环境学中英对照L-S.doc

labour劳力；劳动力；劳工labour mobility劳工流动labour resources劳力资源labour-intensive industry劳工密集工业labour-oriented industry劳工导向工业laccolith岩株；岩盖lacustrine deposit湖泊沉积lacustrine plain湖成平原ladang迁移农业移动性农业游耕（东南亚）lafe expectancy预期寿命lagoon （1）舄湖, （2）气化塘laissez-faire policy自由放任政策lake湖泊laminar flow层流片流land breze陆风land extensive industry广占土地工业land intensive industry土地集约工业land pollution陆地污染土地污染land reform土地改革land rent地租land subsidence土地沉陷地陷地面沉降land tenure土地占有制land use （utlization）土地利用land use adjustment土地利用调整land use classification土地利用分类land use intensity土地利用密度land use map土地利用图land use pattern土地利用型式land use survey土地利用调查land use type土地利用类型land use zone土地用途区land use zoning土地用途分区制land utilization （use）土地利用land value地价landfill堆填区landform地貌地形landlocked country内地国家landlordism地主所有制landmark地界标志landmass陆块land-ownership土地拥有权landscape景观landscape evaluation景观评价landslide （landslip）山泥倾泻山崩lapilli火山砾lapse rate 递减率直减率large scale map大比例地图latent heat潜热lateral erosion侧蚀旁蚀lateral linkage （horizontal linkage）水平式联系横向联系lateral moraine侧碛laterite砖红壤laterization砖红壤化latitude纬度latitudinal extent纬度相距纬线跨度latosol砖红壤性土Laurasia劳亚古陆lava熔岩lava cone熔岩锥lava dome熔岩穹lava flow熔岩流lava pleateau熔岩高原layer colouring （tinting）分层着色法leaching淋溶淋滤least cost最低成本least-cost location最低成本区位leeward slope背风坡legend图例图式leguminous crop豆科作物less developed country欠发达国家levee （natural dyke）天然堤levee failure崩堤决堤level of development发展水平level crossing平交道levelling （1）削平夷平, （2）平整土地, （3）水准测量ley （1）临时性草地, （2）轮作草地ley crop休闲期作物ley farming休闲期耕作liana藤本植物lichen地衣life cycle生命周期life form生活型life table生命表light industry轻工业light intensity光强度light soil轻质土lightening闪电lignite褐煤limb of fold褶曲翼lime石灰lime accumulation石灰累积limestone石灰岩limiting factor限制因素limon黄土（欧洲）line （linear） scale直线比例尺line fising （lining）绳钓法line graph线形图line of weakness弱线line transect横切线线状样条linear （line） scale直线比例尺linear city长形城市linear settlement带状聚落lining （line fishing）绳钓法linkage联系lithosol石质土lithosphere岩石圈litter （1）枯枝落叶枯死地被物, （2）垃圾littoral zone滨海带海岸带livestock rearing畜养饲养畜牧livestock waste collection禽畜废物收集load搬运物负载物loam壤土loamy sand壤质沙土local wind地方性风本地风locality地点location区位locational analysis区位分析locational factor区位因素locational pattern区位型式locational quotient区位商数locational rent区位租locational requirment区位需求locational triangle区位三角形lock船闸水闸lode矿脉loess黄土log graph对数图logarithm对数logging伐木long （longitudinal）profile纵剖面long lining延绳法long term planning长期规划long wave长波long=range forecasting长期预报longitude经度longitudinal （concordant）coast顺向海岸纵式淤岸longitudinal （long） profile纵剖面longitudinal dune纵向沙丘longitudinal extent经度相距经线跨度longitudinal wave纵波longshore drift沿岸漂移Lorenz curve罗兰氏曲线low class residential zone低等阶层住宅区low density development低密度发展low order function低级功能low order goods低级商品low pressure area低压区low pressure system低压系统low technology低科技low tide低潮lower class limit组下限lower course下游lower-income group较低收入组别lowland低地low-order manufacturing初级工业low-rise development低建发展low-water mark低潮线低水位线lumbering伐木macronutrient主要营养素magma岩浆magnetic declination （variation）磁偏角magnetic north磁北magnetic variation （declination）磁偏角magnitude强度main stream干流mallee scrub桉树灌丛（澳洲）malnutrition营养不良Malthusian theory马尔萨斯人口理论mangrove红树林man-land ratio人地比率man-land relationship人地关系man-made earthquake人为地震manpower resources人力资源mantle （1）地幔；（2）风化覆盖层mantle plume地幔热柱manufactured goods制成品manufacturing industry制造业manure粪肥map enlargement地图放大法map extract地图摘录map interpretation地图阐释；地图判读map projection地图投影map reading地图阅读map reduction地图缩小法map symbol地图符号mapping地图编绘；绘图marble大理岩；大理石marginal cost边际成本marginal land边际用地；边际地marine （martime） climate海洋性气候marine organism海洋生物maritime （marine） climate海洋性气候maritime air mass海洋气团market area市场区market gardening （truck farming）园艺农业；蔬菜耕种market threshold市场限值market town墟镇marketing principle市场原则market-oriented industry市场导向工业marsh沼泽；湿地mass movement （mass wastage, mass wasting）块体移动；块体运动；物质坡移mass production大量生产；大规模生产mass transit集体运输mass wasting （mass movement, mass wastage）块体运动；块体移动；物质坡移material index原料指数matrix矩阵mature soil成年土maximum temperature最高温度maximum thermometer最高温度计meadow soil草甸土mean平均值mean annual temperature年平均温度mean daily temperature日平均温度mean deviation平均差；平均偏差mean sea level平均海平面meander曲流；河曲measurement量度mechanical （physical） weathering机械性风化；物理性风化mechanically formed sedimentary rock机械作用形成的沉积岩mechanization机械化medial moraine中冰碛median中位数Mediterranean agriculture地中海式农业Mediterranean climate地中海式气候megahertz兆赫（频率单位，千周秋）megalopolis大城市群区；巨大城市带；巨大都会带megathermal climate高温气候melting pot各种族融化地（美）meltwater融水mental map意象图mercury barometer水银气压计meridian子午线；经线merino sheep麦兰奴种绵羊mesa方山；平顶山mesophyte中生植物mesothermal climate中温气候Mesozoic era中生代metabolism代谢作用metamorphic rock变质岩metamorphism变质作用meteorology气象学methane甲烷；沼气metropolis都会metropolitan area都会区metropolitan primacy大都会首市现象mica云母microclimate微气候；小气候microclimatic survey微气候测量；小气候测量micron微米micronutrient微量营养素micro-organism微生物microrelief微地形microthermal climate低温气候mid-Atlantic ridge大西洋中脊middle course中流middle-class residential zone游中等阶层住宅区middle-income group中等收入组别mid-latitude desert中纬度荒漠；中纬度沙漠mid-latitude zone中纬度地带midnight-sun夜半太阳mid-oceanic ridge大洋中脊mid-year population年中人口migration迁移migratory dune流动沙丘milestone里程碑Milky Way银河millet （1）小米，（2）狗尾草属植物millibar亳巴million city百万人口城市Minamate disease水鈱病（日）；甲基汞中毒mineral矿物mineral resources矿物资源mineral soil矿物质土壤mineralization矿化作用minimum temperature最低温度minimum thermometer最低温度计mining采矿minority group少数群minority race少数民族Miocene epoch中新世miracle rice奇迹米misfit stream不相称河；缩量河mist薄雾mistral密史脱拉风（地中海北岸）mixed farming混合农业mixed land use混合土地利用mobile belt活动带mobility流动性modal class众数组mode众数mode of transport运输方式model （1）模式，（2）模型moderately populated中量人口密度Mohorovicic Discontinuity （Moho）莫霍洛维奇不连续面；莫霍洛维奇界面moisture水分；湿气；水汽molasse （1）磨砾石，（2）稠糖浆mollisol软土molten rock熔岩monadnock残丘monitoring监测；监察monoculture单一作物种monopoly独占；垄断；专卖monsoon季候风monsoon climate季风气候monsoon forest季风林montane （mountain） forest高山树林mor粗腐殖质；酸性有机质moraine冰碛moraine-dammed lake冰碛堰塞湖more developed country较发达国家mortality rate死亡率moss藓motor-car industry汽车制造业mottled zone斑纹带mountain高山mountain （montane） forest高山树林mountain arc山弧mountain barrier高山屏障mountain breeze （wind）山风mountain building造山运动mountain climate高山气候mountain range山脉mountain root山根mountain wind （breeze）山风mud-flat泥滩mudflow泥流mudstone泥岩mulch覆盖物mull细腐殖质multi-function city多功能城市multinational enterprise跨国企业multiple cropping复种；多造耕作multiple nuclei model多核心模式multiplier effect乘数效应multi-purpose scheme多目标计划；多用途计划multi-purpose trip多目标旅程multi-storey building多层建筑物municipality直辖市mushroom rock （gour, pedestal rock）菌状石；风蚀柱nappe逆掩褶曲；推覆体national primacy国家性首市现象nationality国籍natural arch天然拱natural disaster自然灾害natural dyke （levee）天然堤natural ecosystem自然生态系统natural environment自然环境natural harbour天然港natural hazard自然灾害natural increase自然增长natural landscape自然景观natural resources自然资源natural selection自然选择natural system自然系统natural vegetation自然植被nature conservation自然保护nature reserve自然保护区nature trail自然教育径nearest neighbour analysis最近邻分析negative correlation负相关negative feedback负反馈negative population growth负人口增长negative relationship负关系；负相关negative skewness负偏态neighbourhood shopping centre邻近购物中心neo-natal mortality rate新生婴儿死亡率nesting镶嵌net migration净移民量net primary production净第一级生产量；净初级生产量net solar radiation净太阳辐射net terrestrial radiation净地面辐射network网；网络neve （firn）粒雪；永久积雪；永久冰雪new town新市镇niche （1）雪，（2）小生境nimbostratus雨层云nimbus雨云nitric acid硝酸nitrification硝化作用nitrogen cycle氮循环nitrogen fixation固氮作用nitrogen-fixing bacteria硝化细菌nocturnal cooling夜间冷却nodal city中心市nodal region核心区node集点nodule球；结核noise barriers隔音板noise pollution噪音污染nomadic herding游牧业nominal scale名目分类non-basic sector非基础部门non-biodegradable不能生物降解non-renewable resources非再生资源norm规范；标准；常模normal curve正态分布曲线；常态分布曲线normal distribution正态分布；常态分布normal fault正断层normal lapse rate正常温度递减率；正常温度真减率North Pole北极northeast trades东北信风northern hemisphere北半球northing北行线notch海蚀地nourishment营养物nuclear energy核能nuclear family核心家庭nuclear fission核分裂；核裂变nuclear fusion核聚变nuclear pollution核能污染nuclear power核动力nuclear power plant核电厂nuclear reactor核反应堆nucleated pattern核心型式nucleated settlement核心聚落nucleation聚集null hypothesis虚假设nullah渠number line数线nutrient养分nutrient cycling养分循环nutrient enrichment养分富集oasis绿洲；沃洲oasis farming绿洲农业；沃洲农业oblique aerial photograph倾斜航空照片；倾斜空中照片obsequent stream逆向河occluded front锢囚锋occlusion锢囚作用occupational structure职业结构ocean海洋ocean basin海洋盆地ocean current洋流ocean trench海沟oceanic （marine） climate海洋性气候oceanic circulation海洋环流oceanic crust大洋地壳oceanic plate海洋板块offensive trade厌恶性行业offshore bar滨外沙洲offshore fishing深海捕鱼；远洋捕鱼作业offshore wind离岸风oil derrick油井架；钻井高塔oil refinery炼油厂oil rig钻油平台oil spill海上漏油oil trap油圈闭；油捕区oilfield油田oil-shale油页岩old fold mountain古褶曲山脉；古褶皱山脉Oligocene epoch渐新世omnivore杂食动物onshore wind向岸风open space空旷地；游息用地open system开放系统opencast mining露天开采法opportunity cost机会成optimal choice本最佳选择optimal location最优区位optimiser争取最适宜情况者optimum condition最适宜情况；最佳条件optimum population适度人口orbit轨道order （1）序；次序，（2）阶；级ordinal scale等级分类Ordovician period奥陶纪ore矿；矿石organic matter有机质organic pollutant有机污染物organic soil有机质土壤organic weathering有机性风化organically formed sedimentart rock生物作用形成的沉积岩organism生物体；有机体orienteering野外定向orienteering compass定向罗盘orogenesis （orogeny）造山作用orogeny （orogenesis）造山作用orographic （relief） rain地形雨orographic uplift地形抬升outback内陆（澳洲）outcrop岩石露头outlying business district外围商业发展区out-migration向外迁移output （1）产出；（2）产量outwash deposit冰水沉积物outwash plain冰水沉积平原overburden覆盖层overcast天阴overcrowding过度拥挤over-cultivation过度耕作overfold倒转褶曲overgrazing过度放牧overhanging cliff悬岩；陡壁overhead sun当头日overland folw表面径流overpopulation人口过多；人口过剩overthrust fault逆掩断层overthrust fold逆掩褶曲over-urbanization过度城市化oxbow lake （cut-off lake）牛轭湖oxidation氧化作用oxisol氧化土oxygen cycle氧循环ozone臭氧ozone layer臭氧层paddock围扬paddy （padi）水稻paddy field水稻田pade （paddy）水稻padi soil水稻土Palaeocene epoch古新世palaeomagnetism古地磁Palaeozoic era古生pampas代中纬度草原（南美）Pangaea泛古陆；联合古陆panoramic sketch全景描绘parallax视差paralled drainage平行水系parallel retreat平行后退parameter参数；母数parasite寄生物parasitic cone寄生火山锥parent material母质parent rock母岩part per million （ppm）百万分比particulate微料particulate matter微料物质pass峡道passive recreation被动性康乐pastoral farming畜牧业pastoralist牧民pasture牧草patterned ground多边形土peak山顶；山峰peak discharge洪峰流量peak hour繁忙时间peak land value高峰地价peasant economy农民经济peat泥炭peat-bog泥炭沼泽pebble卵石pedalfer铁铝土；淋余土pedestal rock （gour, mushroom rock）菌状石；风蚀柱pediment山麓平原；麓原pediplain山麓侵蚀面平原pedocal钙层土pedogenesis成土作用peneplain准平原peninsula半岛per capita income个人收入perceived environment感观环境percentage百分法；百分率percentage distribution百分率分布percentile百分位数perception感观perched water table滞水面；栖留潜水面percolation渗透作用；渗滤作用percussive piling noise撞击式打桩噪音perennial crop多年生作物perennial flow （permanent flow）常年流量；常年径流perennial irrigation常年灌溉perennial river常流河；常年河periglacial冰缘periodicity周期性peripheral area外围地方peripheral settlement外围聚落perishability易腐性perishable crop易腐作物permafrost永久冻土permanent flow （perennial flow）常年流量；常年径流permanent snowline永久雪线permeability渗透性；渗透率permeable rock透水岩；渗水岩Permian period二迭纪pervious rock透水岩pest害虫pesticide杀虫剂petrochemical industry石油化工业pH paper pH纸pH test pH测试pH value pH值；酸碱度；氢离子值phenocryst斑晶photo interpretation照片阐释photochemical oxidant光化学氧化剂photochemical smog光化烟雾photoperiod光照周期photosynthesis光合作用photosynthetic efficiency光合作用效率phreatophyte潜水湿生植物physical （mechanical） weathering物理性风化；机械性风化physical feature自然特征physiographic factor地文因素；自然地理因素physiological drought生理干旱phytoplankton浮游植物pictogram象形图pie graph （divided circle）圆瓣图piedmont山麓pig iron生铁pingo冰核丘；冰胀丘Pinus massoniana马尾松；山松pioneer community先锋群落pioneer plant先锋植物pioneer stage先锋阶段pipeline transport管道运轮pisiculture养鱼业；鱼类养殖placer deposit砂积矿床plagioclimax偏途演替顶极群落plain平原plan平面图planation均夷作用planet行星planetary wind system行星风系plankton浮游生物planned settlement有斗划聚落plant association植物群丛plant community植物群落plant formation植物群系plant succession植物演替plantation企业性大农场，大农场，种植围plastics industry塑料工业plate板块plate boundary板块边缘plate tectonics板块构造；板块构造学；皮块构造理论plateau高度platy片状playa干盐湖；湖积原；干荒盆地（美）Pleistocene epoch更新世Pliocene epoch上新世plucking拔蚀（作用）plum rains梅雨plunge pool跌水潭plutonic rock深成岩pluvial （1）洪水，（2）多雨期pneumatophore出水通气根podzol灰壤podzolization （podsolization）灰壤化作用poerennial （1）多年生植物，（2）多年生polar air mass极地气团polar climate极地气候polar easterlies极地东风带polar front极锋polar high极地高压polarization process极化过程polder圩田（荷兰）pollen grain花粉粒pollutant污染物；污染体pollution污染pollution dome污染丘pollution plume污染股流pollution soruce污染源polycentric多中心polychlorinated biphenyls （PCB）多氯联苯polygon多边形pool潭；水池；池塘pophulaion density gradient人口密度梯度population （1）人口，（2）种群，（3）总群population agglomeration人口集聚population assimilation人口同化population boom人口激增population composition人口构成；人口组成；人口组合population concentration人口集中population control人口控制population data人口资料；人口数据population density （1）人口密度，（2）种群密度population dispersion人口分散population distribution人口分布population explosion人口爆炸population growth人口增长population migration人口迁移population movement人口流动；人口移动population overspill人口外溢population policy人口政策population pressure人口压力population projection人口预测；人口推计population pyramid人口金字塔population size人口总数；人口规模population structure人口结构pore space孔隙porosity孔隙度porous多孔porous rock多孔岩porphyritic texture斑状结构porphyry斑岩port of call停靠港positive check积极限制positive correlation正相关positive feedback正反馈positive relationship正关系；正相关positive skewness正偏态potential energy势能；位能potential evapotranspiration可能蒸散量pot-hole壶穴poverty cycle贫穷循环power动力power plant发电厂power resources动力资源power station发电站power-oriented industry动力导向工业prairie中纬度草原；温带草原（北美）Pre-Cambrian period前寒武纪precipitation降水precipitation effectiveness （P-E） index降水有效指数precipitator沉淀器precision engineering精密工程predator捕食者pressure （1）压力，（2）气压pressure gradient气压梯度pressure gradient force气压梯度力pressure system气压系统prestige value声望价值prevailing wind盛行风preventive check预防性抑制preventive measure预防措施prey猎物；被捕食者price elasticity物价弹性price stability物价稳定度primacy首要性primary activity第一级活动primary consumer初级消费者primary energy一次能源primary industry第一产业；初级产业primary producer初级生产者primary production第一级生产；初级生产primary succession原生演替primary treatment初级处理primary wave初波primate city首市；首畏城市Prime （Greenwich） meridian本初子午线primitive farming原始耕种primogeniture长子继承权prismatic compass棱镜罗盘prismatic soil structure棱柱状土壤结构private housing私人兴建之房屋private sector私营部门probability概率；或然率process作用；过程processing industry加工业production brigade生产大队production responsibility system生产责任制production team生产队productivity生产力profile剖面；切面profile of equilibrium均衡剖面profit maximization利润极大利化；利润最大化promontory岬角proportional circle比例圆protectionism保护主义proved reserve探明储量pseudo-urbanization伪城市化psychrometer干湿计public housing公共房屋public nuisance公害public open space公众游息用地public sector公营部门public transport公共交通public utility公共事业pull factor拉因素pumice浮岩；浮石pure raw materials纯原料purification提纯；净化purse seining围网法push factor推因素push-pull factor推拉因素pylon塔架pyramidal peak （horn）角峰pyroclastic rock火山碎屑岩qanat （karez）灌溉暗渠quadrant象限quadrat样方qualitative analysis定性分析quality standard质量水准quantification数量化quantitative analysis定量分析quarry石矿场quartile四分位数quartz石英quartzite石英岩quasi-equilibrium准平衡quaternary industry第四产业Quaternary period第四纪questionnaire问卷quota限额；配额quota sampling定额抽样racial group种族群racial mino