四六级阅读、写作冲刺讲义.doc

四六级冲刺2012年四六级冲刺成功法则2012年6月0合肥东方精英培训学校 专注完美 近乎苛刻2012年大学四六级冲刺成功法则Part 1分析难句子以及正确答案的命题规律选项规律的研究（1）正确答案的特征-同义改写的手段 1. 同义词替换 2. 词性的转化 3. 正话反说，反话正说 4. 具体与抽象转化 5. 从句与简单句的转化 6. 主动与被动的转化 7. 虚拟和真实的转化 8 .名词性短语和名词性从句的转化 9. 比较级之间转化 10. 动作和状态的转化（2）错误答案的命题特点 1. 张冠李戴 2. 过于绝对 3. 断章取义 4. 推理过度 5. 偷换概念，小动作 6. 字面意思，肤浅直白 5. 因果颠倒，逻辑混乱 6. 扩大范围 7.无据比较 8.时态语态错误一.基本句型练习1. This organization may succeed marvelously at what it wants to do, but what it wants to do may not be all that important.A. The organization is marvelous in making a good goalB. The organization will succeed greatly in what it is required to do.C. Although the organization reaches its goals, the goals are not be of little importance.D. What the organization wants is marvelousE. The author questions the goals of the organization2. This book contains a totally new outlook that contains the wisdom of the past with scientific knowledge to solve the problem of the presentA. Problems of the past and present are solved in this bookB, In the book, current knowledge and past wisdom are combined to solve current problemsC. Only by using knowledge of the past and present can we solve the problemsD. The different book combines the wisdom of the past with scientific knowledge to handle present problems.E. None of todays problems can be solved without scientific knowledge3. When there is an absence of reliable information about drugs, the risks involved in using them are greatly increased.A. There is no reliable information about drugs.B. Using drugs is more dangerous when we get wrong information from doctorsC. The risks involved in using drugs have increased D. People should try to find out about drugs before using themE. There are no risks involved in using drugs if we have reliable information about them4.Taxes being so high, the descendants of the wealthy class of the nineteenth century are being forced to rent out their estates to paying guestsA. In the nineteenth century, the wealthy class rented out estatesB. Because of high taxes, families that were rich one hundred years ago now rent out estatesC. Guests pay high taxes when they rent old estatesD. Some families that were once wealthy are having trouble paying their taxes.E. High taxes have destroyed the lives of some of the old wealthy families5. According to the definition of Chinese traditional medicine, acupuncture is known to the treatment of disease-not the relief of pains-by inserting very fine needles to the body at specific points called loci.A. acupuncture can be used to treat illness and relieve painsB. finely pointed needles called loci are used in acupuncture.C. in Chinese traditional medicine, acupuncture is known to treat disease rather than relieving painsD. those using acupuncture treat disease by placing needles into the body at specific pointsE. only those who practice traditional Chinese medicine use acupuncture二，复杂句型练习1.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached at a constant age and promoted gradually according to the talents of humans, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ and has great talents in solving mathematical and physical problems. What can be inferred from experts suggestions?A. Speech abilities are entirely correspondent to human talentsB. Humans talents are likely to be contrary to their speech capacitiesC. Children speaking late will certainly be gifted in solving mathematical problemsD. Gradual promotion of the speech ability can be changed by childrens talents.2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which can develop his or her capacity for active responses and which can encourage the curiosity of the children will have greater intellectual development.What can be inferred from this sentence?A. stimuli are essential to the childpositive responses.B. Many stimuli can help children improve their IQ.C. a childs active reponses promote the curiosity of himD. greater intellectual development is based on the environment.3. Unwillingly, he finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in putting everything they had learned into practice,hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which fall outside the scope of basic textbooks.We can infer that the studentsA. hesitate when they put everything they had been learned into practiceB. deal with the unfamiliar English vocabulary badly because of being so dependent on teachersC. should learn more about extracurricular knowledge rather than focusing on texbooks aloneD. can easily put the vocabulary and usage of English into practice4.Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the oceans surface and last for over 70 minutes.We can learn from the sentence that the Weddell seal . A. can possess unique psychological organismsB. can deal with low-density oxygen in and out of the seaC. can dive between the surface and 500 meter below freelyD. can be adapted to deep water with special capability5. The increase in the number of married women employed outside the home had less to do with the mechanization and convenience of the housework and an increase in spare time for these women than it did with their own unavoidable economic requirements and with high marriage rates that decrease the available number of single women workers.Which of the following account for more married female workers?A. the mechanization and convenience of housework and high marriage ratesB. Financial burden and fewer single women workersC. Womens desire for leisure lives and keeping a high salaryD. Unavoidable economic demands and the importance of single women6. Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know that truth about their condition, and informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more lowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.According to the studies,A. Knowing the truth does little good to the recoveryB. without a doctors help a patient will lose heart C. Sometimes a risk is worth taking in order to save a patient D. A patient will recover sooner with a good doctor7. Coupled with the growing quantity of information and demands of getting more useful information is the development of technologies which enable delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations and make it possible to store vast amounts of data.What can be inferred from the sentence?A. Information storage is more important than deliveryB. Improved technologies leads to obtaining more useful unformationC. Speedy delivery of information demands advanced technologyD. Getting more useful information needs storing much information.Part 2 阅读的出题规律和技巧第一节问论据所证明的论点题型特点: 事实说话往往是最有效的论证方式之一，命题专家在设置题目时往往也会针对文中的事例设问，考查考生对局部结构的理解。例证题1994年第一次出现在考研试卷上，共两道题，占4分。但在1995年至1998年间，没有出现过一道例证题，1999年再次出现，一样是两道题，占4分。之后，几乎每年的考题都有两道至三道例证题，这就说明考研命题的一大特点，命题规则总是不断重复的。考生们在应用例证原则解题时还应注意常用的例证方式有两种：一是先提出观点，后举例说明；二是先列举事例再做出结论。考生应当学会举一反三，不要被各种原则的变化形式所迷惑。当询问论据的写作目的时, 注意区分论点和论据。题干特点:1. sth or sb is mentioned to illustrate 2. The author metions the example of sth to demonstrate 3. the example of sth is mentioned to show 4. when mentioning the example of sth, the author means 5. what does the author illustrate with sth?6. the example of sth is noted to suggest 7. by citing the example of sth, the author means 8. by referring to the example of sth, the author indicates that 实例分析:例1Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.题目:When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street”, the writerA is calling attention to the retirement plans and larger inheritanceB is showing the huge benefits of attending the stock market.C is showing that older people can be rich enough for retirement.D is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies.例 2What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. 题目:The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are . A expected to copy human brain in internal structure. B focusing on monkey at the side of a winding forest roadC far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.D much more talented than previously imagined例3 To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why Americas Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britains former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off youre going to be. That doesnt mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. It does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.题目:The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _. Agetting financial support from overseas Bgetting over their out-dated anti-colonial prejudicesCbuilding industrial infrastructure Dbeing invaded in sovereignty例 4（1）Many things make people think artists are weird but the weirdest may be like this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. （2）This wasnt always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworths daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil.题目:By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show thatA Poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.B Art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.C Poets today are less skeptical of happiness.D Artist have changed their focus of interest.第二节 词汇和句子的特定含义的理解概论: 阅读中的词汇题通常会有两种情况，一种是考生一看到所考的单词立刻心跳加速：“完了，这个词不认识，大纲上也没有。”还有就是一看到单词，立刻欣喜不已：“哈哈，这么容易的单词。”第一种情况下考生往往会随便猜一个选项，错误率很高。而第二种情况下，考生往往落入命题专家的陷阱，不知不觉地失了分，原因是考生并没有掌握阅读词汇题的基本命题原则。在阅读部分的词汇题要考的并不是考生认不认识题中所考的单词，否则便是命题失效。此处要考的是考生阅读中的推断能力，也就是说题中所考单词的词义必定能根据上下文推断出来。所以考生在遇到阅读中的词汇题时，一定要冷静，去上下文中细找，推断出词义后，可将词义代入原文看是否通畅。 经常考同义关系：并列或递进关系表示同义：例如：and, indeed, just as, also, besides, 等均为表示并列关系。标点符号暗示语义关系：破折号、冒号、或括号均表示同义解释。并列句子的同位和同性词很重要。题型特点: 当询问词句在上下文的特殊含义，注意结合原文进行理解，判断在文章中的特殊含义。有的词汇是大纲的词汇，还有可能是超纲词汇或句子，要注意引申含义, 解题思路：回原文定位，并从语法和词义上对原文原句进行精确剖析，先排除字面意思，然后判断句子与下文的逻辑关系，上下文是关键，上下文指的是关键词(考查的词或词组)所在的句子本身，更主要的是这个句子的上下句或更远的上下文。一般而言，上下文线索所提示的意义与关键词的关系要么为同义关系，要么题干特点:1. According to the author, the word “”means2. by “”,the author means3. which of the following is closet in meaning to “”4. the word “” in the passage means5. “” in the passage is6. the word “” most likely means正确答案,错误答案的特点:1,2例 1Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “out of sight and out of mind.” He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the companys plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superior will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent (普遍的). In this passage, “out of sight and out of mind” (Lines 2-3, Para. 3) probably means .A. being unable to think properly for lack of sightB. being totally out of touch with business at homeC. missing opportunities for promotion when abroadD. being away from overseas assignments and their could-be advancement例 2While its true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions be they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More importantly, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs in a broad way. By saying “While its true that be they scientific or artistic? (Lines 1-3, Para. 5), the author means that _.A. an incredible amount of knowledge should be included in educational programsB. human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speedC. human intellectual development has reached new heightsD. the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked例 3 “We are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered (无拘无束的) and unrestrained, because each person works for himself We have no princes, for whom we toil (干苦力活)，starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world.” The promise of a land where “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories. By saying “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” (Line 10, Para. 1), the author means _ . A. the more diligent one is, the bigger his returns areB. laborious work ensures the growth of an industry C. the rewards of a man will be dependent on bleeding toilsD. working hard is bound to guarantee ones success例 4When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. Im a good economic indicator, she says. I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars. So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too she says. By Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet(Line 1), the author meansA. Spero can hardly maintain her business.B. Spero is too much engaged in her work.C. Spero has grown out of her bad habit.D. Spero is not in a desperate situation.例 5 Tight-lipped elders used to say, Its not what you want in this world, but what you get.“Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.” What do the elders mean when they say, Its not what you want in this world, but whatyou get. ?A. Youll certainly get what you want.B. Its no use dreaming.C. You should be dissatisfied with what you have.D. Its essential to set a goal for yourself.第三节.主旨大意题干特点:The central point of the selection is thatThe selection is concerned primarily withWhat does the passage mainly discuss?Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?Which of the following is the main topic for this passage?Which sentence best expresses the central point of the s