托福阅读备课笔记--全真题解析.doc

Biology:1.OG06the Swimming MachineTuna; sailfish; marlin; mackerelsuper fish (coitus and sleep in water)a. super bodystreamline; few scalessmooth; eyes level with grooved body; sharp fins and needles; special scalesfinlet小鳍; corselet胸鳍（help reduce resistance）; must swim constantlymostly lack of gas-filled sac and bladder, so open mouth all the timeb. high-narrow tailsuper propulsion; sensitive to eddies and twirls in seamake use of them to add propulsive forcec. special temperature maintaining muscles (25C in 7C water); keep brains and eyes warm; billfishmodified muscles 2.Online test 01Opportunists and CompetitorsIntroductionthe principle of energy allocation followed by organisms decides that the major difference that categorizes organisms is how they allocate energy between to growth and to reproduction.a. Almost all energy used to reproductionopportunists; that to growth of a huge bodycompetitorsb. Opportunistsdandelions disperse a huge number of seeds constantly and can survive in human habitats but has no strong stems and died easily under the influence of disasters or competitorsthe population varied hugely along the timec. Competitorsoak trees have longevity (200years averagely) and strong competitive power against draughts, pests and fire even; leaves have foul-tasted tannins that pests hate; population is stable. Conclusion: few plants are extremely opportunistic or competitive but blenders of both features3.TPO04 passage01Deer Population of Puget SoundWashington, Pacific Northwest of United States2 dominant deer species: 1. black-tailed mule-like deer in east Washington (lowland)；2. white-tailed Columbian deer (prairie and flood)a black-tailed: forest understory plantsherbal; berry; dogwood水木; in harsh seasonmigrate to lowland areabushes and arboreal plants木本植物 (cedar leaves and red alders红恺木)b 1800-1832, deer population was reduced remarkably by the gaming of human colonizers, European explorers and by the hunting aiming at protecting farm plantsc Further population decreaseurban development caused the disappearance of habitatsd Population rebound (1940 witnessed the presence of 320,000 mule and black-tailed deer with annual increase of 65,000 deer) should give thanks to other human actions: removal of predators like wolves and limiting time for hunting, and, logging the forest where bushes, the food of deer, have been much more nutrient than before4.TPO05 passage01Minerals and PlantsMinerals in soil restrict what plants can grow in a specific area. 5.TPO06 passage03Children Amnesia6.TPO09 passage 03the Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii7.OG Test02 passage 01Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores8.TPO 11 passage 02 Orientation and Navigation9.TPO11 passage03 Begging by Nestlings10.TPO13 passage02Biological Clocks11.TPO15 passage01A warm-blooded Turtle12.TPO17 passage02Animal Signals in the Rainforests13.TPO17 passage 03Symbiotic Relationships14.TPO18 passage02the Mystery of Yawning15.TPO24 passage02Breathing During Sleep 16.TPO25 passage03the Evolutionary Origin of Plants17.TPO26 passage02Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert 18.TPO28 passage03-Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes19.TPO29 passage01 Competition 20.TPO30 passage01Role of Play in Development21.TPO30 passage02the Pace of Evolutionary ChangesArts:1.OG01Applied Arts and Fine Artsl Main Ideas:1. Paragraph 01: Applied arts have to be made following particular patterns/norms in accordance with physical laws and basically are of three functions, namely, to contain, to support and to shelter. For example, a glass bottle, a fiber-woven vase or a clay jar needs to have a bottom to contain stuff. 2. Paragraph 02: The production of fine arts is often assumed to follow the rules, too. However, fine arts are not purposed to function so they are more subject to artists conceptions. During Renaissance, bronze sculpture/statue of a horse with a leg suspended needed a cannonball under the leg, but later iron one needed no cannonball. It shows that fine art objects in terms of stability also need to follow physical laws but can be made in wider range of patterns provided proper internal structure and properties of materials. 3. Paragraph 03: It is not an exaggeration, in conclusion, that fine artists work to overcome the limitations of materials while those of applied arts work in concert with materials. l Important Vocabulary and Phrasesapplied 应用的pattern形式norm规则contain容纳/装（东西）；shelter遮蔽/挡（光；雨水）；棚子fiber纤维woven（weave的被动语态和过去分词形式）编织clay粘土/陶制的vase花瓶jar罐子；in accordance with= in concern with和保持一致/符合be assumed to被以为(被当成,事实可能与其相反往往会用这种语气)renaissance文艺复兴（背景词，备考几率高：指欧洲14,15,16世纪，当时人们用古希腊罗马帝国的文化理念来改进当时的文学艺术反对宗教压抑人性，资产阶级思想解放的开端）bronze青铜cannonball空心球、炮弹2.Online test 02Lascaux Cave Paintings3.TPO04 passa