersupturned withrowsoftilesunderacrownroof Thepavilionsarejoinedbyshortcoveredcorridors whichhaveyellow glazedrooftilesandgreencurvingridgetiles creatingastrikingcolorcontrast ChengyangBridge 城阳风雨桥 Anotherwell knownpavilionbridge builtin1916 isChengyangBridge alsoknownasWind and RainBridge ontheLinxiRiverintheDongAutonomousCountyoftheGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion Itswoodenbody 70metreslongby10metreswide restsonpiers 支墩 builtentirelyoflargestoneblock