英语口语考试话题常用展开方式.doc

英语口语考试话题常用展开方式（一） 枚举法枚举法也叫列举法，用这种方法扩展话题，首先提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述。请看下面一段语段：There are two reasons why I have decided to attend our university. First of all, there is the question of money, our universitys tuition fee is reasonable, and I dont even have to pay it all at once. This is very important, since my father is not a rich man. With the deferred payment plan, my father will be able to pay my tuition without too much difficulty. The second reason is the fine education I will receive in management, my chosen field. For some well-known experienced managers are hired as visiting professors in our university. Moreover, our university requires all students to gain practical experiences by working in a company.说话人在论述选择上该大学的原因时，首先提出论点：“我选择上该大学出自两个理由”，接着列举了学费和教育两个方面，来对该论点进行论证。两个论据通过连接短语first of all和the second reason贯通在一起。在论证第二方面的原因时，又从两方面进行阐述，即：该大学管理系聘请了最好的有经验的管理专家担任访问教授并为学生求学期间提供实习机会。Moreover是连接词，将这两层意思连接起来。表示枚举的常见过渡性连接词语有：first, second, third; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more; above all; next; beyond that; initially; eventually, finally, last but not least等。用枚举法来扩展话题，可以帮助考生迅速理清思路，同时使论述的内容层次分明，脉络清楚。（二） 描述法描述法是话题扩展的一种常用手段，语段描述一般都是描述人、地方或物品的某个特点，并且语段的主题句往往表达说话人的总体印象。请看下面一段人物描写：The most fascinating person I know is Xiaoming, a friend of mine. Xiaoming has many unusual characteristics you would not guess from his physical appearance. He is probably the shortest and thinnest man that I know. Nevertheless, he is the best athlete in our school. Moreover, he is also a wonderful storyteller. He often entertains us for hours with stories about the interesting things he does and the people he knows. The most important thing is that he is a person who will not hesitate to help you when you are in trouble. You will feel how wonderful it is to be one of his friends. I am sure that you would find him a fascinating person too.该语段是典型的人物描述，所有的句子紧紧围绕主题句Xiaoming is the most fascinating person I know来展开。Xiaoming给人的总体印象是迷人的，说话人通过从外貌、特长、品质等方面对他进行描述，突出强调他与众不同的典型特征，给人留下深刻的印象。应该注意到形容词在精彩生动的描述中所起的作用，如：the most fascinating, unusual, the shortest and thinnest, best, wonderful等。（三） 举例法举例法亦称例证法，它与枚举法有很多相似之处，唯一不同的是，用例证法展开话题时，主题句中提出论点，然后通过实际事例予以论证或阐述，而不是仅罗列一些原因或利弊。值得注意的是，要求所选的事例能很好地支持主题句中的论点。请看下面的语段：There is no denying that life is full of undesirable risks. To illustrate, a driver throws himself into danger when driving too fast, and a heavy smoker is running the risk of suffering from lung cancer. However, there are many risks worth taking, since they will bring you success, fame or pleasure. For example, Ke Shouliang once challenged the physical limitation of a man and risked his life in flying over the Yellow River in his car. And he made it and was hailed as hero.说话人以生活中的冒险为主题，认为有的风险应该避开而有的风险却值得尝试。每层意思均以举例的方式展开阐述。首先以驾车超速招致祸患和吸烟导致肺癌为例来说明类似的风险应该予以回避；接着以柯受良驾车飞跃黄河为例来阐述值得冒的风险及其原因。表示举例的常见过渡性连接词语有：for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as, such, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take as an example等。举例法是通过具体的实例来阐述论点，使该法来支持或反对某一观点。（四） 比较对照法比较对照法是阐述话题主旨的常用方法之一。比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起使用，以阐述两者或更多事物间的异同。比较描述的是所比对象的相同和相似点，而对照则强调所描述对象的不同点，甚至相反之处。比较对照的结构有多种，可以先集中描述甲A、甲B、甲C；乙A、乙B、乙C；也可以是甲乙方同时逐点描述：甲A、乙A；甲B、乙B例如：My two friends have similar and different characteristics, such as appearance, personality and hobbies. Wendy is short and blonde. In contrast, Lisa is taller than Wendy, and Lisas hair is much darker and curlier than Wendys. Wendy is the shy type and doesnt talk loudly when other people are there. On the other hand, Lisa is more outgoing than Wendy and likes to speak more. Both Lisa and Wendy enjoy doing different things, and they do them well. For instance, Wendy is a folk dancer, and she dances more gracefully than Lisa, but Lisa can play tennis better than Wendy. Wendy and Lisa are friends; for this reason, other people like to compare them.说话人比较了两个朋友在外貌、性格和爱好方面的相同点及不同点，以“甲A、乙A；甲B、乙B”的比较方式展开，分条讨论这两位朋友的异同。又如：There are some similarities between the city and the countryside; however, great differences between them still exist. In our country, most people like to live in the city, because of entertainment and better health service as well. Children can get better education. But it is noisy and crowded in the city. Life in the countryside, on the other hand, is much simple and comparatively dull. Transportation is not convenient, and the chances of education are limited. But there is much less noise there, and the air is cleaner.说话人从交通、娱乐、教育、环境等四个方面论述了城乡生活的差异，采用的是“甲A、甲B、甲C；乙A；乙B、乙C”先城市后农村的集中对照手法。常用的表示比较的过渡性连接词语有：similarly, likewise, correspondingly, in a similar way, in the same way, too, like, resemble, similar to, equal to, equally important, bothand, the same as等。常用的表示对照的过渡性连接词语有：on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in contrast to, in sharp contrast, conversely, otherwise, however, nevertheless, but, yet, although, even though, whereas, while, it is truebut, instead, unlike, rather than, in spite of, contrast with, different from, contrary to, differ from, though等。（五） 因果法因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答为什么这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果模式有一因一果，一因多果、一果多因和因果链等，而以因果方式扩展话题时通常采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果又常以枚举方式列举。例如：There is a great demand for colleges to conduct reforms on English teaching and learning. Is there a particular reason for college English reforms? Educational surveys uncover many contributing causes. Some students see little relationship between class work and future employment requirements. In addition, their oral English is quite poor even learning English for so many years. The daily school routine presents an unchanging and oft