6如何运用写作技巧.doc

如何运用写作技巧大学英语四级考试中的短文写作部分是考核学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，也就是说考核学生驾驭语言的能力。文章是有段落组成的，段落是有句子组成的，对各式句型的使用均衡处理，从而可改善句子的语流节奏，提高文章的可读性。一 平行结构的运用平行结构作为一种使句子变得紧凑而错落有致的写作方式，有以下功效：句式优美、表达清晰、重点突出，使用尽可能少的词传达尽可能多的信息。例如：主题句为Video games are a kind of entertainment. 利用平行结构拓展为：They bring pleasures to youngsters, train them to respond quickly, stimulate their imagination in electronics. 不难看出，此处内容丰富具体，行文流畅，有极强的说服力。二 句式灵活多变的运用如果文中的简单句出现的太多，就会显得单调、不生动。要写出生动而鲜明的句子，可通过嵌入方式来实现。一个简单句，嵌入定语，状语，补语后就会变得生动有趣。如：Book telling people how to adapt themselves to the society are worth reading. 这句话读起来就比Books are worth reading更耐人寻味。再如：Harry stood at the edge of the path, watching the cars running. 这是一个简单句后附上了伴随状语，使句子更加生动。在拓展主题句时，注意适时地变换句式，是一种有效的写作策略，同时能使文章产生想不到的文学效果。现在介绍几种句式变化的类型：1. 改变句子开头许多学生在写作中倾向于用与人有关系的词，如名词或代词作为句子的开头。这种开头见多了，难免让人厌倦。如果换成其他句子成分开头，如状语，同位语，表语，宾语，短语修饰词等，即能把想强调的意思突出出来，又能文章写得生动活泼。例如：It is a fact of life that the development of science and technology has been accompanied by a decline in traditional culture.2. 巧用连接词有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，用了很多so, and, then, but, or, however, yet等词，非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散，呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用连接词，尤其是一些表示从属关系的连接词，如： who, which, that, because, since, although, after, as, before, when, whenever, if , unless, as if 等。不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如：Lanterns are now designed with modern technology and materials to make them more attractive, and they are powered by electricity, which is safer than candles. 该段使用关系代词 “which”，使句子语义更连贯，语言更流畅。3. 长、短句交插 长句和短句是就句子的字数多少，形体长短而言的。长句和短句各有其优点和缺点。长句结构因为使用的定语，状语较多，限制了概念的外延，增大了概念的内涵，所以比较精确，严密，但使用起来不够灵活简单。短句由于字数少，直截了当，一般比较简洁，明快，有力，但不利于表达复杂的语义内容。在具体语言活动中，最好长句和短句交替使用，这既体现了节奏上的要求，也是语义上的需要。例如：Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener. Green trees line the streets. A clean river winds through the city, in which a lot of fishes abound. On the one side stand rows of willow trees. On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers. 这段文字，一长一短，抑扬顿挫，节奏感很强，不仅句子长短交错，而且句型结构变化很大，使文章自然流畅，生动活泼。4. 利用倒装结构英语的基本句型是主语+谓语动词+宾语，如果偶尔打破常规，改变某一成分的位置，不仅可以丰富句型，而且能够强调和突出被倒装的部分，达到意想不到的表达效果。例如：Faith in the Chinese economic reforms the majority of people will never lose.总之，英语的句式是多种多样的，只要能从要表达的内容出发合理选用，文章的句式就会富于变化。同时，在学习写作的过程中，学生应不断练习构造各种各样的句式，以提高语言表达能力。三 句子扩展方法的运用Tea.Come to tea.Come to tea with meCome to tea with me by the seaIf you are free, come to tea with me by the sea, please通过一个词或者词组进行扩展句子，知道表达清楚，结构完整了为止，例如从一个单词tea开始，最后扩展到句子If you are free, come to tea with me by the sea, please. 我们通常也把这种句子扩展称作金字塔扩展句子法。扩展的方法有定义法，从句法，同位法和分句短语引导4钟。1. 定义法Downsizing the laying off thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high creates feeling of insecurity for many.2. 从句法包括各种从句，如主语，状语，宾语，定语等从句类型。Once shunned by the international sporting community because of its policy of apartheid, South Africa yesterday became the first African nation chosen to play host to soccers World Cup.3. 同位语Nelson Mandela, the 85-year-old former president of South Africa whose 27 years of imprisonment provided the moral force behind the dismantling of apartheid and the emergence of democracy, held the World Cup trophy aloft at a news conference in Zurich and said that he felt “like a young man of 50.”4. 分词短语引导The family of Nicholas E. Berg challenged American military officials on Wednesday, insisting that the man beheaded by Islamic terrorists in Iraq had earlier been in the custody of federal officials who should have done more to protect him.5. 学生习作摘录 Water shortage is a serious problem.Water shortage water demand far beyond water supply is a serious problem.Water shortage water demand far beyond water supply is a serious problem, which has attracted worldwide attention.Recently, more and more people have come to realize that water shortage is a serious problem, and we should deal with it immediately.Li Ming is playing football.Li Ming, the boy in white football clothes and red hat, is playing football with his classmates.It is a fine June day, Li Ming, the boy in white football clothes and red hat, is playing football with his classmate.Its a fine June day, Li Ming, the boy in white football clothes and red hat, is playing football with his classmate in the park, with sweat dropping down from is face. 四 连接词的运用准确地使用一些连接词，总能让松散的拓展句自然地衔接起来，而且整个段落层次分明，前后连贯。1. 举例说明连接词for instance, as an illustration, for example, namely, as a case in point, that is an example, such as, such, like, next, thus, as another illustration, specifically, to prove, to be examples of, to show, to illustrate, etc. 2. 补充连接词in addition，furthermore, first, second , in the second place, next, beyond that, for one thing, another, to begin with, also, moreover, then, finally, in the first place, initially, what is more, eventually, to start with, first of all, etc.3. 因果连接词because, because of, as, since, for, owing to, consequently, accordingly, so, therefore, due to, on account of, thanks to, by virtue of, as a result of, for the reason, otherwise, etc.4. 总结连接词to conclude, in my opinion, in brief, generally speaking, as a general rule, on a large scale, to take the idea further, in a sense, in a way, undoubtedly, on the whole, as far as I am concerned, at the risk of, sounding too direct, simplistically speaking, in some case, in short, traditionally, in my view, in a word, briefly, generally, in general, at a local level, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in one sense, to some extent, as for me, in summary, in terms of, practically speaking, to sum up, obviously, etc.5. 比较、对比连接词 in the same way, similarly, equally, too, likewise, like, both and , the same as, in common, in a dissimilar way, instead, on the contrary, rather than, on the one hand, in sharp contrast, unlike, yet,