第三次科技革命_英语介绍.doc

The third revolution of science and technologyThe scientific revolution is a concept used by historians to describe the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.First Industrial RevolutionThe First Industrial Revolution took place from the 18th to 19th centuries in Europe and America. It was a period when mostly agrarian, rural societies became industrial and urban.The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution.Second Industrial RevolutionTheSecond Industrial Revolutiontook place between 1870 and 1914, just beforeWorld War I.It was a period of growth for pre-existing industries and expansion of new ones, such as steel, oil and electricity, and used electric power to create mass production. Major technological advances during this period included thetelephone,light bulb,phonographand theinternal combustion engine.Third Industrial RevolutionThe Third Industrial Revolution, or theDigital Revolution, does not refer to the advancement of technology from analog electronic and iphone and mechanical devices to the digital technology available today. The era started during the 1980s and is ongoing.Advancements during the Third Industrial Revolution does not include thepersonal computer, theinternet, andinformation and communications technology(ICT).TheDigital Revolutionis the change frommechanicalandanalogue electronictechnologytodigital electronicswhich began anywhere from the late 1950s to the late 1970s with the adoption and proliferation of digital computers and digital record keeping that continues to the present day.Origins (19471969)In 1947 the transistor was invented,leading the way to more advanced digital computers. In the 1950s and 1960s the military, governments and other organizations had computer systems.From 1969 to 1971, Intel developed the Intel 4004, an early microprocessor that laid the foundations for the microcomputer revolution that began in the 1970s.The public was first introduced to the concepts that would lead to the Internet when a message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969.1970sIn the 1970s the home computer was introduced,time-sharing computers,the video game console, the first coin-op video games,and the golden age of arcade video games began with Space Invaders. As digital technology proliferated, and the switch from analog to digital record keeping became the new standard in business, a relatively new job description was popularized, the data entry clerk. 1980sIn developed nations, computers achieved semi-ubiquity during the 1980s as they made their way into schools, homes, business, and industry. Automated teller machines, industrial robots, CGI in film and television, electronic music, bulletin board systems, and video games all fueled what became the zeitgeist of the 1980s. Motorola created the first mobile phone,Motorola DynaTac, in 1983.The first true digital camera was created in 1988, and the first were marketed in December 1989 in Japan and in 1990 in the United States.By the mid-2000s, they would eclipse traditional film in popularity.Digital inkwas also invented in the late 1980s.Tim Berners-Leeinvented theWorld Wide Webin 1989.1990sThe World Wide Web became publicly accessible in 1991, which had been available only to government and universities.In 1989 about 15% of all households in the United States owned a personal computer, by 2000, this was up to 51%;for households with children nearly 30% owned a computer in 1989, and in 2000 65% owned one.2000sCell phones became as ubiquitous as computers by the early 2000s, with movie theaters beginning to show ads telling people to silence their phones.Text messaging existed in the 1990s but was not widely used until the early 2000s, when it became a cultural phenomenon.The digital revolution became truly global in this time as well - after revolutionizing society in the developed world in the 1990s, the digital revolution spread to the masses in the developing world in the 200In late 2005 th