实验诊断学英文词汇及解释-1.doc

实验诊断学英文词汇及解释Words and Phrases of Laboratory Diagnostics 概 论Accuracy： 准确度Closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and a true value of the measurand.1.Accuracy is a qualitative concept. Its quantitative counterpart is error of measurement.2.IFCC has used this term with the present meaning of trueness.Biological microchip： 生物芯片Biological microchip (or biochip) is a micro-scale assay platform mainly developed by methods involving microelectronic technology. Biochips in general incorporate the following areas of technological expertise: Nano dispensing a physical process that places discrete test regions onto each biochip. Reproducibility of test region position and concentration are imperative for accurate assay results. Selection of the correct biologically active ligand to attach to the biochip surface can greatly affect the activity of the assay. Once placed on the biochip surface, the ligand has to be stabilized, again to retain reproducibility as well as to extend the self-life. In addition, two dimension imaging is required along with specially designed software.Clinical chemistry： 临床化学Clinical chemistry encompasses the study of the chemical aspects of human life in health and illness and the application of chemical laboratory methods to diagnosis, control of treatment and prevention of disease.Coefficient variation： 变异系数The ratio of the standard deviation to the mean.Decision level： 决定水平A concentration of analyte where medical interpretation is critical for patient care. There may be several different medical decision levels for a particular analyte . Decision level should provide guidance for selecting relevant estimates of stable imprecision, stable inaccuracy, and matrix inaccuracy. This is analogous to identifying a critical target value for assessing test performance and validating quality control design.Evidence based laboratory medicine (EBM)： 循证检验医学EBLM is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This definition can readily be applied to laboratory medicine, recognizing(a) that a request for a diagnostic test represents part of a decision-making process; (b) the relevance to the clinical situation at hand; (c) the need for critical appraisal of evidence in terms of quality; and (d) the continuing evolution of evidence, particularly for new test.Evidence based medicine (EBM)： 循证医学Evidence based medicine (EBM) is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.External quality assessment： 室间质量评价A program in which multiple specimens are periodically sent to members of a group of laboratories for analysis and/or identification, and in which each laboratorys results are compared with those of other laboratories in the group and/or with an assigned value, and reported to the participating laboratory and others.Flow cytometry： 流式细胞术A technique for measuring and characterizing particles, usually cells suspended in fluid. The cells flow individually through an aperture , where they are exposed to light or electric current .Cell properties are determined by their effect on electrical transmission or on reflecting or absorbing light or fluorescence. Large numbers of cells are examined very rapidly and the results are analyzed by computer.Gas analysis： 血气分析In order to judge the state of acid-base balance, measurements are made simultaneously of blood pH, PaCO2 and Pa O2 on a single blood gas instrument, then the other parameters, such as HCO-,AB, BB, BE, Sat O2, Ca O2 are calculated by the analyzer.Immunology： 免疫学Immunology may be considered the study of the phenomena that enable organisms to distinguish nonself from self and to respond specifically to foreign macromolecules.The formation of antibodies and the generation of antigen-reactive lymphocytes are the two principal phenomena studied. All aspects of these two phenomena and the effector mechanisms that they can recruit are included in the science of immunology.Internal quality control： 室内质量控制Procedures run in association with the measurement of patients specimens to evaluate whether the analytical system is operating within predefined tolerance limits.Laboratory medicine： 检验医学That part of medicine which has to do with ascertaining the nature of disease by means of measuring the value of analyte in body fluids.Laboratory accreditation： 实验室认可Procedure by which an authoritative body gives formal recognition that a body or person is competent to carry out specific tasks.Microbiology： 微生物学The branch of science concerned with microorganisms. It can be divided variously into branches, either by content (bacteriology, virology, mycology, protozoology, phycology ) or by area of application (medical, soil, etc.).Molecular biology: 分子生物学A branch of biology concerned with the properties of specific molecules and the interactions between molecules and the living organisms in which they occur.Molecular hybridization： 分子杂交A procedure used to compare the similarity of base sequences between two polynucleotide chains from different sources .The polynucleotide chains are heated to separate to two single strands (melting). Recombination or annealing occurs upon slow cooling.Parasitology： 寄生虫学The branch of biology and of medicine which focuses on various aspects of parasitism, parasitic disease, and host-parasite relationships.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)： 聚合酶链式反应In nature, most organisms copy their DNA in the same way. The PCR mimics this process, only does it in a test tube. When cell divides, enzyme called polymerase makes a copy of the DNA in chromosome.The first step in this process is to unzip the DNA double helix. As the two strands separate, DNA polymerase makes a copy using each strand as a template.Precision： 精密度Closeness of agreement among independent results of measurement obtained under stipulated conditions.1.Precision is a qualitative concept. Its quantitative counterpart is imprecision, which is computed as a standard deviation or a coefficient of variation of the measurement results.3.Standard deviation expressing imprecision may depend on the value of the measurand; the phenomenon is called heteroscedasticity.Quality assurance system： 质量保证体系All those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product, process or service will satisfy given requirements for quality.Reference interval ： 参考范围The interval between, and including, two reference limits. (e.g., for fasting glucose the reference interval is 3.6 to 6.1mmol/L; in some cases, only one reference limit is important, usually an upper limit, “x” and the corresponding reference interval would be 0 to x.临床血液检验Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) : 活化部分凝血激酶时间A coagulation test that has superseded the partial thromboplastin time test (PTT) in the clinical hematology laboratory. The term APTT is interchangeable with PTT in daily usage.Aplastic anemia : 再生障碍性贫血This form of anemia occurs when the bone marrow ceases sufficient red and white blood cell production. It may be induced by exposure to high level of toxic chemicals, radiation and certain drugs.The pathogen may lead results including damage on hematopoietic multi-potent stem cell or hematopoietic micro-environment, immunodeficiency or immunodysfunction.Its main change on bone marrow and characteristic peripheral blood is all or any of the followings: granulocytopenia, erythrocytopinia and thrombocytopenia.Apoptosis: 细胞凋亡Programmed cell death as signalled by the nuclei in normally functioning human and animal cells when age or state of cell health and condition dictate. An active process requiring metabolic activity by the dying cell,often characterised by cleavage of the DNA into fragments that give a so called ladder pattern on gels. Cells that die by apoptosis do not usually elicit the inflammatory responses that are associated with necrosis,though the reasons are not clear. Cancerous cells, however, are unable to experience the normal cell transduction or apoptosis-driven natural cell death process.Basophilla segmented granulocyte: 嗜碱性分叶核粒细胞Granular leukocytes characterised by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes.Basophilic normoblast: 早幼红细胞Cell of the bone marrow that derives from pronormoblast and will give rise to normoblast.Bone marrow puncture: 骨髓穿刺A small volume of bone marrow removed under local or general anesthetic from either the hip bone (pelvis) or breast bone (sternum). Then cells in the sample are examined under the microscope to identify any abnormality.Chromosome aberration: 染色体畸变,染色体异常Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes.Chromosome translocation: 染色体易位The fusion of part of one chromosome onto part of another. Largely sporadic and random, there are some translocations at hot spots that occur often enough to be clinically significant.Coagulation: 血凝A group of plasma protein substances (Factor I-XIII) contained in the plasma, which act in concert to bring about blood coagulation. Many of the factors contain EGF like domains.Coagulation factors: 凝血因子Totally, there are 12 substances in the plasma essential to the clotting process, and hence to maintenance of normal hemostasis.The factors are designated by Roman numeralsto and to , to which the notations “a” is added to indicate the activated state.Cold agglutinin: 冷凝集素Antibodies that agglutinate particles with greater activity below 32. They are IgM antibodies specifically reactive with blood groups I and i in humans and agglutinate red blood cells on cooling, causing Raynauds phenomenon in vivo.Component blood transfusion: 成分输血Blood components can be used for transfusion. Blood components are parts of whole blood, such as red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, platelets, clotting factors, immunoglobulins, and white blood cells. Use of blood components is a more efficient way to use the blood supply, because blood that has been processed (fractionated) into components can be used to treat more than one person.Coomb test: Coomb试验, 抗球蛋白试验Hemagglutination test in which coombs reagent (antiglobulin, or anti-human globulin rabbit immune serum) is added to detect incomplete (non-agglutinating, univalent, blocking) antibodies coating on erythrocytes. The direct test is applied to red blood cells which have been coated with antibody in vivo (e.g., in hemolytic disease of newborn, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and transfusion reactions). The indirect test is applied to serum to detect the presence of antibody (e.g., in detection of incompatibility in cross-matching tests, detection and identification of irregular antibodies, and in detection of antibodies not identifiable by other means).Cross matching: 交叉配血The methods of ABO and Rh(D) typing of human blood, of screening the serum foratypical (unexpected) antibodies, and of compatibility testing between the serum of the patient and the erythrocytes of a potential donor.In all of these tests, visible clumping (agglutination of the erythrocytes) indicates an antigen-antibody reaction.D-dimer: D-二聚体D-dimer is a protein that is released into the circulation during the process of fibrinolysis. D-dimer represents an area of crosslinked fibrin degradation product that originated from the breaking down of the fibrin clot .D-dimer is a valuable diagnostic marker in either detecting the presence of, or monitoring the progress of a fibrin-based thrombotic event. Such is the case in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), coronary heart disease and other arterial and venous thrombotic states.Disseminated intravascular coagulation;DIC： 弥散性血管内凝血A disturbance in the hemostatic balance, activated by a procoagulant stimulus, that produces the release of tissue factor into the circulation, or conditions that lead to endothelial cell injury and/or Factor activation.Both platelet and coagulation factor are consumed, fibrin is deposited in small vessels in many organs, then the fibrinolytic system is activated with the subsequent accumulation of fibrin (fibrinogen)degradation products in the circulation, which also inhibit clot formation.Enzyme: 酶A protein molecule produced by living organisms, which catalyses chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions.Enzymes are classified according to the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Each enzyme is assigned a recommended name and an Enzyme Commission (EC) number.They are divided into six main groups, oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases.Eosinophil : 嗜曙红细胞Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (granulocyte) of the myeloid series, of which the granules stain red with eosin. They are phagocytic, particularly associated with helminth infection and with hypersensitivity.Eosinophilic segmented granulocyte: 嗜酸性的分节核粒细胞A type of polymorphonuclear leukocyte containing eosin-staining granules. Although the activity of eosinophils is not entirely clear, they are known to destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions. They also secrete chemical mediators that can cause bronchoconstriction in asthma.Erythrocyte sedimetation rate： 红细胞沉降率A test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a column of liquid. A nonspecific index of inflammation.Erythrocytosis: 红细胞增多An abnormal elevation in the number of red blood cells. Normal RBC counts should be in the range of 4.0-5.5 million per cubic millimetre for males and 3.5-5.0 million per cubic millimetre for females.Erythrocytosis may occur for physiologic reasons (to increase oxygen carrying capacity) in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or those who live at higher altitude.Granulocytic series: 粒细胞系Leucocyte with conspicuous cytoplasmic granules. In humans the granulocytes are also classified as polymorphonuclear leucocytes and are subdivided according to the staining properties of the granules into eosinophils,basophils and neutrophils (using a Romanovsky type stain), some invertebrate blood cells are also referred to, not very helpfully, as granulocytes.Hematocyte: 血细胞There are three main types of cells in the blood stream.The correct balance between each cell type must be maintained for the body to remain healthy.Hematopoietic multipotent stem cell: 造血多能干细胞Cell that gives rise to distinct daughter cells, one a replica of the stem cell, one a cell that will further proliferate and differentiate into a mature blood cell.Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all lineages, committed stem cells (derived from the pluripotent stem cell) only to some.Heme : 亚铁血红素Compounds of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring that differ in side chain composition. Haem is the prosthetic group of cytochromes and is found in most oxygen carrier proteins.Hemoglobin: 血红蛋白Four subunit globular oxygen carrying protein of vertebrate and some invertebrate.in adult humans, the haem moiety (an iron containing substituted porphyrin) is firmly held in a nonpolar crevice in each peptide chain.Hemolytic anemia: 溶血性贫血Anemia resulting from reduced red blood cell survival time and hemolysis, either due to an intrinsic defect in the erythrocyte (hereditary spherocytosis or elliptocytosis, enzyme defects,hemoglobinopathy) or an extrinsic damaging agent. For example autoantibody (autoimmune hemolytic anemia), isoantibody, parasitic invasion of the cells (malaria), bacterial or chemical hemolysins, mechanical damage to erythrocytes.Hemolytic disease of newborn: 新生儿溶血症It results from the passage of antibodies from the maternal circulation across the placenta into the circulation of the foetus where they react with red blood cells and mediate their destruction.Hemolysis: 溶血, 血细胞溶解Alteration, dissolution or destruction of red blood cells in such a manner that hemoglobin is liberated into the medium in which the cells are suspended e.g. by specific complement-fixing antibodies, toxins, various chemical agents.Hemophilia: 血友病包括血友病A、B、C三种类型A hemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms:2. Hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also X-chromosome linked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. chromosome (Xq), but a different loci are characterised by subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhages, bleeding from the mouth, gums, lips and tongue, hematuria and hemarthrosis.Hemorrhage： 出血Escape of blood from the vessels into the surrounding tissue or into the environment. Acute hemorrhage refers to immediate and severe bleeding, whereas chronic hemorrhage refers to less blood volume, lost more gradually.Homeostasis: 止血The arrest of bleeding by physiologic properties of homeostasis depends on the types of surrounding tissues, the integrity of the blood vessels, normal platelet number and function,and presence of adequate amounts of protein function on promoting and inhibiting coagulation.Infectious mononucleosis: 传染性单核细胞增多(症)Self-limiting disorder of lymphoid tissue caused by infection with Epstein Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis). Characterised by the appearance of many large lymphoblasts in the circulation.International normalized ratio: 国际标准化比值A number used to monitor patients taking oral anticoagulants. Using this number, clinicians may interpret the prothrombin time (PT) results among laboratories using different thromboplastin preparations with different sensitivities to the effects of anticoagulants. It is calculated as the