托福基础写作讲义.doc

托福基础写作一、托福写作概述二、英汉两种语言的区别（一）、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。linear way of thinking （二）、英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和, 重语义。英语中常用复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。10 Linking words cohesion1. conj.:1) and. but, or, so, while2) if, because, although,That, who, which, what, as-as more than, so- that2. in this reason, in conclusion, for example3. however, unfortunately,Undeniably4. to make things worse5. generally speaking6. 同义词7. repetition8. this, it, that, those9. interesting to see10. what is more（三）英语多变化variety(diversity)，汉语多重复。（四） 英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误1.Nowadays, college student should learn competition and cooperation.2. The problem that is created by computers attract (draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give rise to) much attention.3. In present-day society, there are a great many young people go abroad.4. In my opinion, I think that smoking should be banned in public places.5. The computer can not instead the pivotal role played by teachers in education.6. Some people welcome raising pets, others hold different opinions.7. In large cities of China has many fast food shops. 8. At college, we should learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.9. Some students are interested in play computer games.10. You really have two down sons.四、托福写作25分必备的100个意群词汇持某观点: claim ( assert, contendreckon deem share the belief that ) 支持某观点: advocate (maintain, welcome vote for side with be in favor of )反对某观点: contradict (oppose, object to, criticize, refute be against cast doubts on question, challenge)合理的：justified ( sensible feasible convincing hold water bear much analysis)好处： advantage (benefit, merit, positive(bright) side, upside, boon, pros, strength )弊端： disadvantage( harm, demerit, negative(dark) side, downside, bane, cons, weakness defect, flaw, drawback )肯定：undoubtedly (indeed undeniably there is no denying that)不确定：be likely to ( potentially presumably) 重要的：essential (significant, vital, crucial, critical, fundamental, indispensable, pivotal)有益的：beneficial （conducive instrumental, rewarding ）有害的：detrimental （harmful virulent）有争议的：controversial (arguable, debatable disputable, contentious)普遍的：widespread ( prevalent, universal, pervasive, ubiquitous )显著地：considerably (significantly, remarkably,Dramatically ,tremendously, substantially) 明显的：evident (apparent, manifest， crystal-clear)16. 增强：enhance (strengthenboost)17. 减少：decline (descend, collapse, relieve)18. 大约：approximately（nearly, around, estimated, roughly）19. 趋势： trend（tendency, inclination）20. 预见： predict （expect, project）21. 带来 bring about (result in, lead to)22. 引起 create （spark ; yield; give rise to）23. 建立 establish （found, institute） 24. 要求 call for （request，demand） 25. 去除 eliminate（remove, eradicate）26. 探讨 explore (examine, identify) 27. 描绘 depict (portray, illustrate)28. 后果 consequence( aftermath; outcome) 29. 足够 adequate （enough; sufficient）30. 解决 tackle ( resolve, address) 31. 意识 awareness(consciousness)32. 控制 curb ( regulate, censor)33. 解释：account for （ be responsible for）34. 投资 finance (invest in, subsidize)35. 缓解 relieve ( ease, alleviate)36. 压力 stress ( pressure, strain)37. 和谐 harmony ( concordance)38. 继承 inherit (hand down)39. 培养 cultivate （train, foster）40. 促进 promote ( contribute to, upgrade)41. 适应 adapt to (adjust to, acclimate to)42. 提供 provide (render, afford)43. 替代 replace (substitute, take the place of)44. 保护 preserve (protect)45. 证据 evidence (proof)46. 赢得 gain (acquire, attain)47. 国外的foreign( alien, exotic)48. 灾难 disaster (misfortune, catastrophe) 49. 发展 advance (progress)50. 倾向于tend to ( be inclined to , be apt to) 51. 吸引 attract (allure, tempt)52. 专注的 be absorbed in(be immersed in, devote oneself to)53. 目的是aim at ( The purpose is )54. 实现 achieve (fulfill, implement)55. 危害 endanger ( threaten; jeopardize)56. 损害 undermine (impair, damage)57. 阻碍 hinder (obstruct, impede)58. 禁止 forbid (ban, prohibit)59. 责备 blame( denounce, criticize)60. 污染 pollute (contaminate, stain)61. 腐蚀 erode(wear away, corrode)62. 欺骗 deceive (cheat, defraud)63. 冲突 conflict ( shock, tension)64. 驱使 prompt (spur, incite)贪婪的 acquisitive(money-oriented，materialistic)自私的 self-centered (selfish, inconsiderate)体谅的 considerate (understanding, sympathetic)冷漠的 indifferent (apathetic, aloof)奢侈的 wasteful (luxurious, extravagant)残忍的 inhumane(brutal, barbaric)绝望的 hopeless（despairing, desperate）过分的 excessive (extravagant, exorbitant)激烈的 intense (fierce, vigorous)严厉的 stringent (rigorous, rigid)奇怪的 eccentric (odd, peculiar)难以置信的 unbelievable(incredulous, virtual) 惊人的 extraordinary (marvelous, spectacular)有抱负的 ambitious（aggressive, aspirant）固有的 inherent（nature, innate）稳定的 steady (stable, constant)恶化 worsen (aggravate, deteriorate)夸大 exaggerate ( overstate)限制 restrain (constrain, confine)拆除 tear down（knock down, pull down）加速 accelerate (speed up, precipitate)占优势 predominate (dominate)分辨 distinguish (differentiate, discern)抵消 counteract (offset, cancel out)开展 launch (conduct, carry out)颁布 enact (enforce, promulgate )生活节奏 pace of life(rhythm of life, tempo of life)影响 influence(impact，pervade)差异 difference (distinction, gap)交流 communicate(exchange, associate)接触 have access to （make contact with, keep in touch with）优先 give priority to (putinto first place)节约 economize ( conserve, cherish) 参与 participate in ( take part in, engage in)措施 measure (step, action)注意 beware ( prevent, guard against)五、“十大句式”在TOEFL写作考试中的应用是否非让它假装强调比较差（插）的原因？即：否：否定句；非：非限制性定语从句；让：让步句；它：it引导的句子；假：假设句；装：倒装句；强调：强调句；比较：比较句；差（插）：插入语；原因：原因句。兹将雅思写作常用的“十大句式”简单介绍如下（下划线表示句式的基本结构）。一、否定句许多否定句不含not的否定结构。如果考生能正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使文章显得生动活泼。1、Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet. 应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。2、On no account (Under no circumstances)can we ignore the immense value of knowledge. 我们绝不能忽视知识的巨大价值。3、College students take part-time jobs not for more money but for a better understanding of societies. 大学生参加兼职工作不是为了赚更多钱，而是为了更好地了解社会。4、Ones salary does not depend so much on his educational background as on his ability and contribution to the society.一个人的工资与其说取决于他的教育背景倒不如说取决于他的能力和对社会的贡献。5、In terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory. 从营养角度来说，快餐远非令人满意。6、Parents would not expect their children to become useful persons without working hard. 父母们不能指望孩子们不经过刻苦努力就可以成才。二、非限制性定语从句如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明，就可以用到非限制性定语从句。1、Undoubtedly, practical courses can be used to the reality, which is of vital importance to their development in the future. 毫无疑问，实用性课程可以用于实际中，这对于他们未来发展是非常重要的。2、Children tend to imitate what they have seen and heard on mass media, which is sometimes dangerous and harmful. 孩子们倾向于模仿大众媒体上的所见所闻，这在有时是危险和有害的。3、The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets. 大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力, 这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的.三、让步句让步句是写议论文最常用的句式之一，考生务必掌握以下4种用法，可以使英文句子起伏跌宕，富于变化。1、This view is widely acknowledged；however，there is little evidence that smoking is beneficial topeopleshealth. 这个观点被广泛认可，然而，几乎没有证据表明吸烟对人们健康有利。2、Although(While, Even though) the computer has been widely used in class, it cannot replace the role of teachers. 尽管计算机已经广泛用于课堂，但是它不能取代教师的作用。3、Reasonable(Plausible) as the opinion sounds, it cannot bear much analysis. 虽然这个观点听起来有道理，但是它经不住分析。4、In spite of (Despite)a lot of conveniences that cars bring to peoples life, they can create a series of serious problems.尽管汽车给人们的生活带来了许多便利，但是也产生了一系列严重的问题。四、It引导的句子It引导的句子是写作中使用频率最高的句式。考生应熟练掌握其用法，并能灵活运用到文章的开篇、主体段和结尾段中。 1、It is hard to imagine what our life would look like without computers in modern society. 很难想象如果现代社会没有了计算机，我们的生活会变成什么样子。2、It is conceivable(imaginable) that being physically active(taking an active part in physical training) does good to health. 可想而知，积极参加体育活动有利于身体健康。3、It is a highly controversial issue whether women should join the armed forces or not. 女性是否应该参军是一个非常有争议的问题。4、It is universally(widely, generally, commonly) acknowledged that water and air are indispensable to human beings. 人们普遍认为，水和空气对人类不可缺少。5、It is essential that endangered species of animalsbe protected against being killed. 保护濒危的动物物种免遭残杀是必需的。6、It is high time that the government took effective measures to resolve these problems. 该是政府 采取有效措施来解决这些问题的时候了。7、It has been made easier for modern people to communicate with each other by the internet in a few seconds. 现代人很容易通过互联网在几秒钟内就取得联系。8、It is worth caring about the way a child behaves. 关心孩子们的行为方式是值得的。9、It is no use crying over the spilt milk. 覆水难收。10、It has been a few decades since the computer came into being. 自从计算机问世以来已经有几十年的时间了。五、假设句假设句可分为真实假设句和非真实假设句两种。常用在主体段落表示正、反论证。1、If we destroy old buildings, then we will ruin the traditional culture and heritage. 如果我们推倒老房子，就要破坏传统的文化和遗产。2、You would miss the chance to interact with other students if you used internet at home. 假如你在家上网，你就会失去与其他同学交流的机会。3、Once you change your present job, you will be faced with the danger of being unemployed. 一旦你变换了现在的工作，就面临着失业的危险。六、倒装句 在写作中恰当和准确地使用倒装句，有助于句子表达形式的多样化，使语言更加生动有力。1、Only in this way can the problem be tackled properly. 只有这样才能妥善地解决这个问题。2、Only when children take arduous efforts can they become successful. 只有当孩子们付出艰苦的努力他们才能获得成功。3、Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, but students learn how to handle interpersonal relations. 在校学习不仅为了学术目的，而且还可以学会如何处理人际关系。4、Under no circumstances should youngsters follow negative information on mass media blindly. 青少年决不应当盲从大众媒体上的不良信息。5、So valuable is water that we cannot afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。6、Nowadays, most dangerous for youngsters is the tendency to indulge in playing PC games. 如今对青少年最为危险的事情是倾向于过多地玩电脑游戏。七、强调句写作时为了突出句子的某一成分，常常使用强调句。1、It is for the benefit of maintaining the ecological balance that human beings ought to protect the endangered animal species.正是为了维持生态平衡，人类才应该保护地球上濒危的动物物种。2、It is not until people suffer from some fatal diseases such as SARS and AIDS that they are becoming aware of how significant it is for the government to invest more money in medical care. 直到人们患了像非典和爱滋病这样致命的疾病时，才意识到政府把更多的钱投入到医疗上的重要性。3、Nothing in the world is more valuable than health. 世界上没有比健康更重要的了。4、International tourism does promote mutual understanding between people from different countries.5、 This is the very advantages brought by computers.6、 Under no circumstances can we neglect the immense value of education in ones life.7、 One cannot emphasize the importance of education too much.8、 It is no exaggeration to say that computers are of vital importance to humans lives.八、比较句正确地使用比较结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。1、Studies show that juvenile delinquency rates are twice as high for youngsters from single-parent families as for those in traditional households. （同级比较）研究表明来自单亲家庭的青少年犯罪率是来自传统家庭的两倍。2、Generally speaking, people in modern times enjoy less leisure time than they did previously. （比较级）一般说来，现代人比过去享有更少的休闲时间。3、Compared with those with different abilities, children with intelligence do more well in their school work and intelligence tests. 与不同能力的孩子相比，聪明的孩子在学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。4、Contrary to (In contrast to, Unlike)pop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers create the true value for their society. 与明星不同，其他专业人员如医生和教师为社会创造了真正的价值。5、Air is to human what (as) water is to fish. 空气对人类就如同水对鱼一样。九、插入语插入语是对一句话做一些附加说明或解释。最常见的位置于句中,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。用得恰当，不仅可以增加字数，而且使文章更显地道和精彩。1、Computers, most important of all, create wide communication around the world. 最重要的是，计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。2、Providing more parking areas, in the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the world. 从长远的利益来看，提供更多的停车位证明是许多世界大城市切实可行的出路。3、Observing local culture, consciously and unconsciously, can reduce the chance of offending the locals, or it will lead to the embarrassment and even conflict. 无论是否意识到，遵循当地的文化可以减少冒犯当地人的机会，否则，就会导致尴尬甚至冲突。4、Space exploration, some people believe, will bring some unexpected discoveries. 有人相信空间探索将会带来意想不到的发现。十、原因句几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或者可以写原因。议论文的讲道理实际就是说明原因。因此，掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。1、Violent films can do harm to young people, because they contains numerous negative information. 暴力影片对年轻人是有害的，因为其中包含大量负面信息。2、Human beings are chiefly responsible for wild animal extinction. 野生动物灭绝的主要责任在人类。3、We should attribute (ascribe)medical advances to the animals which do substantial contributions to the experiment. 我们应该把医学的发展归因于动物对实验做出的巨大贡献。4、Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one of the most serious problems. 由于人口过剩，水短缺已经成为一个最严重的问题。5、Owing to the fierce competition in todays world, a great many young people find themselves under great pressure. 由于当今世界的激烈竞争，大量的年轻人承受巨大的压力。六、英语句子成分 S + V + O1. 主语S（名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子）2. 谓语V（动词或动词短语）In the advent of the era of the economic globalization, computers are becoming increasingly significant roles in day-to-day lives.Staying in front of computers for a long time enables children to become lonely, passive, self-centered, indifferent(apathetic), inactive, eccentric, unsociable and inconsiderate. It(S) is(V) adj(O) to do + that S1 V1 O1It is extremely difficult for graduates to hunt for a satisfying (decent, pleasant, well-paid, desirable, ideal) job.It is short-sighted to argue that space exploration is sheer a waste of time and resources.3. 宾语O（名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子。跟不定式作宾语的常见动词：agree hope plan decide offer prefer wish intend fail desire refuse afford choose manage expect aim promise consent pretend neglect ignore omit happen determine demand threaten resolve decline propose undertake volunteer。跟动名词作宾语的常见动词：finish enjoy mind keep stop dislike consider suggest miss avoid regret admit acknowledge delay practice deny imagine postpone risk advocate recall resist appreciate cannot help confess escape fancy defer resent evade contemplate forgivepermit detest repent。跟双宾语的常见动词：ask sent show teach give bring buy find get keep lend tell write wish offer deprive sb of sthS + V + that + S1 + V1 + O1.Some people propose that the young should make friends with different ideas from themselves, while others are against it.A recent survey(research, poll, investigation, questionnaire, census, study) has shown(indicated, made clear, present, demonstrate, illustrate, illuminate, reveal, lay bare, disclose, denote, signify, exhibit, display, represent, expound, imply, provide evidence) that there is a definite link between declining crime rate and imprisonment of criminals(villain, rogue, bad guy, wrong-doer, law-breaker, offender, convict, culprit, mugger, murderer, assassinator, arsonist, robber, burglar, rapist).Medical experts point out that cigarettes contain a great many ingredients(components, constituents, substances, matters, things) harmful to peoples health. A1 + S + A2+ V + A3 + O + A4 (adj,n) achieve the goal of going my pen runs out of ink againMiddle-aged man what + V1 +O1Children are too young to distinguish(differentiate, tell) right (virtue)from wrong(evil), so they tend to imitate (follow blindly, copy, emulate, simulate)what they have seen and heard on mass media. A recent survey(poll, questionnaire, census) has revealed that the employment rates of graduates this year are considerably on the decline.Experts point out that smoking should be banned (prohibited,forbidden) in all public places, because cigarettes contain a great many numerous poisonous ingredients(composition, substances, contents, matters, things,).4. 表语（名词，形容词:某些形容词，如careless, absurd, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, inconsiderate, greedy, money-oriented acquisitive materialistic generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, self-centered egocentric wicked, wrong等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。代词，数词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，句子）The purpose to(of) attend colleges is to not only acquire knowledge but broaden your minds. HorizonI am extremely exceedingly amazed astonished to hear that a 19-year-old girl killed a middle-aged man. An advantage of raising pets is that some peo ple can dispel the loneliness. 5. 定语（形容词，代词，数词，名词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，句子 ）A1 + S + A2 + V + A3 + O + A4Adj n+ed white-haired girl, green-eyed examiner n + to do1. The purpose to attend university is not only to acquire knowledge, but to widen (broaden, expand, enlarge) ones eyesight(vision, horizon, the scope).2. Yang Liwei, a distinguished astronaut in China, has become the first man to explore space in the history of China.3. Nowadays, there are an increasing number of young people studying abroad.Poisonous fumes(wastes, pollutants) emitted(released, discharged, given off, sent, made) from factories endanger (threaten) peoples health.The negative effects caused (induced) by computers on childrens psychological health can hardly be neglected.S + who (S1) + V1 + O1 + V + O.People who are against (advocate) raising(feeding) pets assert that it can not only disturb normal lives of neighbors, but transmit (contract) some diseases such as rabies(hydrophobia) and bird flu.S + that (S1) + V1 + O1 + V + O.One leading factor that leads to the rising juvenile delinquency rate is parental divorce.S + that (O1) + S1 + V1+ V + O.Another factor (that) we cannot neglect is that television can present a vivid (lifelike, graphic, colorful) pictures in front of audiences.S + where (in which, why, when) + S1 + V1+ O1.In modern society where competition is becoming increasingly fierce,