有关说明文范文解析.doc

有关说明文范文解析 说明文是对事情的发生、发展、结果、特征、性质、状态、功能等进行解释、介绍、阐述的一种文体。这类文章的目的和性质是客观地介绍、解释事物，使读者获得知识和信息，并不需要发表主张、做出证明。一般说来，知识简介，商品介绍，旅游指南，科技读物，工作总结，实验报告，教材辅导等均属说明文之列。 写说明文，可以按时间、空间、结构、逻辑顺序来写，也可以采取举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、说明、叙述等方法。 1.比较对照 比较对照有两种，一是逐点比较，二是整块比较，即AB交错或先A后B： 1)逐点比较：多数人认为这种AB交错的方式可以避免行文的单调沉闷，对比的效果更鲜明突出。如： Therearebasicdifferencesbetweenlargeandsmallenterprises.Inasmallenterprise,youoperatedmainlythroughpersonalcontacts.Inalargeenterprise,youhaveestablished“policies”,“channels”oforganization,andfairlystrictprocedure.Inthesmallenterpriseyouhaveimmediateeffectivenessinaverysmallarea.Youcanseetheeffectofyourworkandofyourdecisionsground.Inthelargeorganizationyouarenormallytaughtonethingthoroughly.InthesmallonethedangerisofbeingaJack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none.Inthelargeitisofbeingthemanwhoknowsmoreandmoreaboutlessandless. 2)整块比较 Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbeposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness. 2.分类 分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一，也是描写事物、解释观点最有效的方式之一。通过将一事物分类，可使复杂事物变得清晰明了，便于作者阐述自己的观点。 分类段落的各类排列要条理，可采用从主要到次要，从次要到主要，从多到少或从少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如： 1)Asfaraspoliticalviewsareconcerned,peoplefallintothreecategories.Firstaretheconservativepeople.Conservativesareopposedtosuddenorgreatchanges.Secondaretheliberalpeople.Thesepeopleareinfavorofprogressandreform.Buttheiropinionsoftenseemtoidealistic.Thethirdtypeisthemoderatepeople.Themoderateskeepeverythingwithinreasonablelimits.Theyaremorepracticalinthishardworld.Inmyopinion,mostpeopleseemtobelongtothisgroup. 本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治观点分为三类：保守、自由和温和。 2)TheseareseveralreasonswhyIdecidedtomattendBingstonUniversity.Firstofall,thetuitionisreasonable.Secondly,theuniversityhasadeferredpaymentplan,whichlessonstheloadofpeasantfamilieslikemine.AnotherreasonisthatBingstonhasthefinestteachersinitsgraduateprogram.Mychiefreason,however,isBingstonsprograminagriculture,mychosenfield,whichisrecognizedastheleaderinthisarea. 该段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者决定上Bingston大学的原因。 3)AordingtoMr.Li,thefifteenstudentsofhisclassfallintothreegroups.Sevenofthemworkhardandstudywell.Theyalwaysgetgoodmarksinexaminationsandareoftenpraisedbytheteachers.Licallsthem“goodstudents”.Themonitor,thesecretaryoftheYouthLeague,andthecaptainoftheclassvolleyballteam,arequickinfindingoutwhattheirfellowstudentsareinterestedinorwhattheyshoulddoasacollective.Theyalwaysorganizeproperactivitiesatthepropertime.SoLicallsthem“goodorganizers”.Fourotherstudentsareverykindtotheirclassmates,alwaysreadytolendthemahelpinghand.Theyhelptocleantheclassroomandthecorridorevenwhentheyarenotonduty.Lisaysthattheyare“goodrades”.“Whataboutyourself?”someoneaskshim.“Imagroupbymyselfagoodobserver”. 该段不同于以上两段，不是先分类再解释，而是先说明其特点，然后定义分类。虽分类并不科学，却达到了其幽默之目的。 3.特征 例证指具体说明人或事物特点、本质及其规律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例证型段落的写作方式多为先提出主题再列举事例。在事例之前一般有Forexample或Forinstance。例证后面，根据情况还可以加上结论句。如： Inordertopreventnon-smokersfrombeingaffected,measuresmustbetakentoreducethechancesofsmoking.Alotofworkcanbedoneconcerningthis.Forexample,insomepublicplaces,suchasinthetheatresandcinemas,smokingshouldbeforbidden.Evenonthetrainorplanepeopleshouldnotbeallowedtosmoke.Doctors,teachersandgovernmentleadersshouldtaketheleadnottosmoke.Aboveall,theharmfulnessanddangerscausedbysmokingshouldbemadeknowntoallthroughnewspapers,broadcast,orTVprograms.Alsothegrowingoftobaoandtheproductionofcigarettesshouldnotbeencouraged.Ifthesemeasurescanbetaken,wecaneffectivelyreducethechancesofsmoking. 4因果 因果是两个事物之间的关系。一些说明文，议论文通过分析因果关系说明一个中心思想。如不能把因果关系解释清楚，文章将无法说明任何主题。 因果型段落的扩展模式有两种，一是分类编法，另一个是连环编排法。如果只讨论成因或只讨论结果，细节比较简单，只需按其重要性或其逻辑顺序进行编排。分类编排法指先讨论原因，然后讨论结果;或先讨论结果，后讨论原因。 1)分类编排法： Musicismychiefhobby.WhenIlistentomusic,goodthingshappentome.IfIamlonelyorhomesick,Ilistentopopmusic.Thequickrhythm,thestrongbeatsofdrumsliftmysprits.IfIamfamiliarwithasong,Iwillsingalonewithitandmydepressiondisappears.WhenIamboredorverytired,IlistentoMozart.Hismusicmakesmefeelalive.Musicalsoremindsmeofhome.BeforeIcametocollege,mysistersandIwouldlistentomusicandsingsongstogetherandcheerus.NowIenjoylisteningtomusicandsingingwithmyroommatesbecausetheirsmilesmakemerememberthehappytimeswithmyfamily.Forme,musicisanexcellentescape,andwithoutit,Iwouldntbesohappy. 2)连环编排法是先讨论一组因果，再一组因果，再一组因果，形成一个锁链。当因果紧密相连，前一果为后一果之因时，经常使用这种方式。 Studentsshouldntstayupsolate.Becauseofthepressureofexaminations,manystudentsburnnightcandles.Thenextday,theyhavetogetenoughsleep.Asaresult,manyofthemgetsleepyinclass.Theycouldntcatchwhattheteachersays.Nothavingstudiedtheirlessonswell,theyfinditdifficulttomakegoodperformanceinexaminations.So,itisnotworthwhiletostayuplateifyouwanttostudywell. 5.人物描写 人物描写包括外部特征、性格特征、思想状态、行为语言等，用于表现人物精神面貌、披露人物内心活动、揭示人物性格变化，借以突出作品主题思想。如： Mysisterisaboyishgirl.Shehasshortandstraighthairlikeaboys.Shelikeswhite,blackandgreycolors,asmostboysdo.Shenevercaresforshirts,stockingsbutlovesjacketsandjeans.Sometimesshewearsamenssuitandleathershoresasifshewereagentleman.Basketballandfootballareherfavoritesports.Shealsoenjoyswatchingboxing.Shealwaysshoutsandcheersexcitedlywhensheiswatchingafootballmatch.Whensheiswithherfriends,shealwayssaysLadiesfirst”toothergirls.Themostinterestingthingisthatshehasbeenmistakenforaboymanytimes.Andsheispleasedwiththat.Shealwayssaysthatsheshouldbeaboy. 第一句作者明确表示他眼中的妹妹是个男孩子气十足的小姑娘。这样读者大都会在心中勾画出一种从长相、穿着到言谈举止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通过穿着、外貌和性格等方面向读者展现一个活生生的人物形象。 6.地点描写 地点描写指用生动形象的语言对某一地点、某一环境进行具体逼真的描绘，使读者如临其境、如睹其物。地点描写的对象可大可小，在可以为城市、国家，小可是一间教室，一个房间。 地点描写自然按空间顺序排列，作者应立足于一个出发点，由远及近，由近到远，从里到外，从外到里，由左到右，或由右到左进行描写，顺序不可混乱，否则读者会迷失方向。如下面一段作者从大门开始，由外向里逐步介绍学校的布置，读者如同跟着作者参观了一所校园。 NowIwillshowyouaroundourschool.Itisoneofthelargestmiddleschoolsinthecity.Whenyoustepintothegate,youwillseeabeautifulflowerbedbeforeyou.Inthemiddleoftheflowerbedthereisafountainwithmanycoloredflowersaroundit.Ifyouwalkalongtheschoolroad,you