并列连词与状语从句.doc

连词与状语从句一、并列连词 1. 并列句的基本概念：并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成的。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。 2. 常见的并列连词 1）表示递进或顺承关系：常见的并列词有and, not onlybut (also)等。如： He had plenty of money and he spent if freely. Not only did he speak more correctly, but also he spoke more easily. 2) 表示选择关系：常用的并列连词有:or, either.or.等。如： Either you are right, or I am. 3) 表示转折关系：常见的并列连词有but, yet, whereas等。如： Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now. Some of the soldiers show positive results, whereas others do not. 4) 表示因果关系：常用的并列连词有so, for等。如： It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over. The shops were closed, so I didnt get any milk.二、状语从句及其连词种类 从属连词时间状语when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly.when, no soonerthan, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 地点状语where, wherever原因状语because, as, since, now that, considering that, seeing that条件状语if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that目的状语so that, in order that, for fear that, in case结果状语sothat., suchthat.比较状语than, asas, not so/asas, the more., the more.方式状语as if, as though, as让步状语though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever 状语从句的时态特点：一般情况下， 时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。1、时间状语从句1) when 引导时间状语从句及其用法拓展 表示时间，意为“当时；在的时候”A. 在时间、条件等状语从句里，用现在时表示将来。 When you see him, please say hello to him. B. 表示过去发生的事情，在when引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中，动作发生在先的用过去完成时，在后的用过去时。When I was in Japan, I bought some beautiful pearls.When I reached the station, the train had left. 表示插入一个新的动作或出现新的情况，意为“这时；突然”。这时，when 常被看作并列连词。这样的句型有：was/were doingwhen; was/were about to dowhen; was/were on the point of doingwhen.; had hardly/just/scarcely done.when.。 Eg: He was still smiling when the door opened. I was thinking of this when I heard my name called. We were about to start when it began to rain. He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door. We had hardly fallen asleep when the bell rang.表示条件，相当于if. How can I get a job when I cant even read or write?表示原因“既然” How can I help them to understand when they wont listen to me? Why do you want a new job when youve got such a good one already?2). while 引导时间状语从句及其用法拓展 引导时间状语从句，意为“当的时候；和同时”，此时的主从句谓语动词同时发生，从句谓语通常是延续性动词。 She fell asleep while (she was) listening to the radio. Strike while the iron is hot. 表示对照或转折，意为“然而，而” Some people waste food while others havent enough. You like sports, while I prefer music. 表示让步，通常位于句首，意为“尽管，虽然” While I agree with you, I cant go with you. While he loves his students, he is very strict with them. 表示条件，意为“只要”，其意思和用法相当于as long as。while 可位于句首，也可位于句中。 You dont have to worry while we are here. There will be life while there is water. While there is life, there is hope.3) till/until till和until 词汇意义相同，不过till不用于句首，不如until正式。till/until既可以用于介词，也可以用作连词，引导从句。用在肯定句中，表示某一个动作一直持续到until所表示的时间为止。此时，主句谓语必须是延续性动词。He waited until I returned.We danced and danced until a lot of them joined in.用在否定句中，表示某一动作直到until所表示的时间才发生。“直到才”。As a matter of fact, I did not begin work until he had gone.I wont take steps until you arrive.I cannot say definitely until I see him.We can decide nothing until we know your views.注意：在until/till从句中，往往用一般现在时和现在完成时表示将来。无论是用在肯定句中，还是用在否定句中，不可以使用将来时。notuntil 用于倒装句型和强调句型 Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. I didnt realize how much time I had wasted until I began to work.It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.4) before状语从句 before 引导时间状语从句时的基本意思是“在之前”。有时before引导的从句之前，可以有自己的状语。 The day before he left home, he gave the whole house a thorough cleaning. A few hours before he was put to death, Darnay was visited by Carton in prison. before热点句型 It will be +一段时间+before. 要过才 It wont be long before 不久就会. It was not long before （过去）没过多久就 It was long before过了很久才. before的译法非常灵活，应结合具体情况机动处理。 After that it still took seven years before they finally got married. 他们又过了七年才结婚。 I hadnt waited long before he came. 我没有等多久，他就来了。 The summer holiday came to an end before I knew it. 不知不觉暑假就过去了。 Catch him before he escapes. 抓住他，别让他跑了。5). hardlywhen; no sooner.than 刚一就. I had hardly got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.注意：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。6).the moment/minute/second/instant, each time, every time名词短语以及directly, immediately, instantly 副词形式作连词使用，引导时间状语从句。 I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. He returned home the moment he heard the news. He rushed out immediately he heard the gunshot. Each time he came to Beijing, he would call on me. You grow younger every time I see you.7). by the time 引导的时间状语从句 注意时态的变化：一般情况下，如果从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用过去完成；如果从句谓语动词用一般现在时，则主句谓语动词用将来完成时。 By the time you came back, I had finished reading this book. By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 8). since 引导的时间状语从句 since “自从以来”引导时间状语从句。从句谓语一般用一般过去时，主句谓语常用现在完成时。 Sarah and Jane have been friends since they started school. Since the first case was discovered in 1981, nearly 24 million people have died of AIDS. I have been looking forward to seeing you again since I last saw you. it is/seems+一段时间+since. “从起已经多长时间了. (is 也可换用为has been) It seems a long time since I met you last. It is two years since I returned from America. How long has it been since he joined the Party?2. 地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever,等引导。Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is water there is life.You are free to go wherever you like.Wherever theres plenty of rain and sun, the fields are green.3. 条件状语从句 条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下，会”的从句。引导词主要有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that, provided, providing, suppose, supposing, in case, once(一旦)等。1. if/unless 引导的条件状语从句 If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. You will get good grades if you study hard. I wont go to the party unless he goes there. You will be late unless you leave immediately. 注意：时间、条件、让步状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则。2. as long as/so long as引导的条件状语从句，表示“只要” You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. So long as youre happy, it doesnt matter what you do. You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 3. 其他从属连词(in case, once, on condition that, provided, providing, suppose, supposing)引导的条件状语从句中，表示“假如，假使，在条件下”，比if更书面化。 In case he comes, let me know. I shall give you my dictionary on condition that you return it tomorrow. I will go, providing/provided (that) my expenses are paid. Suppose/Supposing (that) he does not come, what shall we do? Once you have understood it, youll find it really easy.4. 原因状语从句 because, since, as, for, now that用法比较because通常用于叙述者认为听者或读者不知道该原因时，因此在回答以疑问词why开头的问句时，只能用because。语气很强，从句表示的是客观的、直接的原因。since“既然”，多用来表示已知的理由或稍加分析即可标明的原因。多置于句首。as语气最弱，常见于日常对话。和since在引导原因状语从句时的意思差别不大，由这类从属连词引导的句子，均侧重主句的内容，其原因只是附带原因。now (that)两者和since, as意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去。seeing (that)for为并列连词。为前一句话或上一段所陈述的情况进行补充说明，而且要用逗号隔开。For后所陈述内容表示的只是主观推断的依据。用法拓展：1）由于because 从句为信息的焦点，它可以用于强调句型中成为被强调内容，也可以引导表语从句，还可用merely, only, simply 等副词强调语来修饰，而以上其他从属连词却通常不这样使用。 It is chiefly because he is too impatient. It was because I worked so hard that I was promoted last month.2) because状语从句还可用于not because,but because I gave him the permission, because I had to, not because I wished to. He was late with his homework, not because he couldnt do, but because he was ill.Eg:I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.Since everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.As he didnt know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary.Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.Its going to rain, because the dark clouds are gathering and hanging lower and lower. 客观的、直接的原因Its going to rain, for my knee joints are aching. 主观推断的依据5. 让步状语从句1）although, though 一般情况下， 两者通用。although比though语气重，常用以强调让步概念。 Though/Although China is a very big country, only seven percent of the land can be used for farming. though/although不能和but连用，但可以与still或yet 连用。 Though/Although many people around the world study its language, yet their view of British culture is sometimes narrow. though可以与as 一样，引导的让步状语从句使用非正常语序：adj./adv./n./v.+though/as sb. sth+其他部分. Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. Genius as/though she was, she was quite modest. Try as/though he may, he wont succeed. though可以当做副词使用，单独附在句末或句中，通常用逗号隔开，意思是“不过”“可是”“还是”。 although不能这样使用。 I shall come to the meeting; I cant stay till the end, though. though从句放在主句之后有时可当“但是”“不过”讲，在意义上同and, yet, however. although通常不这样使用。 I knew his story, though I didnt want to tell it just then. I shall come to the meeting, though I cant stay till the end. 2) no matter wh-与wh-ever no matter (who, what, when, where, which, how)引导的让步状语从句与wh-ever (whatever, whoever, whenever, whichever, however)引导的让步从句意义相同，可相互取代。 Do it no matter what (=whatever) others say. However (No matter how) busy he was, he studied English every day. Whoever (No matter who) takes up the matter for me, I shall be very grateful. Whatever (No matter what) happens, we shall not lose heart. 注意：wh-ever 在引导让步状语从句时与no matter wh-通用，但是引导名词性从句时则只能用wh-ever. Eg: Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, it is likely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing. Whoever comes home first does the cooking.3) whether.or引导的让步状语从句: 不管还是 -Dad, Ive finished my assignment. -Good, and whether you play or watch TV, you mustnt disturb me. Whether or not we like it, we have to accept it. 6.目的状语从句1. 引导目的状语从句常用的连词有：that (以便), so that (以便), in order that (为了，以便), lest (免得，唯恐), for fear that (生怕，以免), in case (以防)等。目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, would 等情态动词。 Eg: Say it louder (so) that everyone can hear you. I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake. I got up early so that I could catch the first bus. Well tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time. I shall write down your telephone number in case I may forget. 注意：1） in case 引导的从句除了表示目的外，还可以表示条件。In case I forget, please remind me about it.In case a fire breaks out, break the glass to sound the alarm.2) in order that + 从句； so that+ 从句 in order to +动词原形；so as to +动词原形He often stays up late into the night in order that he can make up for the loss.He often stays up late into the night in order to make up for the loss. 7. 结果状语从句 1. 结果状语从句常由so.that或such.that (表示 “如此.以致”)句型中引导。 There is so rapid an increase in population that a food shortage is caused. Our country has so much coal that she can export large quantities. The shop sells such expensive goods that I want to buy nothing in it. He is such a good person that we mustnt blame him. 2. so that引导的结果状语从句 He worked hard at his lessons, so that he gained high grades in the exams. I took an early bus so that I got there in time.实战演练：一、请用用合适的连词填空1. I dont really like the author, _ I have to admit his books are very exciting.2. _ you start eating in a healthier way, weight control will become much easier.3. Half an hour later, Lucy still couldnt get a taxi _ the bus had dropped her.4. _ the forest park is far away, a lot of tourists visit it every year.5. Cathy had quit her job when her son was born _ she could stay home and raise her family.6. Lessons can be learned to face the future, _ history cannot be changed.7. The meaning of the word “nice” changed a few times _ it finally came to include the sense “pleasant”.8. Mark needs to learn Chinese _ his company is opening a branch in Beijing.9. I took my driving license with me on holiday, _ I wanted to hire a car.10. He is so busy. He cannot afford enough time with his son _ wants to.11. Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, _ plants can spread to new places.12. Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery_ another man, also intelligent, fails.13. I was glad to meet Jenny again, _ I didnt want to spend all day with her.14. Dont turn off the computer before closing all programs, _ you could have problems.15. Its not easy to change habits, _ with awareness and self-cont