辽南地区农村住宅空间构成与生活行为发展变化初探 英文.doc

Proceedings on the 9th International Symposium for Environment Behavior StudiesA study on the development and the transformation of space composition and behavior of traditional farm houses in Liaonan territory of Chinatake the research of traditional farm houses in Lvshun Dalian for exampleNIU Jing1, ZHOU Bo 2, SU Jianan 3, YANG Ziqiong4 , KONG Lingyu5, ZHAO Weibo61 Institute for Human Settlements Dalian university of Technology, Dalian, 116024, ChinaEmail: 2 Institute for Human Settlements Dalian university of Technology, Dalian, 116024, ChinaEmail: 3 Institute of Environment Design Dalian university of Technology Dalian, 116024, ChinaEmail: 4,5,6 School of Architecture & Fine Art Dalian university of Technology Dalian, 116024, ChinaEmail: 812505932ABSTRACTIn this paper, we will discuss the the development and the transformation of the space and the environment of traditional farm houses which are built in different times in Liaonan territory in China form the following aspects, the relationship between all kinds of the space in houses and the behavior in space and so on. Focus on the most unique characteristic in north China “kang”, to analyse the development, the classification and the condition of service of the “kang”, thereby, we can know the connection of the change of the “kang” and the behavior.Keywords: traditional farm houses, the space and the environment, behavior1 Research BackgroundRecently, as the slogan “To build a new socialist countryside” is put forward, the government attach great importance to the construction of the countryside. However, there are a lot of spontaneity and blindness during this process, and the consequence is the disorder of the construction and the waste of the resource. In this article, we make a summary about the feature that the change of he space composition and the life style in the traditional farm houses, investigating the relationship between the heating style and the space composition system in north China, making comparisons between different cases, grasping the Regional features in this diversification, the purpose is to offer advice for the construction of the countryside.2 Object Of StudyTable 1: the temperature in LvshunFigure 1: geographical position of LvshunThe object of study in this paper is 23 raditional farm houses, which is located on the “Huangnichuan” village and the “Xiaonan” village in Lvshun Dalian., and we put more attention to analyzed the 12 households. The analytical method combine the quantitative and qualitative analytic method. Quantitative analytic method: we analyze the data from the construct years, the areas, the population and the service condition of the space. Qualitative analytic method: Based on the quantitative analytic method, discussing the relationship between the development of the space and the behavior from the life and the tradition. Lvshun is located in north China, and close to the ocean, so the climate in here is very special. Accordingly, there are a lot of local features in its traditional farm houses. (Figure 1) (Table 1)Figure 2: Pattern of traditional space3 The overall changes in the traditional farm houses3.1 The mode of the traditional farm houses in north ChinaAs shown in figure 2, the traditional farm houses usually use three-bay or five-bay, named “One out of two dark”. This composition is one-side and one-depth, and usually disposed symmetrically. The entrance is in the middle, the room is named “Waidi” which is the transition form the outside and the inside, and the kitchen is also in here, the bedroom is close to the two side of the “Waidi”. In the traditional farm houses, the live unit is “kang”, in which you can sleeping, dining, meeting, birdnesting and so on, it can be said that “kang” become the center of the lifestyle.3.2 The overall change in the traditional farm housesAs the society has improved, the standards of living in countryside rose noticeably. The lifestyle in countryside close up to the city life. Because of the change of the behavior and the requirement in the room, it will necessarily lead to the change of the function of the room. It shown us that the convert of the lifestyle has tending to the city life. At the same time, this convert have evident local characteristics.Table 2: Survey dataFrom the above table 2, the houses which were built in the early years have been added (Adding rooms based the traditional structure three-bay or five-bay in the Vertical and horizontal, as kitchen, bedroom, warehouse and so on. For instance Lu0702, Lu0710, Lu0711, Lu0705, Lu0611) and rebuild(Do not change the outline of the plane, Re-arrangement the inside of the space, for instance, Lu0703, Lu0704）mostly. The writer collect the quantity of the series and the section, the position of the entrance, the space of the entrance and other element(Figure 3), analysed the influence of the overall changes in the traditional farm houses which caused by the added and the rebuild in Liaonan territory in China.From the model of the living space, we can see that the added and the rebuild of the traditional farm houses made the living area and the per capita living space extended. Comparing it with the traditional three-bay or five-bay, we will find that the plane is free, the entrance is Flexible according to the environment. At the same time, it bring the change of the field, the mixed field which combine with the behavior of Reception, dinning, sleeping and Reunite gradually evolve the Private field and the Public field which become to functional room like living room, dinning room and so on. But “kang” and the orderly plane has be saved, and the houses keep the local characteristics in Liaonan territory in China. (Figure 4)4 The inside changes in the traditional farm houses Figure 4: SpaceBehaviorFigure 5: Type of the “Kang”Figure 3: The space composition element4.1 The “kang” and the bedroomFor dwellings in the countryside of Northern China, Kang is a special common facility, to many families it is not only the basic heating equipment, but also the center of family activities. However, the function of Kang changes with the development of the society and improvement of living standard.Traditional kang basically is formed of four types: (Figure 5)Type A: South Kang:the one arranged in the south side of the bedroom, by window, get plenty of sunshine, specially loved by old people.Type B: North Kang: the one arranged in the north side of the bedroom, by the northern wall, more space saved, and usually as a kind of Transfer space Type C: Middle Kang:the room which usually has a large depth is divided into the south part and the north part, the form of North Kang is usually arranged in the south part, and since the depth is small in the other one, it is often used as kitchen.Type D: Hybrid Kang: the one mixed with the types above.The requirement of the spaces independence and function of specificity become increasingly high with the improvement of living standards. And in recent years, especially since the 1970s the newly built and rebuilt rural residence lead to the obiviousness of the space segmentation and connection. Sitting room, bedroom, dining-room and other special chamber gradually arised . The consequence of the space change Figure 6: Area calculation of inter spacegreatly influences the behavior on the kang. (Figure 6)From the statistical data, it can be seen that the number of the area of the bedroom in proportion of the house is basicly decreasing by the year(Figure 7), so is the one of kang in proportion of the house, the furniture put on the kang in the early years has been replaced by the one on the floor. At the same time, the type of kang has become more diversiticated, to meet the requirements of the life, people prefer to the type of north and middle kang which saves more space and better for the activities to the one of south which has better daylighting and view. This point out that in more and more family, the place of reception and having dinner have been separated from kang, and this ancient space form has degenerated as a kind of place used for sleeping or occasionally ,no longer the center of the main family activities.Figure 7: Area ratioIn the survey, more and more new residence, young people prefer northern kang or use bed instead, while only old people would like to choose kang because of habit. Some families choose kang in winter, while the bed in summer. However, the towardness is not the critical factor any longer.(e.g.:0701)4.2 The “kang” and the othersThe traditional kang are usually made of clay billet and brick,connected with the cooking stove outside and the chimney inside. Use the left heat of cook to warm kang. Here, kang is used to store the heat while the cooking stove is used to product heat. In this way, fire kang can be a vector of cook and heat, effiently and fully used the energy. In the traditional residence in north, kang and cooking stove cannot be separated, so it restrict the place of kitchen in the house. However,because the transfer of heating, the location and form of the kithchen become more free，the cooking tour and traffic flow routes changed with the layout of the whole house.Figure 8: Analysis of kithchenentrance traffic routeFor example, before the extra-built of lv0711, the entrance of the house is also the entrance of the kithchen. However, after adding the north part, the entrance change to the north, and the original one became just the entrance of the kithchen, which make the fixed confusion line more clear.The suituation is almost the same as Lu0611. and this host choose to built one more rome on both sides of the house, which separated the kithchen from the living room to sovle to traffic routes problem. (Figure 8)4 ConclusionWith the development of the society, the behavior of people living in the countryside in the south of LiaoNing Province in China has greatly