跨文化交际(UNIT 5).ppt

ReviewofUnit4 1 WhatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureaccordingtotheSapir WhorfHypothesis 2 Translatethefollowingterms housewarmingdisinterestedMindone sp sandq sAninedayswonder红糖红茶眼红青天 InterculturalCommunicationUnit5CultureandVerbalCommunication WarmUp Pleasereadthestoryonpage156 Whatmayhavebeenthefactorscontributingtothefailureofthepresentation Whatcanwelearnfromthestory ItisoftencustomaryforAmericanstostarttheirtalkwithsomejokesorhumorousanecdotes butGermanshavedifferentideasandtheytendtoconsidertellingjokesinappropriateintalksonseriousmatters AndinGermanculture executiveswhooccupyimportantpositionsareusuallyseniorinage andtheyhadnotexpectedtheAmericanmanufacturertosendayoungmanastheirrepresentativetostartbusinesswiththem areputableGermandistributor Theymayhavefounditdifficulttotrustsuchayoungperson Supplement VerbalCommunication Verbalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage Ininterculturalcommunication weusewordstocommunicatewiththeoutsideworld sharethepast exercisesomecontroloverthepresent formimagesofthefuture Supplement VerbalCommunication VerbalCommunicationStyles p179 183 Direct IndirectSelf enhancement Self effacementElaborate Exacting SuccinctPersonal ContextualInstrumental Affective Supplement VerbalCommunication 1 DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStylesInthedirectverbalstyle statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker sintentions Eg U S Americanstendtouseastraightforwardformofrequest Intheindirectverbalstyle ontheotherhand verbalstatementstendtohidethespeaker sactualintentions Eg Chinesetendtoaskforafavorinamoreroundaboutandimplicitway Supplement VerbalCommunication 2 Self EnhancementandSelf EffacementVerbalStylesTheself enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingaboutone saccomplishmentsandabilities Eg Intheclassifiedads Americanadmightbeginwith Ahandsome athleticmalewithagoodsenseofhumorseeksafun lovingpartner Theself effacementverbalstyle ontheotherhand emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints hesitationsandmodesttalk Eg Intheclassifiedads Japaneseadmightread AlthoughIamnotverygood looking I mwillingtotrymybest Supplement VerbalCommunication 2 Self EnhancementandSelf EffacementVerbalStylesComparethefollowingwaystoservetea Japanese Thisisnotverydelicious but American ThisisthebestIcanoffer Supplement VerbalCommunication 3 Elaborate ExactingandSuccinctStylesAnelaboratestyleemphasizesflashyandembellishedlanguage ThisstyleofcommunicationcanbeseeninmanyArab MiddleEastern andAfro Americancultures Anexactingstyle wherepersonssaynomoreorlessthanisneeded isusedbyAmericans Asuccinctstyleischaracterizedbytheuseofconcisestatements understatements andevensilence AsuccinctstylecanbefoundinJapan China andsomeNativeAmericancultures Supplement VerbalCommunication 3 Elaborate ExactingandSuccinctStylesComparethefollowings Arab American Justthefacts Chinese SilenceisGolden Supplement VerbalCommunication 4 PersonalandContextualStyleThepersonalcommunicationstyleemphasizestheindividualidentityofthespeaker Eg Englishhasonlyoneformforthesecondperson thatis you Thecontextualstylehighlightsone sroleidentityandstatus Eg Chinese GermanandFrench forexample haveinformalandformalformsofthepronounyou 你 您 du Sie tu vous Supplement VerbalCommunication 5 InstrumentalandAffectiveStyleAninstrumentalverbalstyleissender basedandgoal outcomebased Theinstrumentalspeakerusescommunicationtoachievesomegoaloroutcome Theburdenofunderstandingoftenrestswiththespeaker Anaffectivecommunicationstyleisreceiverandprocessoriented Theaffectivespeakerisconcernednotsomuchwiththeoutcomeofthecommunication butwiththeprocess Theresponsibilityofunderstandingrestswithboththespeakerandthelistener Supplement VerbalCommunication Inverbalcommunication LCinteractionemphasizesdirecttalk person orientedfocus self enhancementmode andtheimportanceof talk HCinteraction incomparison stressesindirecttalk status orientedfocus self effacementmode andtheimportanceofnonverbalsignalsandevensilence ReadingI Readthearticleof UnderstandingtheCultureofConversation p157 160 Whatarethedifferentculturesofconversationamongpeoplefromdifferentcountries Conversationisarichpoint arichpointissomethinginoneculturethatmakesitdifficulttobeconnectedwithanotherculture Itisn tanyparticularwordorgrammaticalconstructionthatproducestherichpoint itissomethingaboutthewaythingsaregoing somethingaboutpeople sideasabouthowtodoaconversation Tohandletherichpoints oldunconsciouswaysofdoingthingsaredustedoff newwaysarebuiltup Toconverseinthenewways youhavetoexperiencecultureandmanufacturesomeframes Ifyoudon tfigureouttheframes youmightspeakgrammaticallycorrectEnglish butwhatyoucommunicatewilldifferfromwhatyouintended ReadingI Conversationculturesofdifferentcountries Mexican Theconversationmaystartwithonetopic andifanotherinterestingtopicseepsinyourideitaroundforawhile Stickingtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation American Theconversationusuallyhasatopic andthespeakerwantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfromthebeginningtoend TheAmericansexpectananswertotheorientingquestion thatistolancetheirconversationwithself promotion here swhoIam here swhyI mgoodatit here swhyyoushouldpayattentiontome ReadingI Conversationculturesofdifferentcountries Swedish TheSwedishconversationalidealistorespondinaconcisemannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails esp thoseforself promotion Thus whatcausesmiscommunicationisoftenthewayideasareputtogetherintoanargument thewaysomeideasareselectedforspecialemphasis orthewayemotionalinformationabouttheideasispresented FinishExercisesonpage161 WhataredifferentconversationculturesbetweenAmericanEnglishspeakersandAthabaskans Fill inTask 161 What sconfusingtoAmericanEnglishSpeakersaboutAthabaskans Theydonotspeakandavoidsituationsoftalking They7 keepsilent Theyonlywanttotalkto6 closeacquaintances Theyplaydowntheirownabilities Theyavoiddirectquestions Theynever9 startaconversation Theyneversayanything1 aboutthemselves Theyare8 slowtotakeaturnintalking TheytalkwithaflattoneofvoiceTheyare11 tooindirectandinexplicit Fill inTask 161 What sconfusingtoAthabaskansaboutAmericanEnglishspeakers Theytalk12 toomuch Theyalwaystalkfirst Theyoftentalkto10 strangersorpeopletheydon tknow They5 bragaboutthemselves They4 asktoomanyquestions Theyalwaysinterrupt Theyonlytalk2 aboutwhattheyareinterestedin Theydon tgiveothersachancetotalkTheyare3 alwaysgettingexcitedwhentheytalk Theyarenotcarefulwhentheytalkaboutthingsorpeople Fill inTask 161 DifferentconversationculturesbetweenAmericanEnglishspeakersandAthabaskans Whospeaksfirst whoopenstheconversation Whocontrolsthetalk Whenit stimeforanewpersontotakeaturn suchasthelengthofapause whotalksnext Howlongoneshouldtalk Howaconversationshouldclose whoclosestheconversation Thus ifAmericanEnglishspeakersandAthabaskanstendtojudgetheothers wayoftalkaccordingtotheirownideasaboutwhatistheappropriatewayfortalking theywouldhavemostlynegativeimpressionsofeachotherconcerningthewaytheytalk ReadingII Apartfromdifferencesingrammar vocabulary andpronunciation whatotherdifferencescanyoufindbetweenChineseandEnglish Readthearticleof TheWayPeopleSpeak p165 169 FromtheexampleoftheconversationbetweenanItalianandanAmerican wecanseethedifferentconversationpatternsinthesetwocultures TheAmericansdonotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsoranythingelsewhiletheItalianswelcomethem ReadingII Highinvolvementconversationpatternsandhighconsideratenesspatterns DeborahTannen p165 Highinvolvementpatterns talkmore interruptmore expecttobeinterrupted talkmoreloudlyattimesandtalkmorequickly Manyenjoyarguments e g Italian Russian Greek Spanish SouthAmerican Arab andAfrican Highconsideratenesspatterns speakoneatatime usepolitelisteningsounds refrainfrominterruptingandgiveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners e g AsianCultureslikeChineseandJapanese mainstreamAmericans ReadingII Therearealsosignificantdifferencesbetweenthevariousculturesofthesameconversationpattern EvenwithintheUnitedStatesthereareimportantregionalandethnicdifferencesinconversationstyles Theimportantdifferencesincommunicationcreateproblemsofstereotypingandincorrectjudgmentsamongmembersofdiversegroups Culturalbeliefsdifferastowhetherdirectnessorindirectnessisconsideredpositive InthemainstreamAmericanculture theidealformofcommunicationincludesbeingdirectratherthanindirect LatinAmericansandmanyAsiansvalueindirectness ReadingII Ping PongconversationalstyleandBowlingstyleInanAmerican Ping Pong conversation onepersonhastheballandthenhitsittotheothersideofthetable Theotherplayerhitstheballbackandthegamecontinues Eachpartoftheconversationfollowsthispattern thegreetingandtheopening thediscussionofatopic andtheclosingandfarewell However inaJapanese Bowling conversation eachparticipantwaitspolitelyforaturnandknowsexactlywhenthetimeisrighttospeak Thatis theyknowtheirplaceinline InJapaneseconversation longsilencesaretolerated ForAmericans eventwoorthreesecondsofsilencecanbecomeuncomfortable Conclusion Sofar wecanseethattherearetheCulturalRelativityofCommunication whentotalk whattosayandhowtosaydifferfromculturetoculture i Whentotalk theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans AthabaskanIndiansconsideritinappropriatetotalktostrangers Theyhavenegativestereotypesofnon Athabaskansasridiculouslygarrulous talkativeinanunfavorablesense andalsohypocritical Angloswouldconsideritawkwardtohavealongperiodofsilencewhenhavingaconversation TheyconcludethatIndiansareuncooperative evenstupid Conclusion ii Howtotalk theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans PacingandpausingMeaning Howfastdoyouspeak Howlongdoyouwaitfollowinganotherspeaker sutterance beforeconcludingtheotherhasnomoretosay Listenership theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans Mostlyitisconnectedwithnonverbalbehaviorssuchaseyecontact IndirectnessMeaning Onlyapartofmeaningresidesinthewordsspoken thelargestpartiscommunicatedbyhints assumptions andlistenersfilling infromcontextandpriorexperience Conclusion e g AGreekwife ordaughter CanIgotothemarketplace Husbandorfather neversayno Ifyouwant youcango meaningNo Yes ofcourse go meaningYes iii Whattosay topics Seetheexercisesonp164 Conversationisusedasanicebreakerandtocreatewarmmemoriesforeveryoneattendingasocialorbusinessfunction Therearetopicsyoucan andwilldiscuss withyourdearestfriends However whenyou reamongagroupofacquaintancesorbusinessassociateskeepyourconversationaltopicsneutral p164 Whichtopicsareregardedastheappropriateonesinconversations Weather Pet Work Hobby Sex Family Age Income Property Maritalstatus Politics Religiousbelief Disease Death Disability GroupWork p170 172 Readthethreedialoguesonpage170 172 thentrytofindouttheproblemsandwaystoavoidsuchproblemsininterculturalcommunication GroupWork p170 172 Dialogue1Itmeansthat IagreethatthereisneedforkeepingtheproductionlinerunningonSaturday TheChineseemployeeshouldsay I dloveto butI vepromisedmysontocelebratehisbirthdaywithhimonthisSaturday I msorryImaynotbeabletocomein TheAmericaniscultivatedinalow contextculturewhiletheChineseemployeecomesfromahigh contextculture Ingeneral theChinesemodeofcommunicationisoftenindirectandimplicitwhiletheWesternmodeofcommunicationtendstobedirectandexplicit GroupWork p170 172 GroupWork p170 172 Dialogue2ThebossrefusestotelltheemployeedirectlywhatheactuallyfeelsabouthisworkbecausehethinksthatthatmaymaketheAmericanemployeeloseface ItisnaturalfortheemployeetopressfordefiniteanswerstohisquestionsbecauseheisAmericanand inhisculture itisusuallyrighttodosoevenwhenoneiscommunicatingwithone sboss GroupWork p170 172 Dialogue3TheAmericansupervisorusesa straighttalk low contextapproachindealingwiththeworkproblem whereastheGreeksubordinateusesa facetalk high contextapproachindealingwiththeissue Compliments p162 163 MakingGoodIntroduction Supposeanimportantclientisvisitingyourcorporateheadquarters You rehavingaconversationwhenthepresidentofyourcompanywalksintotheroom It suptoyoutomaketheintroductions Butwhomdoyouintroducetowhom Whichperson snamedoyoustatefirst Yourclientisimportanttoyouandyourcompany butcertainlythecompanypresidentisalsoimportant Doyouhaveadilemma Notifyouunderstandthebackgroundofmakingintroductions whichisbasically Thepersonwithgreaterimportancetakesprecedence MakingGoodIntroduction Sequenceofintroduction ausefulformat Alwaysstatethenameofthemostimportantpersonfirst Usewordslike MayI or Iwouldliketo or Itisapleasureto Followwithwordslike Introduce or Present Present ismoreformal ThenstatethenameoftheLowerrankingperson Alwaysaddabriefsentenceaboutthelowerrankingperson suchasajobtitleorprojectheorsheisworkingon arecentsuccess oracommoninterestwiththesenior Thisprovidestheseniorwithinformationtobeginacomfortableconversation MakingGoodIntroduction Examples Ms GoldCrown mayIintroduceMr NoCrown Mr NoCrownjustcompletedatriptoourAsianfacilities Mr GoldCrown IwouldliketointroduceMs NoCrown Ms NoCrownistheCEOofourcompany Ms GoldCrown mayIpresentMr NoCrown whoisanavidsailor ThepresenterknowsthatMs GoldCrownisalsoasailor sothisinformsthembothofacommoninterest Ifthesituationismorecasual youcanusefirstnames Goldie I dlikeyoutomeetSilvery SilveryplayspercussionintheWindSymphony Oraverycasualintroductionofarelative suchas Goldie thisismysisterSherrie CaseStudy Case17 Page176 MrRichardsonisverypleasedtohavemadetheacquaintanceofMrChuandfeelstheyhavegottenofftoaverygoodstart Incontrast MrChufeelsquiteuncomfortablewithMrRichardson Heisparticularlybotheredthat insteadofcallinghimDavidorMrChu MrRichardsonusedhisgivenname Hon fai thenamerarelyusedbyanyone infact Itwasthisembarrassmentwhichcausedhimtosmile HewouldfeelmorecomfortableiftheycalledeachotherMrChuandMrRichardson Nevertheless whenhelearnedthatAmericansfeeluncomfortablecallingpeopleMrforanyextendedperiodoftime hedecidestoadoptawesternname HechoseDavidforuseinsuchsituations CaseStudy Case18 Page176 177 Inthiscase hehadtosay No atleastthreetimes Indeed Britishrecipientsofsuchhospitalitysometimesfeelthattheirhostisbehavingi