工程英语论文.docx

兰州交通大学学期论文中文题目 国际工程项目 英文题目 International Construction Project 专业 英 语 姓名 鞠薇薇学号 201106421指导教师 刘 虹提交日期 December.27兰州交通大学学期论文评语指导教师： 成绩摘要“项目”一词已越来越广泛地被人们应用于社会经济和文化生活的各个方面。人们经常用“项目”来表示一类事物。“项目”定义很多，许多管理专家都企图用简单通俗的语言对项目进行抽象性概括和描述。在许多文献中常引用1964年Martino的定义：“项目为一个具有规定开始时间和结束时间的任务，它需要使用一种或多种资源，具有许多个为完成该任务（或者项目）所必须完成的互相独立、互相联系、互相依赖的活动。”工程项目是最为常见也是最为典型的项目类型，是项目管理的重点。一个工程项目的持续时间是一定的，即任何项目不可能无期限延长，否则这个项目无意义。国际工程项目管理是一个复杂的过程，施工企业如何以建筑工程项目管理为中心，提高工程质量，保证工程进度，降低工程成本，提高经济效益，这是事关建筑施工企业生存和发展的关键。尤其在我国加入WTO后，建筑市场全面开放，市场竞争更加激烈，所以建筑企业应树立成本、进度、质量的系统管理观念，将企业的成本、进度、质量管理工作视为一项系统工程，强调整体与全局，对企业成本、进度、质量管理的对象、内容、方法进行全方位的分析研究，实现管理的创新，在安全、质量、工期保证的情况下，严格控制工程成本，争取最大限度地降低工程成本，才能在市场竞争中立于不败之地。本论文由五部分组成。第一章，对国际工程项目进行简要介绍。第二章，是对国际工程项目类型的分类阐述。第三章，国际工程项目管理明及项目管理者的额要说明。第四章，是对项目交付系统及项目交付类型的介绍 第五章，即结论部分，对论文进行了总结，强调国际工程项目及各组成部分的重要性。关键词：国际工程项目 项目类型 项目管理 项目管理者 项目交付系统Abstract“Project has been more and more widely used in various aspects of peoples socio-economic and cultural life. People often use project to represent a class of things. Project is defined in many ways. Many management experts have attempted to use simple language to summary and depict the project in abstract ways. Often in many references cited 1964 Martino definition project is task having a predetermined start time and end time and requiring the use of one or more resources with the activities that independent of each other, interconnected and interdependent in order to complete of the plurality of tasks (or project).1Construction project is the most common and typical types of projects. It is the key point of project management. The duration of a project is certain that any project cannot be extended indefinitely. Otherwise, this project is meaningless. International construction project management is a complicated process. How to center on construction project management, and improve the quality, promise the schedule and reduce the costs of construction are the key for construction enterprise to exist and development. Especially after our country joins WTO, the construction market is fully open, the market competition is more intense. Therefore, the construction enterprises should establish the management concept system of cost, schedule and quality 2. Regarding the management of costs and schedule and quality as a construction system. And emphasize the whole situation. Besides, the construction enterprise should analysis at a full range of the enterprise cost, schedule, quality management of object, content and method of the research. Realize the innovation of management and strictly control the construction cost under the situation of safety, quality and duration. And reduce the cost of the project to remain invincible in the market competition.This thesis consists of five parts. The first chapter is the briefly introduction of the international construction project. The second chapter is a classified state of international construction project types. The third chapter is the state of the international construction project management and project managers. The fourth chapter is the introduction of the construction project delivery systems and project delivery types. The fifth chapter is the conclusion of this paper, emphasizing the importance of international construction project and its components.Key words: International construction project Project types Project management Project manager Project delivery systems ContentsChapter one Introduction of Construction Project.1Chapter two Types of Construction Project 12.1 Introduction. .12.2 Types .22.2.1 Residential housing construction.22.2.2 Official and commercial building construction.22.2.3 Heavy engineering construction.22.2.4 Industrial construction3 Chapter three Project management.33.1 What is construction management.33.2 Project manager.3Chapter four Project delivery systems.4 4.1 Introduction44.2 Project delivery systems.44.2.1 Owner-provided delivery.44.2.2 Traditional design-bid build 54.2.3 Construction management.54.2.4 Design- build.5Chapter five Conclusion .5References .7 Chapter One Introduction of Construction ProjectConstruction projects involve much time and expense, and close management control of them is required if they are to be completed within the established time and cost limitations. Construction projects are intricate and time-consuming undertakings. The total development of a project normally consists of several phases requiring a diverse range of specialized services. In progressing from initial planning to project completion, the typical job passes through successive and distinct stages that demand inputs from such disparate directions as financial organizations, governmental agencies, engineers, architects, lawyers, insurance and surety companies, contractors, and building tradesmen.To some degree each construction project is unique, and no two jobs are ever quite alike. In its specifics, each structure is tailored to suit its environment, arranged to perform its own particular function, and designed to reflect personal tastes and preferences 3. The vagaries of the construction site and the possibilities for creative and utilitarian variation of even the most standardized building product combine to make each construction project a new and different experience.Chapter Two Types of Construction Project2.1 Introduction Construction interests almost all fields of human endeavor, and this diversity is reflected in its projects. Designers of hospitals interest closely with medical professionals to serve the needs of patient best. Educational philosophies take shape in the architecture of schools and colleges, while government and corporations express their “images” with structures that house their offices and production facilities. The design and construction of refineries, factories, and power plants generally require that the builders be more knowledgeable of the related industrial technologies 1than the manufactures and utilities that operate them 4. Builders of dams, tunnels, bridges, and other civil engineering today must be geologists, ecologists, and sociologists as well as architects, engineers, and managers. And most of us recognize how intimately the design and quality of our building environment either enhance of frustrate our personal lives.2.2 Types 2.2.1 Residential housing constructionResidential housing construction includes single-family homes, multiunit townhouses, garden apartments, high-rise apartments and condominiums. The latter, in particular, are technologically less closely related to residents than to the following description of nonresidential building construction and are sometimes incorporated as part of multipurpose commercial developments. They are classified here from the users point of view.2.2.2 Official and commercial building construction Official and commercial building construction encompasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sports stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, warehouse and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels. This sector typically accounts for 35 to 40 percent of the construction market. The owners of such buildings may not be familiar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select competent professional consultants and arrange the financing of the constructed facilities themselves 5. 2.2.3 Heavy engineering construction Though accounting only for 20 to 25 percent of the market, heavy engineering construction includes many of the structures for which the industry is best known. Dams and tunnels provide hydroelectric power, flood control, and irrigation; bridges range from footpaths to internationally famous landmarks such as spanning San Franciscos Golden Gate; Other 2transportation structures include interstate railways, airports, highways, and urban rapid transit systems; ports and harbor structures fall into this category, as do many of those in the deep open sea. 2.2.4 Industrial construction Industrial construction represents only about 5 to 10 percent of the market, but it has some of the largest projects and is dominated by some of the largest engineering and construction firms 6. These projects include petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants; synthetic fuel plants; fossil-fuel and nuclear power plants; mine developments, smelters, steel mills, and aluminum plants; large heavy-manufacturing plants; and other facilities essential to our utilities and basic industries.Chapter Three Project management3.1 What is construction management The practice of construction management (CM) evolved within the past 50 years in response to “increasing complexities in the construction industry”, according to the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) 7. As construction projects became more complex, design and professional on a project who could work together with owners, designers, and contractors to complete the project. These individuals manage quality, cost, schedule, scope, and risks associated with design and construction to help the company achieve its objectives. For those who are tenacious, highly motivated, and enjoy a job where they can literally see concrete results of their work, CM may be a good career choice. With business booming and CM graduates all but guaranteed a job and a great starting salary right out of the gate, now is a great time to jump into the field. 3.2 Project manager The project manager organizes, plans, schedules, and controls the field work and is responsible for getting the project completed within the time and cost 3limitations. He acts as the focal point for all facets of the project and rings together the efforts of all organizations having inputs into the constructions by dealing directly with the individuals and organizations involved. In any such situation where events progress rapidly and decisions must be consistently informed, the specific leadership of one person is needed. Because he has the overall responsibility, the project manager must have broad authority over all elements of the project. The nature of construction is such that he must often take action quickly on his own initiative, and it is necessary that he be empowered to do so. To be effective force that management is a function of executive leadership and provides the cohesive force that binds together the several diverse elements into a team effort for project completion.Chapter Four Project delivery systems4.1 Introduction Owners, design professionals, and constructors make the decisions, provide the service, and perform the work to deliver constructed projects. These activities are known collectively as project delivery, and the generic term “project delivery system”, describes how the participants are organized to interact, transforming the owners project goals and objective into a finished facility. When deciding how project resources are to be organized, the owner considers a number of general but significant factors, including: past practices, traditions, and experience; the advice of consultants; the interests of other project stakeholders.4.2 Project delivery systems 4.2.1 Owner-provided deliveryOn project where the scope of work is within their range of skills, experience, and resources, owners often choose to perform some or all of the design services and construction work themselves. Projects that involve simple modification to an existing facility, as well a4project that are limited in cost or complexity, are good candidates for owner-provided delivery. An owner might also elect to keep repetitive project in house.4.2.2 Traditional design-bid build In the U.S, contracting has for many years been the form of project delivery require by law for the owner of most public works projects. Owners of many private projects also frequently choose DBB contracting 8. DBB is effective on projects where the owner needs both professional design services and construction services. DBB is also effective in cases where the design professional does not require knowledge of the means and methods of construction.4.2.3 Construction management Many owners engage construction managers to assist in developing bid document and overseeing project construction. In the broadest sense, a construction manager (CM) is a professional or firm trained in the management of construction processes; CMs tend to be less involved with the detailed implementation of those processes. Organizationally, a CM is generally inter-posed between the owner and some or all the other participants. 4.2.4 Design- build Design-build project delivery, in which one entity is responsible for both design and construction, has been used by owners of public and private projects throughout history. Under design-build project delivery, the owner contracts with a single entity to provide the de