ICAO,必过!.docVIP

老哥，由于真的不知道你们直升机的ICAO考试内容是否和我们相同，就按我们那个来给你整理点资料，你看一下，希望能对你考试有所帮助这段时间，游戏少玩点，多占用你点时间。得多听，多说，熟练地口语不是闭着嘴就能练出来的。那个陆空对话，你可以多听一下，然后自己复诵；如果看不进书，就看美剧片，感觉人家那个日常说的，能用的到的口语，就给拿个小本子记下来，多说两遍，模仿人家那个语气、语速、断句等等；要是能去酒吧碰个外国朋友请人家喝杯酒，死皮赖脸的跟人家说就行了，真的！学语言，必须不能要脸！考试的时候语速不必太快，说的慢点，给自己留点想下一句该说什么的余地，毕竟说慢了考官不会怪你，你要是啊啊额额的说不出来，那就显得你语言能力很差，给你减分。还有我那天电话里给你说的，一个漂亮的开头，一个漂亮的自我介绍，可以让你在其它一起考试的人里占大优势，简短、表明自己的信心、且略带谦逊，真的会让考官们眼前一亮！其实这个ICAO，前三部分真的得自己下功夫！主要就是考的你语言能力，因为考官本身也不一定都是专业的飞行员，所以有一定的专业知识，英语好点就差不多可以当考官。毕竟是语言能力考试。所以所有过程中的个人觉得第四部分OPI是可以外力帮助，让你进步更快，下面的大多都是针对第四部分OPI（oral proficiency interview）OPI包含5个部分：1 warm up 2 level check 3 probe 4 picture describe 5 wrap up一） vocabulary (最后附有各个系统专业词汇)对于一些比较常见专业单词词组的归纳三个应答机特殊编码：编码自己查 不便说。从小到大分别是hijack, radio failure , distress conditionsPAN PAN和MAYDAY的区别：PANPAN：need assistance timely urgency situationMAYDAY：need assistance immediately distress situation乘务员 flight/cabin attendant 驾驶舱职权梯度 cockpit authority gradient机库 hangar 接通/断开自驾 engage/disengage AP地形 terrain 人因 human factors活物 牲畜 livestock 绕飞 detour界面 交界处 interface 修改 modify amend试车 engine runup 烂泥 slush减速 妨碍 retard 积累 accumulation湿度 humidity 降雨量 precipitation气喘asthma 腹泻 diarrhea调度 签派 dispatch 信号员 marshaller开往 驶往 Bound for 放油 fuel dump jettison预期anticipate 污染 contaminate外形 configuration 致命的 fatal分院 branch flight college 炸药 dynamite手榴弹grenade 恢复 revertHuman error chain: people makes mistake, and accident happens. one mistake leads to another to another to another which leads to an accidentIRS: inertial reference system 惯性基准系统干预 interfere 配件 附件 accessory气动的pneumatic 有形的 具体的 concrete临界的 marginal 连续 touch and go起落 Traffic circuit 补充 replenish全停 full stop 物质 物品 substance拉紧 绷紧 strain 踝关节ankle 肘部 elbow对正跑道 align the runway POB: people onboard改装训练 transition training 劫机犯 hijacker陆空对话 radiotelephony communication前轮转弯机构 nose wheel steering 执行 execute 疏散 evacuation机长的四条杠的含义： 1 flying skill 2 knowledge 3 profession 4 responsibility提供饮食及服务 cater（主要在地面装载时会用到）RNP-required navigation performance 所需导航性能RDH-threshold height 跑道入口高度二）几个主要系统组成及功用1LANDING GEAR SYSTEM很多图是关于重着陆，事故以及事故症候的，事故大多数的情况都包含有起落架的一些情况，damaged，unable to extend, tires blow-out, smoke from main gear等情况，所以遇到这一类型的图就可以引申出对于LANDING GEAR SYSTEM的问题来考验对系统的认知。Tricycle gear arrangement 前三点 shock strut 减震支柱 bumper减震器Manual extension handles 人工放下起落架手柄Nose wheel arrangement advantages:1) it allows more forceful application of brakes for higher landing speed without nosing over.2) it permits better visibility for the pilots during landing and taxing3) it tends to prevent aircraft from ground-looping by moving the C.G forward of the main gear.Landing gear safety devises :1) Mechanical downlock-to prevent accidental operation of the mechanical downlocks, electrically operated safety switches are installed.2) Safety switches-The torque links spread apart or move together as the shock strut piston extends or retracts in its cylinder.3） Ground lock-one common type of a pin installed in aligned holes drilled in 2 or more units of the landing gear support structure.2 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM第四部分里面有一张图是关于hydraulic system的，建议这个系统多熟悉一下Units commonly operated by hydraulic system :Landing gears , wing flaps , slats , speed and wheel brakes , nose wheel steering ,Primary flight surfaceshydraulic system components:an engine driven pump , a filter , a reservoir , a pressure regulator , an accumulator ,a pressure gauge , a relief valve , an emergency pump , two check valves ,a selector valve , an actuating cylinderoperationthe engine driven pump which is directly coupled to the engine will operate when the engine is running. The pump draws fluid from reservoir and expels to the system through the filter and a check valve and the pressure can be built up. the pressure regulator unloads or relieves the engine driven pump when the desired pressure in the system achieved . thus its often referred to as an unloading valve.In the event of malfunction of pressure regulator , the relief valve will release any pressure above that maintained by the regulator.3 AIR CONDITIONING AND PRESSSURIZATION SYSTEMThe cabin air conditioning and pressurization system supplies conditioned air for heating and cooling the cockpit and cabin spaces. This air also provides pressurization to maintain a safe and comfortable cabin environment. Some of the air conditioning systems installed in modern aircraft utilize air turbine refrigerating units to supply cooled air. These are called air cycle system.Function of air conditioning system:To maintain a comfortable temperature within the fuselage. In a typical system the temperature is measured and compared to the desired setting of the temperature controls.1 supply ventilation air2 supply heated air3 supply cooled airFunction of cabin pressure control system:To provide cabin pressure regulation , pressure relief , vacuum relief ,and the means of selecting the desired cabin altitude.4 WINGTIP DEVICES-improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft, intended effect id always to reduce the drag by altering the airflow near the wingtips.5 APU-AUXILIARY POWER UNITFunction- to provide power to start the main engines. Turbine engines must be accelerated to a high rotational speed in order to provide sufficient air compression for self-sustaining operation. Before engines are to be turned, the APU is started, generally by a battery or hydraulic accumulator. Once the APU is running, it provides power (electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic, depending on the design) to start the aircrafts main engines.APUs fitted to ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Operations) aircraft are a critical safety device, as they supply backup electricity and compressed air in place of the dead engine or failed main engine generator.三）特情处置先说一下CRM-COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCRM 包括4部分1：establish good communication with crew members , so that we can prevent and correct any mistakes.2：take full advantage of the facilities onboard and the ground navaids.3：operate the aircraft strictly according to the manual and SOPs.4：comply with the aviation regulations.关于EMERGENCY ，处置1. stay calm ,maintain the right configuration and attitude. 2. the crew members should accomplish each others own duty, find the cause and do the right checklist , follow standard procedures. 3. report to ATC your location , situation onboard, and intention. Request landing priority if possible.这里只是提供一个大致框架，具体特勤具体分析，如ENGINE FAILURE, BOMB ONBOARD,GEAR JAM等，具体的细节就只有自己去丰满。关于SICK PASSENGER ONBOARD的处置：1. have the cabin attendant to take first aid 2. inform the passengers to find if theres doctor onboard so that we can ask for help 3. inform the ATC, request landing priority or divert to the nearest suitable airport, and request ambulance and doctors ready at landing我在考试的时候遇到关于SUFFER FROM HEART ATTACK的乘客四）口试OPI的前三部分只会涉及很少的专业问题，所以这三部分可以一起来看和准备。说的直白一点，这几部分就是和考官扯淡，但是扯淡要注意尺度，不要使劲扯，扯淡变成扯蛋会有一点痛的。这里部分会过渡到一些飞行相关的问题。分院，飞行经历，所飞机型，小时数，所遇特勤，职业特性，基本可以概括为一次完整的飞行过程。建议考前写一篇关于自己飞行的文章，涵盖以上一些信息。到时候遇到可以触类旁通，把你准备的说出来。同时也是做一个引导，引导考官就你的信息中挖掘问题，这样会比较占主动性。E.G:That choosing to be a pilot as my career makes me proud and makes my family proud. This is a noble job. Come on, think about it. Because of our works, a boy can meet his bonny lass, a father back from business trip can give his daughter a warm hug, businessmen can sign their contracts in time, and packages are delivered to your door on time. All these give me a feeling of success, a feeling of happiness. And besides, this is a job with good salary and comparatively high social status. I used to consider that its easy to be a pilot. You know, just like the unprofessional people thinks: pilots engage the AP after takeoff, then planned route, planned level, planned everything. All the pilots need to do is disengaging the AP when the aircraft comes to the short final, and make a perfect landing, taxi to the right gate. Thats all. It looks easy and seems that everybody can do that. But Ive changed my mind after all the things Ive been through in the GUANGHAN flight college where I actually learnt how to control and manage an aircraft and how to be a professional pilot. Theres a long way to go, and that takes time. The very first rule I learn is to be patient, always. And there is a “13-hours-checkride” which is set to check whether the student is skillful or talented enough to be a pilot. This is a cruel check for the students, and some are doomed to fail. I sweated my shirt and the headphone that day in the cockpit. But lucky me, I passed. This is the most precious treasure in my life that I wish I would never experience again.附加：各个系统词汇Air Conditioning SystemPACK空调主件 HOT BLEED AIR热引气OUTLET DUCT外流管 BYPASS VALVE旁通活门 RAM AIR 冲压空气INLET SCOOP 进气口 TRIM AIR VALVE 调节空气EXTRACTOR FAN排气风扇 GUARDED FLAP 有保护盖的导片BLOWER 鼓风机 EXTRCTOR排风扇 OVERBOARD 机外ONBOARD机上 OPEN-CIRCUIT开路 CLOSED-CIRCUIT闭路CONFIGURATION 形态 PASSENGER LOAD乘客载荷 DOWNSTREAM下游STANDING WATER积水 ATLN（ALTERNATE）备份C HANNEL通道PNEUMATIC气源 DUAL 双的 SWITCH OVER交换PRE-COOLER预冷机 COOLANT冷却剂 AMBER琥珀色VENTILATION通风 CIRCUIT BREAKER跳开关 PRESSURIZATION （增压）FLAPPER VALVES 瓣状活门 PROFILE 剖面 TOGGLE 扳钮开关VACUUM 真空 ISAO BARIC 等压 BAROMETRIC 气压PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS 压差 ANEROID SWITCH 膜盒气压STBY （STANDBY）备份 DC DIRECT CURRENCY 直流电DITCH 水上迫降 SUPERCHARGER 增压器 INADVERTENT 偶然的LEAKAGE 漏、渗 APRON 停机坪 CEILING 顶板 ACCESSORY 副件THROTTLE LEVER 油门杆 CRUISE 巡航NEGATIVE RELIEF VALVE 负压释放活门 POSITIVE PRESSURE 正压AIRPORT ELEVATION 机场标高 AUTOPILOT（自动驾驶）MOMENTUM 动量 MIMICKING 模仿 GLARE-SHIELD 遮光板PerformanceACTUATORS 制动器 SURVEILLANCE 监视 QUADRANT 油门操纵杆FLEX（FLEXIBLE）灵活的MCT（MAXIMUM CONTINUE THRUST） 最大连续推力ELEVATORS 升降舵 AILERON 副翼 NAVAID 助航SID（STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE） 标准仪表离场STAR（STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE）标准进场程序MISSED APPROACH （GO AROUND） 复飞DYNAMIC 动力的 AUGMENTATION 增加、增益FLIGHT ENVELOPE 飞行包线CDU（CONTOL DISPLAY UNIT）控制显示组件FMA（FLIGHT MODE ANNUNCIATOR）飞行方式显示器ADIRS（AIR DATA AND INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM）大气数据及惯性基准系统MCP（MODE CONTROL PANEL）方式控制面板GPS（GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM）全球定位系统FLARE 平飘 TOUCHDOWN 接地点 FLY-BY-WIRE 电传操纵ACELEROMETER 加速器 ALIGNMENT 对准、校准SERVOMOTOR 伺服马达 GYROSCOPE 陀螺THRUST REDUCTION ALT 减推力高度 REVERSE 反推ARM 预位 FPA（FLIGHT PATH ANGLE）飞行航径角 LOCALIZER 航向道IDLE 慢车DETENT 卡位FPV（FLIGHT PATH VECTOR）飞行航径矢量CRM（COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT）驾驶舱资源管理PF（PILOT-FLIGHT）把杆飞行员PFD（PRIMARY FLIGHT DISPLAY）主飞行显示 PULLEY 滑轮 ROLL 滑跑SCROLL 翻动、卷起 SLEW 上下选页 VELOCITY 速度DATA BASE LOADER 数据库装载机ALPHA/NUMERIC KEY BOARD 字母/数字键盘DYNAMIC AND BACKGROUD DATA 动态和背景数据TROPOPAUSE 对流层顶 ALIGNMENT 校准EFOB（ESTIMATED FUEL ON BOARD） 预计机上燃油ETA（ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVING）预计到达时间ADC（AIR DATA COMPUTER）大气数据计算机CRT（CATHODE RAY TUBE）阴极射线管LSK（LINE SELECT KEY）行选键 TERMINAL AREA 终端区域COORDINATE 经纬度 RNVA AREA NAVIGATION 区域导航 EN-ROUTE 在航路上CFDS（CENTRALIZED FAULT DISPLAY SYSTEM）集中显示系统VIBRATIONS 振动 IMPULSES 脉冲 CURVATURE 弯曲 曲度TRANSCEIVER 无线电收发机INTERPHONE 内话机 EVACUATION 疏散KNOB 旋钮 BUZZER 蜂鸣声FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMREJECTED T/O 中断起飞 CONVENTIONAL 通用的WHEEL 驾驶盘 COLUMN 驾驶杆 PEDAL 脚蹬SURFACE 舵面 RUDDER 方向舵 SPEED-BRAKE 减速板FLAP 襟翼 STAB TRIM 调整片 OVERRIDE SWITCH 超控电门AW DAMPER 偏航阻尼器 CENTERING MECHANISM 定中机械 SWEEP BACK 后掠SPOILER 扰流板 JAM 卡阻 ROLL 滚转（横滚） PITCH 俯仰STABILIZER 安定面 YAW 偏航 YAW DAMPER RATE GYRO 偏航率陀螺仪LONGITUDINAL AXIS 纵轴 VERTICAL AXIS 垂轴 LATERAL AXIS 横轴ACTUATING CYLINDER 作动筒 AIRFOIL 翼部面SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROL 辅助飞行操纵HIGH LIFT DEVICE 增升装置TRAILING EDGE（TE）后缘 LEADING EDGE（LE）前缘POWER TRANSFER UNIT（PTU）动力传输装置 STALL 失速MANEUVER 机动飞行 INBOARD 内侧 OURBOARD 外侧SLOTTED 开缝的 THREE SLOTTED FLAP 三开缝襟翼 DRAG 阻力COMPARATOR 比较仪 ROLL RATE 滚转率 MIXER 混合器DEFLECTION 偏转 AERODYNAMIC MEAN CHORD 平均空气动力弦TORQUE 扭力 JACK 千斤顶FIRE PROTECTIONOVERHEAT 超温 FIRE DETECTION 探火 FIRE DETECTION LOOP 探火环FIRE ALERT 火警戒 FAULT MONITORING CIRCUIT 失效监控电路WARNING BELL 火警铃 GROUND PROXIMITY 近地ENGINE INDICATING AND CREW ALERTING SYSTEM （EICAS）发动机指示和机组警戒系统ENGINE NACELLE 发动机舱 CARGO COMPARTMENT 货舱MALFUNCTION 失效 SMOKE DETECTION 烟雾探测 LOCK DOWN 下锁SHUTDOWN 关车 UNLOCK 开锁 TRIP 跳开关THRUST REVERSER 反推CARBON DIOXIDE（CO2）二氧化碳 TOXICITY 毒性ELECTRICAL SYSTEMGENERATE 发电 DISTRIBUTE 配电 ESSENTIAL POWER 重要设备电源VOLTAGE 电压 PHASE 相 BUS 汇流条TRANSER RECTIFIER UNIT（TRU）变压整流器LIGHTING CIRCUIT 照明电路 EMERGENCY POWER 应急电源STANDBY POWER 备用电源 ONBOARD 机载STATIC INVERTER 静变流机 BATTERY 电瓶 FREQUENCY 电频RAM AIR-DRIVER GENERATOR 冲压空气驱动发电机ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATOR 发动机驱动的发电机BATTERY CHARGER 电瓶充电器LOAD 载荷、电荷 TRIP OFF 跳开 CHARGE 充电SERVICE BUS 勤务汇流条 SPLIT BUS 分裂汇流条BUS TIE BREAKER （BTB）汇流条连接断路器GENERATOR CONTROL UNIT（GCU）发动机控制组件MONITOR 监控 DIVISION 分配FUELINNER FUEL TANK 内侧燃油箱 INTEGRAL TANK 整体油箱WING/FUSELAGE STRUCTURE 机翼/机身结构 WING TIP 翼尖FUEL NOZZLE 燃油喷嘴 VENT SURGE TANK 通风（防震动）油箱SPILLAGE 溢出 DIVERT 转向 GROSS WEIGHT （GW）全重E/WD ENGINE AND WARNING DISPLAY 发动机警告指示CROSS FEED VALVE 交输供油活门CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE 水气凝结 SURGE TANK 通风油箱HYDRAULIC SYSTEMRESERVOIR 液压油箱、水库 FILTER 滤器、滤纸ACCUMULATOR 储压器、储蓄器 EXPEL 排出、赶出PISTON 活塞 CHARGE 释放、放出 WHEEL BRAKE 机轮刹车装置NOSE WHEEL STEERING 前轮转向操纵PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE 主飞行操纵面PRESSURE REGULATOR 调压器EMERGENCY PUMP 应急泵CHECK VALVE 单向活门SELECTOR VALVE 选择活门ACTUATING VALVE 卸荷活门PREDETERMINED VALVE 预定值BALL VALVE 球形活门RETURN LINE 回油管路 SPRAY 喷、向喷射PERFORATE 穿孔于 HERMAL ANTI-ICING SYSTEM 热防冰系统WINDSHIELD 风挡 ENGINE COWL 发动机整流罩STATIC PORT 静压口 BIRD-STRIKE 鸟击AOA（THE ANGLE OF ATTTACK）迎角TAT（TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE）全温SAT（STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE）静温EIS（电子仪表系统）A