油气储运专业英语.doc

FPSO：Floating Production, Storage and Offloading. Typically a tanker type hull or barge with wellheads on a turret that the ship can rotate freely around (to point into wind, waves or current). The turret has wire rope and chain connections to several anchors (position mooring-POSMOR), or it can be dynamically positioned using thrusters (dynamic positioning-DYNPOS). Water depths 200 to 200 meters, Common with subsea wells. The main process is placed on the deck, while the hull is used for storage and offloading to a shuttle tanker. May also be used with pipeline transport.浮动生产储卸油装置。通常油轮船体上的塔楼或该船舶可以自由旋转左右（一般朝向风浪或水流）。塔楼通过绳索连接到锚上（定位抛锚），也可以用推进器进行动态定位（动态定位）。它水深200至2000米，这些井在海底是比较常见的。其主要的处理工艺放置在甲板上，这种船体是用于储存和卸油到穿梭油轮上。也可用于管道运输。TLP: A Tension Leg Platform consists of a structure held in place by vertical tendons connected to the sea floor by pile-secured templates. The structure is held in a fixed position by tensioned tendons, which provide for use of the TLP in a broad water depth rang up to about 2000m. Limited vertical motion. The tendons are constructed as hollow high tensile strength steel pipes that carry the spare buoyancy of the structure and ensure limited vertical motion. A variant is Seastar platforms which are miniature floating tension leg platforms, much like the semi submersible type, with tensioned tendons.张力腿式平台是由垂直的绳索连接到海底的桩护底板上的这样的结构组成的。这种结构通过张力腿被保持在一固定位上，这种TLP张力腿被广泛应用于很宽的水域中，水深高达2000米。它可限制垂向运动。这种张力腿的结构一般用中空高强度的钢管，所以可承载多余的浮力，限制垂向的运动。对于这个有一种不同的微小的张力腿式平台称为 “海之星”，它像是半潜式的张力腿。SPAR: The SPAR consists of a single tall floating cylinder hull, supporting a fixed deck. The cylinder however does not extend all the way to the seafloor, but instead is tethered to the bottom by a series of cables and lines. The large cylinder serves to stabilize the platform in the water, and allows for movement to absorb the force of potential hurricanes. Spars can be quite large and are used for water depths from 300 and up to 3000 meters. SPAR is not an acronym, but refers to its likeness with a ships spar. Spars can support dry completion wells, but is more often used with subsea wells.深水浮桶式平台是单个很大的浮动圆柱桶体，由它支撑固定平台。这个圆筒不是一直延伸到海底的，而是通过一系列的缆绳和绳索连接到海底的。这较大的筒体起到稳定水中平台的作用，还可通过运动来吸收潜在飓风的力量。深水浮桶式平台可能十分大，常常被用于水深300至3000米的水域中。SPAR不是首写字母的缩写，其形状就像是船的桅杆。深水浮桶平台可以支持干式完井，因此像这种平台被广泛应用于海底中。To get the last of the water out of the oil, the oil is processed through an oil treater or a treating system. A treater is similar to a separator, but with special features to help separate the water from the oil. Treaters or treating systems usually provide heat to reduce oil viscosity and large settling sections to allow the water time to settle from the oil, and may provide an electrostatic grid to promote coalescing of the water droplets. Conventional treaters usually have a front section with a heater in which the emulsion is heated and initial separation of the “free water” takes place. The oil then flows to a second section of the vessel, where additional coalescence and settling of the water droplets takes place. Gas is flashed (i.e. liberated) from the emulsion as the pressure is lowered and the temperature is raised from the upstream separator. For a conventional treater with a heater, free-water knockout section, and settling section, the water content in the oil can be reduced to less than 1%. An electrostatic treater, which is a conventional treater with an electrostatic grid in the settling section, can reduce the water content to 0.3 to 0.5%by volume. 为了让最后一滴水从油中分离出来，油品通常是通过油处理器或处理系统来加工的。处理器类似于一个分离器，它的特殊特征有助于水从油中去除。处理器或处理系统通过加热处理来降低原油的粘度和增大沉降区域，允许水从油中沉下来。它也可以提供静电场，以促进对水滴的凝聚。常规的处理器通常有用来加热乳液的前加热区域，从而初步实现自由水的分离。然后油流向容器的第二个区域，在那里水滴进一步聚集和沉降。上游分离器中通过压力降低和温度上升，乳化液中的气体发生闪蒸。对于常规原油处理器加热器有自由水脱水区域和沉降区域，水在油中所占的体积会减低到少于1%。带有静电或静电厂的，其实是在常规处理器的沉降区域中装有静电场的，它可以使油中的含水容积减少到0.3%到0.5%。The rotating part of the compressor consists of all the impellers. It runs on two radial bearings (on all modern compressors, there are hydrodynamic tilt pad bearings), while the axial thrust generated by the impellers is balanced by a balance piston, and resulting force is balanced by a hydrodynamic tilt pad thrust bearing. To keep the gas from escaping at the shaft ends, dry gas seals are used. The entire assembly is contained in a casing (usually barrel type).压缩机的旋转部分包括所有的叶轮。它在两个止推径向轴承（在所有现代压缩机，它们通常用液压斜垫止推轴承）上运动，而由叶轮产生的轴向推力是由平衡活塞平衡的，以及这个合力是由液压斜垫止推滑片轴承平衡。为了防止轴承末端漏气，使用干气密封。所有这些部件都安装在一个盒中（通常是筒形）。The different working principles cause differences in the operating characteristics of the centrifugal compressors compared to those the reciprocating unit. Centrifugal compressors are used in a wide variety of applications in chemical plants, refineries, onshore and offshore gas lift and gas injection application, gas gathering, and in the transmission of natural gas. Centrifugal compressors can be used for outlet pressures as high as 10000 psia， thus overlapping with reciprocating compressors over a portion of the flow rate/pressure domain. Centrifugal compressors are usually either turbine or electric motor driven. Typical operating speeds for centrifugal compressors in gas transmission applications are about 14000 rpm for 5000-hp units 8000 rpm for 20000-hp units.不同的工作原理造成的离心压缩机的运行特性与往复压缩机的不同。离心压缩机被广泛应用于化工厂，炼油厂，陆上和海上气举和注气的应用，气体收集以及天然气运输广泛的应用，。离心压缩机可用于出口压力高达10000 psia，因而离心压缩机中有一部分的流量和压力范围和往复压缩机是重合。离心压缩机通常使用汽轮机或燃气轮机。离心压缩机在天然气输送的一般运行速度是5000马力时达14000 转/分， 20000马力时达8000转/分。The task of gas compression is to bring gas from a certain suction pressure to a higher discharge pressure by means of mechanical work. The actual compression process is often compared to one of three ideal processes: isothermal, isentropic, and polytrophic compression. 气体压缩的任务是利用机械功将气体从某进口压力到一个更高的排放压力。实际的压缩过程类似于一个比较理想的三个过程：等温，等熵和多变性压缩。Mercaptans are compounds that occur naturally in sour gas. They are hydrocarbon compounds that have a sulfur atom inserted between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl merchantman are some examples. Mercaptans have a strong offensive odor, and certain mixtures of manufactured mercaptan, such as tertiary butyl mercaptan and isopropy mercaptan, as well as others, are added to sweet natural gas to odorize the gas prior to domestic or commercial consumption.硫醇是酸性含硫天然气中天然存在的化合物。它其实是由一个硫原子位于碳原子和氢原子之间的碳性化合物。最常见的有甲基硫醇，乙基硫醇，丙基硫醇，丁基硫醇。硫醇具有强烈的刺激性臭味，以及某些硫醇混合物，如叔丁基硫醇和异丙基硫醇，以及其他混合物会在家庭或者商业消费使用前添加到不含硫的天然气中进行加臭处理。甲硫醇混合物，比如三丁基硫醇和异丙基，和其它的物质一样，在家庭和商业使用之前通常被加在甜的天然气中，从而使气体发臭。Most of the regenerative chemical sweetening solvents are alkanolamines, which are compounds formed by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms of the ammonia molecule with radicals of other compounds to form primary, secondary, or tertiary amines respectively. Amines are weak organic bases that have been used for many years in gas treating to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas as well as from synthesis gas. These compounds combine chemically with the acid gases in the contactor to form unstable salts. The salts break down under the elevated temperature and low pressure in the still.大多数的可再生脱硫化学溶剂通常是烷基胺，这种烷基胺通常被其他化合物取代，取代了它的一个，两个或者三个氢原子从而形成了伯，仲，叔胺。胺是弱有机碱，它气体处理工艺中用于除去天然气中的CO2和H2S。这些化合物在接触塔中与酸性气体化学结合，从而形成一种不稳定盐。对于这盐在升高温度和降低压力时，盐就会分解形成弱碱。又可重新利用。The flow to and from reciprocating compressors is subject to significant pressure fluctuations due to the reciprocating compression process. Therefore, pulsation dampeners have to be installed upstream and downstream of the compressor to avoid damages to other equipment. The pressure losses (several percent of the static flow pressure) of these dampeners have to be accounted for in the station design. Reciprocating compressors are widely utilized in the gas processing industries because they are flexible in throughput and discharge pressure range. Reciprocating compressors are classified as either “high speed” or “slow speed”. Typically, high-speed compressors operate at speeds of 900 to 1200 rpm and slow-speed units at speeds of 200 to 600 rpm. High-speed units are normally “separable” i.e., the compressor frame and driver are separated by a coupling or gearbox. For an “integral” unit, power cylinders are mounted on the frame as compressor cylinders, and power pistons ate attached to the same drive shaft as the compressor cylinders. Low-speed units are typically integral in design. 对流入和流出往复压缩机的液体很容易产生压力波动，这归因于往复压缩的过程。因此震动消除器必须安装在压缩机的上游和下游，以避免损坏其他设备。这些震动压力器所产生的压力损失（占流体静压力的百分比）在压力站的设计中必须被计算进去。往复式压缩机被广泛应用于气体处理业等行业，因为它在在生产量和排放压力方面是非常灵活的。往复式压缩机归类为“高速”或“低度”。通常情况下，高速压缩机运行速度在900到1200 rpm，低速压缩机运行速度在200到600 rpm。高速装置通常是“可分式”，压缩机的外壳和驱动器通过联轴器和齿轮箱分离。对于 “集成设备”，动力缸装在同一压缩机的外壳上，驱动活塞与压缩机的同一动力轴相连接。低速压缩机则是典型的集成结构。Isothermal compression occurs when the temperature is kept constant during the compression process. It is not adiabatic because the heat generated in the compression process has to be removed from the system. 等温压缩是指在在压缩过程中温度保持不变。等温过程并不是绝热过程，因为在压缩过程中产生的热量随时会被系统带走。The compression process is isentropic or adiabatic reversible if no heat is added to or removed from the gas during compression and process is frictionless. With these assumptions, the entropy of the gas does not change during the compression process. 在气体压缩过程中，如果没有热量的增加或消除，压缩过程无摩擦，那么这个压缩过程就是可逆绝热或可逆等熵过程。基于这些假设，在压缩过程中气体的熵不会改变。The polytrophic compression process is like the isentropic cycle reversible, but it is not adiabatic. It can be described as an infinite number of isentropic steps, each interrupted by isobaric heat transfer. This heat addition guarantees that the process will yield the same discharge temperature as the real process. 多变性压缩过程类似于可逆等熵循环，但并不是绝热过程。它可以被描述成是由无数个等熵步骤组成的，且每一个等熵过程都被等压传热过程打断。这种传热过程可保证过程中产生的排气温度与实际过程相同。Diglycolamine (DGA). The DGA process was developed by The Fluor Crop. in the 1950s, which called the process the Econamine Process. The advantage of DGA over MEA appears to be the lower solution rate owing to the higher solvent concentration, resulting in higher acid gas pickup per volume of solution circulated. This yields capital saving, as the regeneration equipment is smaller for DGA than for MEA. Disadvantage appear to be degradation of the chemical with CO2 and greater solubility of heavier hydrocarbons in the solution, as compared to MEA. This is a serious drawback if the acid gas steam is fed to a Claus plant, as additional air is required for the combustion of the hydrocarbons. Also, this dilutes the sulfur compounds in the sulfur recovery train. Solution strength is on the order of 50 to 70% by weight of DGA in water, which mol loadings in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 moles of acid gas per mole of DGA circulated. The DGA process train usually includes a reclaimer Diglycolamine（DGA的）。二甘醇胺（DGA）。这个DGA过程是由The Fluor Crop公司在20世纪50年代发明的，这个过程被称为“经济胺”过程。与MEA相比，DGA的优势表现在，由于由于它的溶剂浓度非常高，所以有更低的液体循环量，从而导致循环单位体积溶液吸收酸性气体量更多。对于DGA能节约投资，所以DGA的再生设备要比MEA小。与MEA相比较，DGA的缺点表现在，它与二氧化碳反应时易发生降解，此溶液对重烃有较大的溶解度。如果酸性气体进入Claus工艺进行处理，这时烃的燃烧需要加入额外的空气，这是DGA的非常严重的缺陷。此外，在硫回收流处理工艺当中，稀释含硫化合物的浓度。DGA循环的酸性气体摩尔的摩尔负荷大约在0.30.4mol的范围内时，DGA的溶液的质量浓度稀释到50%70%。The mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is called synthesis gas or spgus. The resulting hydrocarbon products are refined to produce the desired synthetic fuel. The utility of the process is primarily in its role in producing fluid hydrocarbons or hydrogen from a carbonaceous feedstock such as natural gas or coal. Possible end pro