英语笔译试题及详解.doc

2006年Part 1 Translation from English into Chinese 2 hours Read the following two passages. Translate them into Chinese. Write you answers on this paper. You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper. Passage 1 Artificial speech Because speech is the most convenient form of communication, in the future we want essentially natural conversations with computers. The primary point of contact will be a simple device that will act as our window on the world. You will simply talk to it. The device will be permanently connected to the internet and will beep relevant information up to you as it comes in. Just how quickly people will adapt to a voice-based internet world is uncertain. Many believe that, initially at least, we will need similar conventions for the voice to those we use at present on screen: click, back, forward, and so on. But soon you will undoubtedly be able to interact by voice with all those IT-based services you currently connect with over the Internet by means of a keyboard. This will help the Internet serve the entire population, not just techno-freaks. Changes like this will encompass the whole world. Because English is the language of science, it will probably remain the language in which the technology is most advanced, but most speech-recognition techniques are transferable to other languages provided there is sufficient motivation to undertake the work. Within ten years we will have computers that respond to goal-directed conversations, but for a computer to have a conversation that takes into account human social behaviour is probably 50 years off. Were not going to be chatting to the big screen in the living room just yet. There are those in the IT community who believe that current techniques will eventually hit a brick wall. Personally, I believe that incremental developments in performance are more likely. But its true that by about 2040 or so, computer architectures will need to become highly parallel if performance is to keep increasing. Perhaps that will inspire some radically new approaches to speech understanding that will supplant the methods were developing now. Small vendors engage in simple spot-market transactions, with buyers and sellers dealing face to face to trade fairly standard products whose quality is easy to verify. Lange multinational firms exchange more differentiated products, face greater difficulties in verifying quality, and must span greater separations in time and space between one part of the transaction and the other. Most economies have both types of markets. But the first is relatively more common in developing countries, the second in industrial economies. Developed markets- more global, more inclusive, and more integrated-offer more opportunity and choice. Underdeveloped markets, more likely in poor countries, tend to be more local and segmented. So, compared with farmers in Canada, poor farmers in Bangladesh have fewer opportunities and far fewer formal institutions (such as banks and formal courts ) to reduce their risks and increase their opportunities. What limits market opportunities? The transaction costs stemming from inadequate information and incomplete definition and enforcement of property rights. And barriers to entry for new participants. What increases them? Institutions that raise the returns from market exchange, reduce risk, and increase efficiency. Yet not all institutions promote inclusive markets. Institutional designs that evolve through historical circumstances or are directed by policy makers are not necessarily the best for all of society or for economic growth and poverty reduction. For instance, state agricultural marketing boards, instead of helping farmers, have often resulted in lower incomes for them in Africa. And institutions that once supported market transactions can outlive their usefulness, for example, privatization agencies and bank restructuring agencies. The challenge for policymakers is to shape institutional development in ways that enhance economic development. 转贴于：口译笔译考试_考试大Part 2 考试论坛Translation from Chinese into English 2 hours Read the following two passages. Translate them into Chinese. Write you answers on this paper. You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper. 考试大Passage 1 保姆校长 常常听到一些大学校长说：“我把学生当自己的儿女看待。”他也真做得像个严父慈母：规定学生睡眠要足8小时，清晨6点必须起床做操，不许穿拖鞋在校内行走，等等。 我一直以为大学校长是高瞻远瞩、指导学术与教育大方向的决策人，而不是管馒头稀饭的保姆。教育者或许会说：“这些学生如果进大学以前，就已经学好自治自律的话，我就不必如此喂之哺之；就是因为基础教育没教好，所以我办大学的人不得不教。” 听起来有理，可是学生之所以在小学、中学12年间没有学会自治自律，就是因为他们一直接受喂 哺式的辅导，大学再来继续进行“育婴”，这岂不是一个没完没了的恶性循环？我们对大学教育的期许是什么？教出一个言听计从、循规蹈矩的学生，还是教出一个自己会看情况、做决定的学生？ Passage 2 发展问题 考试大发展问题一直是世界各国普遍关注的问题。大部分发展中国家取得独立后，在发展民族经济、改变贫穷落后面貌、缩小同发达国家的经济差距等方面，取得了巨大成绩。一些国家实现了经济“起飞”，甚至创造了“奇迹”。经济增长是社会发展的基础，但有增长不一定有发展。为了避免“有增长、无发展”的现象，世界各国都把可持续发展作为国家宏观经济发展战略的一种重要选择，并深刻认识到，人类需要一个持续发展的途径。这是人类发展观的重大转折，具有深远的历史意义。 然而，在保持生态环境问题上，发展中国家存在的问题较为严重。特别是，一些发展中国家或没有认识到可持续发展的深刻内涵，或认识得很不深刻，采取的不得力。因此，在今后制定新的经济发展战略时，把可持续发展作为一个突出的重要内容，是大多数发展中国家面临的迫切和艰巨的任务。2002 Part 1 Translation from English into Chinese 2 hours Read the following two passages.Translate them into Chinese.Write your answers on this paper.You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper.Passage 1The Atlantic Alliance Needs TendingThe U.S. and Europe. These days, they bicker almost like a couple whose long marriage is in danger of unravelling. The litany of misunderstandings and mutual resentment seems to be growing. From the death penalty to steel tariffs, from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to military spending, there is an abyss between American and European positions on innumerable issues.Each side feels the other isnt shouldering enough of the burdens facing both. The Europeans see an unbending posture, from the Bush Administrations protecting inefficient U.S. steel companies to its threats to take out Iraqs Saddam Husseinalone, if necessary. U.S. policymakers, for their part, are losing patience with Europeans inability to get serious about defence spending. The war in Afghanistan has brought home the reality that much of Europe has fallen behind in military technology. And Washington is annoyed at Europes feckless attempts at economic reforms. As a result, Europe couldnt play the role of economic locomotive to help pull the U.S. out of its downturn in 2001. This year, Europe is set to grow less than the U.S. once again.Relationships in trouble can be fixed, and this one had better be. In a world increasingly fraught with danger, European leaders must commit themselves to bigger military budgets or risk being marginalised by the U.S. military machine. The $ 45.1 billion hike in military spending the Bush Administration is pushing for next year is $12.1 billion more than the entire defence budget of France. The U.S. could help by opening up more of its vast military market to European partners. And Washington should realise that in many global challenges a smart multilateral approach can be much more effective than unilateralism.A world in which the U.S. and Europe go off on their own, in which the Atlantic alliance is reduced to mere lip service to ideals long since abandoned, is a frightening one.Passage 2New TechnologiesSome new technologies are frightening from the start, and the need to establish political controls over their development and use is obvious to all. When the first atomic bomb was detonated at Alamogordo, New Mexico, in the summer of 1945, not one of the witnesses to this event failed to understand that a terrible new potential for destruction had been created. Nuclear weapons were thus from the very beginning ringed with political controls: Individuals could not freely develop nuclear technology on their own or traffic in the parts necessary to create atomic bombs, and in time, nations that became signatories to the 1968 nonproliferation treaty agreed to control international trade in nuclear technology.Other new technologies appear to be much more benign, and are consequently subject to little or no regulation. Personal computers and the Internet, for example, promised to create wealth, increase access to information, and foster community among their users. People have had to look hard for downsides to the information revolution. What they have found to date are issues like the so-called “digital divide” (i.e., inequality of access to information technology) and threats to privacy, neither of which qualify as earth-shaking matters of justice or morality. Despite occasional efforts on the part of the worlds more statist societies to try to control the use of information technology, it has blossomed in recent years.Biotechnology falls somewhere between these extremes. Transgenic crops and human genetic engineering make people far more uneasy than do personal computers or the Internet. But biotechnology also promises important benefits for human health and well-being. When presented with an advance like the ability to cure diabetes, it is hard for people to articulate reasons why their unease with the technology should stand in the way of progress. It is easiest to object to a new biotechnology if its development leads to a botched clinical trial or to a deadly allergic reaction to a genetically modified food. But the real threat of biotechnology lies in the possibilities of human cloning, “designer babies”eugenic selection for intelligence, sex, and personalityand eventually, the end of the human species as such. Part 2 Translation from Chinese into English 2 hoursRead the following two passages.Translate them into English.Write your answers on this paper. You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper.Passage 引导农民向城市转移中国有12多亿人口，农民占了9亿多。尽管农村社会在进一步分化，但农村人口却没有减少，反而在增加。据中国社科院调查，与1978年相比，1999年农民增加了800多万人。一份研究报告指出，“没有城市化的发展，农村、的农业和农民的问题也不可能得到有效解决。过去人们常讲，农民问题归根到底是土地问题，这个问题已经基本解决了。现在的农民问题是就业问题。”因此，调整城乡社会结构，加快城市化的步伐，改变城市化严重滞后于工业化的状况，应是当务之急。一些经济学家估计，到2005年，中国农村剩余劳动力将上升至两亿人，这一庞大人口需要城市来吸纳。转移庞大的农村人口，仅靠大城市显然是远远不够的，因为大城市的就业压力普遍较重。一些专家认为，农村人口转移的出路还是应以小城镇为主。城镇居民的生活支出、的子女的教育投入等都比农民高出许多，城镇提供的就业机会也远比农村多。Passage 2中年人的阅读随着年龄的增长，书会像潮水一样涌来。不能随便歌颂书了，书往往是一些垃圾。清除垃圾很难，但起码可以绕开，绕得越远越好。当然有时候对于某些书的疏离，不只是书本身的问题，而主要是人的问题：作为一个读者，他的心情变了。让青少年兴奋的书，中老年人不一定看。人一到了中年，心情多多少少变得苍凉了。中年人的情感既结实又朴素，这就影响到书的选择。有阅读能力和阅读习惯的中年人是很多的，他们的知识、的经验和判断力有可能在深层左右着阅读的方向和趣味。中年人更愿意看真实事件和场景的记录，比如重要人物的传记，游历笔记，回忆录和目击记，地理勘察录，探险记等等。在这种阅读中有一些特别的快感，那是因为整个过程始终伴随了这样的提醒：这些文字是真实的 2001 part 1 translation from english into chinese 2 hoursread the following two passages.translate them into chinese.write you answers on this paper.you may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper.passage 1artificial speechbecause speech is the most convenient form of communication, in the future we want essentially natural conversations with computers. the primary point of contact will be a simple device that will act as our window on the world. you will simply talk to it. the device will be permanently connected to the internet and will beep relevant information up to you as it comes in.just how quickly people will adapt to a voice-based internet world is uncertain. many believe that, initially at least, we will need similar conventions for the voice to those we use at present on screen: click, back, forward, and so on. but soon you will undoubtedly be able to interact by voice with all those it-based services you currently connect with over the internet by means of a keyboard. this will help the internet serve the entire population, not just techno-freaks.changes like this will encompass the whole world. because english is the language of science, it will probably remain the language in which the technology is most advanced, but most speech-recognition techniques are transferable to other languages provided there is sufficient motivation to undertake the work.within ten years we will have computers that respond to goal-directed conversations, but for a computer to have a conversation that takes into account human social behaviour is probably 50 years off. were not going to be chatting to the big screen in the living room just yet.there are those in the it community who believe that current techniques will eventually hit a brick wall. personally, i believe that incremental developments in performance are more likely. but its true that by about 2040 or so, computer architectures will need to become highly parallel if performance is to keep increasing. perhaps that will inspire some radically new approaches to speech understanding that will supplant the methods were developing now.small vendors engage in simple spot-market transactions, with buyers and sellers dealing face to face to trade fairly standard products whose quality is easy to verify. lange multinational firms exchange more differentiated products, face greater difficulties in verifying quality, and must span greater separations in time and space between one part of the transaction and the other. most economies have both types of markets. but the first is relatively more common in developing countries, the second in industrial economies.developed markets- more global, more inclusive, and more integrated-offer more opportunity and choice. underdeveloped markets, more likely in poor countries, tend to be more local and segmented. so, compared with farmers in canada, poor farmers in bangladesh have fewer opportunities and far fewer formal institutions (such as banks and formal courts ) to reduce their risks and increase their opportunities.what limits market opportunities? the transaction costs stemming from inadequate information and incomplete definition and enforcement of property rights. and barriers to entry for new participants. what increases them? institutions that raise the returns from market exchange, reduce risk, and increase efficiency.yet not all institutions promote inclusive markets. institutional designs that evolve through historical circumstances or are directed by policy makers are not necessarily the best for all of society or for economic growth and poverty reduction. for instance, state agricultural marketing boards, instead of helping farmers, have often resulted in lower incomes for them in africa. and institutions that once supported market transactions can outlive their usefulness, for example, privatization agencies and bank restructuring agencies. the challenge for policymakers is to shape institutional development in ways that enhance economic development. Part 2 Translation from Chinese into English 2 hours ? Read the following two passages. ? Translate them into Chinese. ? Write you answers on this paper. ? You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper. Passage 1 保姆校长 常常听到一些大学校长说：“我把学生当自己的儿女看待。”他也真做得像个严父慈母：规定学生睡眠要足8小时，清晨6点必须起床做操，不许穿拖鞋在校内行走，等等。 我一直以为大学校长是高瞻远瞩、指导学术与教育大方向的决策人，而不是管馒头稀饭的保姆。教育者或许会说：“这些学生如果进大学以前，就已经学好自治自律的话，我就不必如此喂之哺之；就是因为基础教育没教好，所以我办大学的人不得不教。” 听起来有理，可是学生之所以在小学、中学12年间没有学会自治自律，就是因为他们一直接受喂哺式的辅导，大学再来继续进行“育婴”，这岂不是一个没完没了的恶性循环？我们对大学教育的期许是什么？教出一个言听计从、循规蹈矩的学生，还是教出一个自己会看情况、做决定的学生？ Passage 2 发展问题 发展问题一直是世界各国普遍关注的问题。大部分发展中国家取得独立后，在发展民族经济、改变贫穷落后面貌、缩小同发达国家的经济差距等方面，取得了巨大成绩。一些国家实现了经济“起飞”，甚至创造了“奇迹”。经济增长是社会发展的基础，但有增长不一定有发展。为了避免“有增长、无发展”的现象，世界各国都把可持续发展作为国家宏观经济发展战略的一种重要选择，并深刻认识到，人类需要一个持续发展的途径。这是人类发展观的重大转折，具有深远的历史意义。 然而，在保持生态环境问题上，发展中国家存在的问题较为严重。特别是，一些发展中国家或没有认识到可持续发展的深刻内涵，或认识得很不深刻，采取的不得力。因此，在今后制定新的经济发展战略时，把可持续发展作为一个突出的重要内容，是大多数发展中国家面临的迫切和艰巨的任务。 2005年全国笔译模拟练习及答案 各成员领导人指示部长们于2002年部长级会议前确定具体的行动和措施，与私营部门密切合作，在2006年前将APEC贸易便利化原则付诸实施。目标是力争在未来5年内将APEC地区的贸易交易费用降低5。领导人还指示部长们探讨为贸易便利化确定客观标准的可能性，在这一过程中要充分考虑APEC成员的多样性，以及各成员已经取得的进展。同时，领导人一致认为，开展援助项目来提高发展中成员实施贸易便利化的能力非常重要。参考译文Leaders instruct Ministers to identify， by Ministerial Meeting in 2002， concrete actions and measures to implement the APEC Trade Facilitation Principles by 2006 in close partnership with the private sector. The objective is to realize a significant reduction in the transaction costs by endeavoring to reduce them by 5% across the APEC region over the next 5 years.Leaders also instruct Ministers to explore the possibility of setting objective criteria on trade facilitation， taking fully into account the diversity among the members as well as progress achieved in respective economies so far. Leaders also agree that assistance programmes to help build the capacity of developing economies in trade facilitation is particularly important. 2002年3月英语中级笔译考试汉译英我常想，窗可以算房屋的眼睛。眼睛是灵魂的窗户，我们看见外界，同时也让人看到我们的内心；眼睛往往跟着心在转。我们跟戴黑眼镜的人谈话，总觉得捉摸不住他的用意，彷佛他以假面具相对，就是为此。歌德恨一切戴眼镜的人，说他们看得清楚他脸上的皱纹，但是他给他们的玻璃片耀得眼花缭乱，看不出他们的心境。窗子许里面人看出去，同时也许外面人看进来，所以在热闹地方住的人要用窗帘子，替他们私生活做个保障。晚上访人，只要看窗里有无灯光，就约略可以猜到主人在不在家，不必打开了门再问，好比不等人开口，从眼睛里看出他的心思。关窗的作用等于闭眼。天地间有许多景象是要闭了眼才看得见的，比如梦。假使窗外的人声物态太嘈杂了，关了窗好让灵魂自由地去探胜，安静地默想。有时，关窗和闭眼也有连带关系，你觉得窗外的世界不过尔尔，并不能给予你什么满足，你想回到故乡，你要看见跟你分离的亲友，你只有睡觉，闭了眼向梦里寻去，于是你起来先关了窗。因为只是春天，还残留着残冷，窗子也不能整天整夜不关的。 i often think that the window is the eye of a house. they say that the eyes are the windows of the soul. with the eyes we see the world, and at the same time they let others see our inner selves the eyes communicate the movements and turnings of the heart. that is why it is always difficult to figure out the intentions of someone wearing dark glasses. it seems as if we are talking to someone wearing a mask. goethe hated everyone with glasses, saying that they could see the wrinkles on his face, while the dazzling glare of their lenses would prevent him from seeing what was on in their minds. a window likewise allows those who are inside to see outside, and also allows outsiders to see inside. that is