Diction正确选择词义.doc

Chapter 1 Diction正确选择词义一、 Diction选词Diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. 例如：chargeThis general was charged with treason.这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work.委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项工作。As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived, the solders charged the enemy position bravely.总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地向敌人的阵地冲去。She complained that she had been charged too much.她抱怨说，向她收的费太高了。The power in place, he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down in charge.火药装好后，他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把炸药捣实。This store will charge things you buy, and let you pay for them later.这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内，让你以后付款。Having charged the battery, he set the engine in motion.电池充电后，他启动了马达。二、 Polysemy一词多义It means that one word has various parts of speech and various meanings. Faith said, “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.” 例如：run -Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language (the 2nd College Edition) Run across跑过偶然遇见Run the streets流浪街头Run away跑开失去控制Run a hare追捕野兔追捕坐车不买票的人Run back over跑回回顾Run a car驾驶小汽车Run counter to 跑离违反，与背道而驰Run a factory办工厂Run down跑下用完；撞倒；贬低Run messages送信，传信息Run in跑进顺便探望陷于；偶然碰见Run the water off把水放掉Run into跑进陷于；偶然碰见Run oil提炼石油Run into debt负债Run to跑到-（数量等）达到Run off跑掉流畅地写出（背出）Run on不停地跑讲个不停，喋喋不休Run out跑出被用完，将尽 Run sb into difficulties使某人陷入困境Run over跑过满出，溢出Run the risk of 冒着的危险Run through跑过，穿过贯穿Run ones eyes down a list匆匆看一下单子Run up跑上去迅速积累（债款等）Run a simile too far把一个明喻用得牵强附会Run to seed变得不修边幅Run a fever发烧Run a race参加赛跑Run a sword through sb用刀刺穿某人Run for presidency竞选总统Run a thread through an eyelet把线穿过小孔Run to sbs aid赶去帮助某人Run ones head into a wall.撞南枪，碰壁Run aground（船）搁浅The idea runs in his mind.这个念头萦绕在他的脑海里Run wild发狂，野掉了The street runs north.大街向北延伸Run to extremes走向极端The news runs rapidly in the town.这个消息迅速在镇上传开。三、 Methods方法1. 根据词性确定词义英语有些词在用作不同词性时有不同意义。例如：rightYour account of what happened is not quite right.你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。Go right on until you reach the church.一直往前走，直到你叨叨教堂为止。Its my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until Ive passed it.我有优先通行权。She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。2. 根据上下文和逻辑关系确定词义一般说来，一个孤立的英语单词，其词义是游移不定的，但当该词处于特定的联立关系中时，它的词义受到毗邻词的制约。因此，根据上下文和逻辑关系判别词义是词义辨析中非常重要而且可行的办法。Verbal context: including time context, place context, cultural background.例如：l George passed.根据不同的上下文有不同的理解。如果在踢球，那么说乔治踢了球。如果在玩桥牌，那么说乔治没有叫牌。如果是参加某种考试，那么说乔治考及格了。l 动词是多义词，多义词在各种不同的关系中会有各种不同的意义，例如：We passed another town before daylight.我们在天亮前经过了另一个镇。I used to pass the whole evening that way.以前我总是这样消磨整个黄昏。Now the moment has passed.现在已经错过机会了。If I kept on reading that feeling would pass.如果我继续这样下去，这种感觉就会消失。That vessel will soon be passing us.那只船就要和我们相遇了。We know what was passing in his mind.我们知道他心理在想什么。l 形容词“good”一般意义为“好”，但在上下文里含有不同的意义，译成汉语时，也应该有所不同。例如：It was a good dinner.这是一个丰盛的宴会。He proved to be a good listener.他这个人善于倾听别人说话。Tom must be a good football player.汤姆一定是个优秀的足球队员。I cant find good words for it.我找不到合适的语言来表达。It was a good morning; there were high white clouds above the mountain.这是一个明媚的早晨，群山上高高地飘着白云。The cheques are all good, of course.当然，这些支票是完全有效的。Each time he gave the bartender a good tip.每次他都给酒保优厚的小费。I do not speak without good evidence.我不会说没有可靠根据的话。It was a good paper.这是一家声誉很高的报纸。l 名词“context”在各句的意思。We can make out the meaning of the word from the context.我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。（in the context of以为精神，在的基础上）It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born.撒哈拉沙悲剧正在这种情况下发生。We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit.我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。In this context, Ive to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful trend in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world.就此而论，我不得不提醒大家注意这样一个事实：印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。“Proper words in proper place make the true definition of style.”合适的词用在合适的地方就是好文章。Jonathan Swiftl 此外，英语中有些词固定搭配相同，由于上下文不同，句意可能发生变化，必须进行逻辑判断，以求对原文词义正确理解和翻译。例如：He traveled to foundling homes, prisons and lunatic asylums in his search for people with extraordinary heads, and in time built up a huge catalogue of the relationship between particular mental characteristics and bumps on the skull.他走访了育婴堂、监狱、精神病院，去寻找头型特殊的人，同时积累起大批资料，记载特殊的脑功能特点与颅骨凸起部分之间的关系。I know you think I am talking nonsense, but in time you will realize that was right.我知道你认为我在胡说八道，但你将来终究会理解我说的话是对的。We have been working all day. We must have a break.我们干了一整天了，必须休息一下。Suddenly the line went limp. “I am going back.” Said Smith. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. Ill be back in five minutes.”引爆线突然耷拉下来。史密斯说：“我回去看看，一定是某个地方断了线。等一下，我五分钟就回来。”3. 根据词义的褒贬性任何语言都有语体之分，有文雅、通俗、粗野；还有俚语、公文语以及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻划任务性格特征。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。翻译时有五要素：节奏的缓急，态度的褒贬，感情的浓淡，语气的轻重和用语的雅俗。l 词语的轻重：例如：shine 照耀；指光的稳定发射glitter 闪光；指光的不稳定发射glare 耀眼；表示光的最强度sparkle 闪烁；指发射微细的光度twinkle 闪烁；指轻快有节奏地闪烁l 词义的范围和侧重不同：agriculture 指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，包括的范围最广farming 指农业的实践cultivation 指农作物的栽培技术agronomy 指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中去的实践l 模拟动作情状不同：walk走saunter悠然自得地走amble从容不迫地走stride大踏步地走trudge步履艰难地走traipse懒散疲乏地走shamble蹒跚地走prance昂首阔步地走scamper蹦蹦跳地走clump拖着沉重的脚步走l 词语的感情色彩：例如deathto expire逝世to pass away去世to close (end) one寿终s dayto breathe ones last咽气，短气to go west归西天to pay the debt of nature了结尘缘to depart to the world of shadows命归黄泉to give up the ghost见阎王to kick the bucket翘辫子to kick up ones heels蹬腿，翘脚to lay down ones knife and fork不吃饭l 根据上下文确定词义的褒贬：They incited him to go into further investigation他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy age