时态和语态.doc

时态:注意三种时态：过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成（进行）时1，过去完成时表明时间上的先后关系，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用过去时。 He said he had received the test report. I had hardly finished my exam paper when the bell rang.2，将来完成时表示在将来的某一个点之前会完成的动作，使用时句子中要有明确的表示将来的时间状语，这个时间状语通常有by引导。 I will have been greatly relieved by the end of this month, because the final exam will be over. 3，现在完成时用我们知道现在完成时是由助动词have（has）+过去分词构成的，其规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式相同，不规则动词的过去分词则需要加强记忆。现将其主要用法小结如下：1表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例如：I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。（“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”）2表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，也可以表示实质可能继续下去的动作或状态。这时往往与表示一段的时间状语连用。例如：I have been here for just over two years. 我到这里才两年多。He has worked here since 1989. 从1989年， 他就在这里工作。3现在完成时属于现在时态范围，因此，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。 如：yesterday, last night, two weeks ago等， 但可以和never, ever, already, yet, just, for, since 等连用。 例如：Have you finished your work yet? 你已经完成你的工作了吗？I have never heard that before. 过去，我从未听说过那件事。4be的现在完成时态。1）表示一种状态，表示从过去已经开始持续到现在，要与表示一段的时间状语连用。 例如： There has been a factory near No. 14 Middle School for several years.十四中学附近有家工厂，已经有几年了。2）表示某人刚从某地回来。例如：Where have you been? I have been to the library.你到哪里去了？ 我到图书馆去了。3）后加地点，表示某人曾经到过某地。 例如：Have you ever been to West Hill Farm? 你曾经到过西山农场吗？但是“have（has）gone （to）+地点”则表示已去了某地，不在说话者所在的地方。例如：Where is Kate? She has gone to Beijing with her father.凯特在哪里？ 她和她父亲一起去北京了。5瞬间动词的现在完成时。瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词或终止性动词。这种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结束，所以不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用，但可以用其它方式来表示。象这样的词有：buy, sell, begin, start, leave, come, go, borrow, lend, return, die, join等。 例如：火车离开半小时了。误：The train has left for half an hour.正：The train has been away for half an hour.正：The train left half an hour ago.正：It has been half an hour since the train left.正：It is half an hour since the train left.但是，其完成时的否定式可与表示一段的时间状语连用，表示一种状态。例如：I havent received a letter from my father for two months.我已两个月没有收到我爸爸的信了。 He hasnt come here for a week. 他一个星期没有来这里了。现在完成时要点剖析一、现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。试比较：The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿）The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飞机是一刻钟以前来的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去）I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在这儿已经教了十五年。（表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续。）二、短暂性动词与时间段的关系短暂性动词在肯定句、疑问句中不能与时间段连用，这些动词是：become, begin, buy, borrow, arrive, come, die, fall, finish, get to know, go, join, leave, marry等。为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词have，keep等或短语“be+名词（形容词、位置副词、介词短语）”来代替短暂性动词， 如：become be, beginhave 或 be on, borrowkeep, buyhave, come(go, arrive, get) be here/there/in，diebe dead, fall asleep(ill) be asleep(ill), finishbe over, get to knowknow, joinbe in （be a member of ）,leave be away (from), marry be married等；也可以仍用原短暂性动词，用句型“It is since从句（从句中用一般过去时）”或用“一般过去时+ ago”这一结构来表述延续性的动作或状态。 如：他入党五年了。He has been in the Party for five years.He has been a Party member for five years.It is five years since he joined the Party.He joined the Party five years ago .电影开始五分钟了。The film has been on for five minutes.It is five minutes since the film beganThe film began five minutes ago.但在否定句中，短暂性动词可以与时间段连用。如：I havent bought the bike for a year. 我买这辆自行车还不到一年。She hasnt come here for an hour. 她来这儿还没有一个小时。三、have been in 与have been to 的用法比较1。“have been +in+地点名词”或“have been + 位置副词”的意思是“在某地呆过久”，如：Mr. Green has been in China for many years. 格林先生在中国呆过好多年。I have been here since I began to work. 我工作以来一直呆在这儿。2。“have been + to +地点名词”意思是“曾经到 过某地（多少次）”。 如：Miss Brown has been to Japan twice. 布朗小姐到日本去过两次。Have you ever been here before? 你以前到过这吗？四、just, lately, recently是完成时的时间状语，just now 有a moment ago 之意，是一般过去时的时间状语。如：The train has just arrived. 火车刚到。Did you see Joan just now? 你刚才看到琼了吗？Have you heard from your family lately/recently? 你最近收到家人的来信了吗？五、in the past few years 意思是“过去几年来”，可作现在完成时的时间状语；in the past意思是“在过去”，常作一般过去时的时间状语。 如：Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.过去几年来，我的家乡发生了很大的变化。Where did you work in the past? 你过去在哪里工作？六、even since then与from then on (after that)都有“打那以后”之意，前者是完成时的时间状语，后者常用作一般过去时的时间状语，如：Shes lived here ever since then. 打那以后，她一直住在这。I didnt hear of Jim from then on/after that. 打那以后，我就没有吉姆的消息。七、before泛指“以前”时，可用于现在完成时中；ago表示“现在的一段时间以前”，是一般过去时的时间状语。如：Ive never been to Japan before. 我以前没去过日本。She went to Japan a year ago. 她一年前去了日本。八、ever和never也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。前者意思是“曾经”，多见于疑问句或否定句中；后者意思是“从来没有”，表示全部否定。如：“Have you ever seen the film?” “No. I have never seen it.”“你曾经看过这部影片吗？” “没有， 从来没看过。”Nobody in our class has ever been there. 我们班没有人去过那。九、so far(到目前为止)， these days(这些天) 也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。如：So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon. 到目前为止， 还没有人到月球以外旅行。What have you done these days? 这些天来，你做了什么事？现在完成时的典型错误分析你看过这部电影了吗？Did you see the film?Have you seen the film?析：see该动作所产生的结果现在还存在，即对电影内容了解。所以要用现在完成时。你什么时候学会这个词？When have you learnt the word?when did you learn the word?析：疑问副词一般不能与现在完成时连用你看这部电影了吗？看过了。你在哪儿看的？我在北京看的。Have you seen the film?Yes I have.Where have you seen it?I have seen it in Beijing.Where did you see it?I saw it in Beijing.析：两人对话时常用现在完成时询问，但一旦情况了解了，侧重点便转入过去动作本身，这时就要用一般过去时了。4. 他去北京三天了。It was three days since he left for Beijing.Its或has been three days since he left for Beijing.析：“it若干时间since”句型里，主句一般用一般现在时，也可以用现在完成时。Since从句的时态要用一般过去时。5 。李明曾在这儿住过。Li Ming has once lived here.Li Ming once lived here.析：once当“曾经”解时，表示有过某种经验经历，要用一般过去时，如果要用现在完成时，可以把once改为ever，如Li Ming has ever lived here.语态: 语态(Voices)用来表示主语与谓语之间的关系，它是动词的一种形式。英语中有两种语态：主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。I. 主动和被动的转换现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/should be done进行is/am/are being donewas/were being donewill/shall be being donewould/should be being done完成have/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donewould/should have been done完成进行have/has been being donehad been being donewill/shall have been being donewould/should have been being doneII. 被动语态的使用场合 不知道动作的执行者，没有必要知道动作的执行者或强调动作的承受者时，常使用被动语态。例如：In the future all shopping will be done online.Unlike todays Olympic Games, the ancient games were always held at the same place.The trip is organized by a well-known tourist company with a good reputation.III.应注意的问题 不能用于被动语态的动词 一般说来，只有及物动词才有被动语态，但少数及物动词如have, leave, become, cost, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等以及短语动词take place, lose heart, break out, belong to, consist of等，一般不能用于被动语态。例如：When we reached a valley, it became much warmer.This book consists of 25 chapters. 主动形式表示被动意义1. 某些系动词taste, feel, look, smell, sound, prove等与形容词连用时。例如：The flowers smel