英语语法精讲 - 副本.doc

宾语从句精讲一 定义在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 位置：从句放在主句之后，前后不用逗号分开。1. 动词的宾语从句1) 大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句I heard the news.主语 谓语动词 名词作宾语I heard that he would come here later on.主语 谓语动词 一个句子作宾语-宾语从句We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的. 2) 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句e.g. I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?3) 动词短语也可以带宾语从句, 常见的这些词有:make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记e.g. Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.2. 作介词的宾语:He said nothing about the plan. 主语 谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词 名词作介词的宾语He said nothing about who broke the window last night. 主语 谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词一个句子作介词的宾语We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的.I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.3. 形容词的宾语从句I am afraid that he will not come.主语 系动词 形容词 一个句子作形容词的宾语 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他. 学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。 二 宾语从句的连接词1. 从属连词：that, if, wether1) 由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。e.g. He told me that he would go to the college the next year他告诉我他下一年上大学.I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试. 宾语从句中that不能省略的情况：当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,后面的that不可以省略;e.g. He said (that) he would study hard and that he wanted to pass the entrance exam to Peking University.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;e.g. He suggested that we should not waste water.当宾语从句较长时;当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;e.g. He said angrily that he was not to blame.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;e.g. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;e.g. Mary said that that/this mistake was not made by her. Mary said that that/this was due to her.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;e.g. He told me that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学.当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;e.g. His doing that suggests that he is a kind man. What he said suggested that he was really angry.宾语从句有it做其先行词时;e.g. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.当that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。e.g. I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.()对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。2) 由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，不能省略；一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。e.g. I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment. 只用whether 不用if的情况。在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导e.g. Everything depends on whether we have enough money。宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.e.g. I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.e.g. We hasnt been decided whether to go there or not.2. 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, whose在主语从句中可作主语，宾语，定语或表语e.g. Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?Who or what he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。3. 连接副词：how, where, wherever, why, when, whenever在从句中作状语。e.g. I dont know where he lives. (where 做地点状语) He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.Could you please tell me how you read the new panel? 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。三宾语从句的语序：宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分e.g.Right: I believe that they will come soon.False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.False: He asked me whether was I a teacher.Right: He asked me whether I was a teacher.False: They wanted to know what can they do for us.Right: They wanted to know what they can do for us.四宾语从句的时态1. 当主句为一般现在时，一般将来时, 现在进行时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时等现在的时态时，宾语从句的时态一般不受主句时态影响.E.gI think that she will finish reading that book in two days.我想她两天后看完那本书。She knows he got here two weeks ago.她知道他两个星期前到这儿。I hear that Lucy goes to school by every day.我听说露西每天骑自行车上学。2. 当主句为一般过去时，过去将来时, 过去进行时，过去完成时，过去完成进行时等过去的时态时，从句用相应的过去的时态。从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in.我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读.从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.几种不受主句过去时态影响的情况 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.Father told me that practice makes perfect .The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country. Could you tell me是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。e.g. Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum? 如果从句有一个过去的时间状语，如ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, in 1992, last, etc. 时, 从句不受主句时态影响，仍用一般过去式。e.g. He told me that Jim returned his book to him last Sunday.他告诉我吉姆上星期天把他的书还给他了。请对比：1)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already.She said that she had finished her homework already.4)She says that she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.五形式宾语it可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时，要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.六、宾语从句的否定转移1.主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?2. 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。3. 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。I dont remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having)= I remember not having ever seen such a man.Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4. 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.(否定状语many weeks)她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。七. 运用虚拟语气的情况在表示：建议 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; 提议move命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v（虚拟语气） eg I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we （should） go out at once 八. 宾语从句与插入语 一般疑问句中要有think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess， dont you know这类词时。在句中主句的主谓结构是插入语，以一般疑问句的形式出现；从句的疑问词放在主句之前，从句用陈述语序。e.g. Who do you think is looking for you ?你认为谁正在找你呢？When dont you know well have meeting?你不知道我们什么时候开会吗？Whom do you believe she can come with?你相信她能和谁来呢？九、宾语从句的转化1.当主句的谓语动词是hope, wish, agree, choose, decide等带宾语从句时，而且主从句的主语一致时，这时从句可以简化成不定式结构。例如：We hope that we shall see you soon.We hope to see you soon.2.当主句的谓语动词是know, learn, forget, remember, decide等后面带特殊疑问句转化的宾语时，主从句的主语也一致这时从句可以简化成“疑问词不定式结构”。例如：I dont know which sweater I should buy.I dont know which sweater to buy.He cant decide where he is going.He cant decide where to go.3.当主句的谓语动词是ask，tell, show, teach等后面带双宾语时，从句的主语和间接宾语一致，且从句是由特殊疑问句转化来时，从句可以转化成“疑问词不定式结构”。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the park?Could you tell me how to get to the park?Please teach him how he should learn English well.Please teach him how to learn English well. 十、宾语从句练习题（一）. 单项填空1. Do you know _ during the coming summer holiday? A. what will Tom do B. what did Tom do C. what Tom will do D. what Tom did2. I want to know_. A. what is his name B. whats his name C. that his name is D. what his name is3. Do you know _ I could pass the exam? A. that B. whether C. what D. which4. Jim doesnt understand _. A. which is the way to the museum B. why his wife always goes shopping C. what is the way to the museum D. why does she always go shopping5. -Could you tell me _ she is looking for? A. that B. whose C. who D. which6. Mr. King didnt know _ yesterday evening. A. when does his son come home B. when his son comes home C. when did his son come home D. when his son came home7. Could you tell me _ the bike this morning? A. how does he mend B. how he mends C. how he mended D. how did he mend8. -Im waiting for the mail. Do you know _ it will arrive? -Usually it comes by 4: 00. A. how B. where C. when D. what9. -Excuse me, would you please tell me _? -Certainly. Go straight along here. Its next to a hospital. A. how we can get to the post office B. how can we get to the post office C. how get to the post office D. how could we get to the post office10. -Can I help you? -Yes. Id like a ticket to Mount Emei. Can you tell me _ take to get there? A. how soon will it B. how soon it will C. how long it will D. how long will it11. He wanted to know _. A. whether he speaks at the meeting B. when the meeting would start C. what hes going to do at the meeting D. where would the meeting be held 12. -Could you tell me _ the Bamboo Garden? -The day after tomorrow, I think. A. when will you visit B. when you will visit C. when would you visit D. when you would visit13. Would you please tell me _ next, Mr. Wang? A. what should we do B. we should do what C. what we should do D. should we do what14. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited15. I want to know _ you will come back at 8:00 tomorrow. A. that B. when C. where D. whether16. -Could you tell me _? -Sorry, I dont know. I was not at the meeting. A. what does he say at the meeting B. what did he say at the meeting C. what he says at the meeting D. what he said at the meeting17. -Could you tell me _ last night? -Er, I was watching Euro 2004 at home. A. what you were doing B. what were you doing C. what you are doing D. what are you doing18. The teacher asked the students _. A. if they were interested in dinosaurs B. when was Albert Einstein born C. what they will do with the computers D. how many trees they have planted19. Every morning the patients are asked if _ their temperature taken. A. they had had B. have they had C. they have had D. had they had20. Its up to you to decide _ youll go there, by air or by road. A. how B. why C. that D. when(二). 根据汉语句子的意思完成下列英语句子1. 李明说他对玩电脑游戏感兴趣。 Li Ming says _ _ interested in playing computer games.2. 我认为玛丽不回来了。 I dont think Mary _ _.3. 山姆给我说他准备去上海。 Sam told me that he _ _ for Shanghai.4. 请你告诉我去钟楼怎么走吗？ Could you tell me _ I can get to the Bell Tower?5. 父亲说他买了一台新电脑。 Father said that he _ _ a new computer.6. 我想知道今天晚上还有没有去北京的火车。 I want to know _ there is a train to Beijing.7. 你知道一个双人间多少钱吗？ Do you know _ _ a double room _?8. 请你告诉我我们外出多长时间好吗？ Could you tell me _ _ were going to be away?9. 叔叔说他正在写一本新小说。 Uncle said that he _ _ a new novel.10. 杰克说他有重要事情要做。 Jack said he _ something important to do.【练习答案】一. 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.A 19.C 20.A二. 1.he is 2.will come 3.was leaving 4.how 5.had bought 6.if (whether) 7.how much-is 8.how long 9.was writing 10.had（三）、宾语从句专项训练 I从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空。 1I dont know _ he will come tomorrow_ he comes，Ill tell you Aif；Whether Bwhether；Whether Cif；That Dif；If 2I dont know _ the day after tomorrow Awhen does he come Bhow will he come Cif he comes Dwhether hell come 3Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is？ Awhat Bhow Cwhether Dwhere 4Could you tell me _ the radio without any help？ Ahow did he mend Bwhat did he mend Chow he mended Dwhat he mended 5I want to know _ Awhom is she looking after Bwhom she is looking Cwhom is she looking Dwhom she is looking after 6Do you know where _ now？ Ahe lives Bdoes he live Che lived Ddid he live 7Do you know what time _ ？ Athe train leave Bdoes the train leave Cwill the train leave Dthe train leaves 8I dont know _ Can you tell me，please？ Ahow the two players are old Bhow old are the two players Cthe two players are how old Dhow old the two players are 9The small children dont know _ Awhat is their stockings in Bwhat is in their stockings Cwhere is their stockings in Dwhat in their stockings 10I cant understand _ Awhat does Christmas mean Bwhat Christmas does mean Cwhat mean Christmas does Dwhat Christmas means II按要求转换句型。 1Does MrBrown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？（改写句子） Could you tell us _ MrBrown _ living in China？ 2“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me（变为复合句） He asked me _ the girl _ some help 3Jim is not a studentTom is not a student，either（合并为一个句子） _ Jim _ Tom is a student 4When does the train leave？I want to know（改为含宾语从句的复合句） I want to know _ the train _ 5They went home after they had finished their homework（用notuntil改写） They _ go home _ they had finished their homework 6Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know（改为含宾语从句的复合句） Li Lei wants to know _ Peter _ here yesterday 参考答案： I15 D D D C D 610 A D D B D II1ifwhether；enjoys 2ifwhether；needed 3Neither；nor 4when；leaves 5didnt；until 6whether；came2. Can you tell me_?Awhere he is Bwhere is he Che is where Dwhat is he3、I didnt know how _ to London?Awould they go Bare they going Cthey would go Dthey are going4、I want to know how long_. Ahas he been back Bhas he come back Che has been back Dhe has come back5、Do you know _?Awhat the news are Bwhat is the news Cwhat the news is Dwhat are the news6、He said he would help me with my maths if he _ free.Awas Bwill be Cwould be Dis7、He will write to you as soon as he _ to Shanghai.Agets Bis getting Cwill get Dshall get8、Father_ music when he _ youngAlikedwas Blikedis Clikeswas Dlikesis9、I liked sports _ I was young.Aso much as Bso much that Cvery much when Dvery much because10、_ mother got home, I was tidying my room.AAfter BWhen CAs soon as DBefore11、The teacher didnt begin her class_ the students stopped talking.Auntil Bbecause Cafter Dwhen12、If it _ tomorrow, well go to the Great wall. Adoesnt rain Bwont rain Cnot rains Dis