艺考生课程——语法 第四十讲 虚拟语气.doc

2015年学大教育艺考生课程语法 第四十讲 虚拟语气（一）-虚拟语气在条件句中的应用适用学科英语适用年级高三适用区域使用人教版教材地区课时时长（分钟）1课时/60分钟知识点虚拟语气在条件句中的应用教学目标知识：if虚拟条件句与不用if表达的虚拟条件句方法：通过讲解与练习相结合的方法能力：能根运用虚拟条件句进行表达教学重点If虚拟条件句对现在、过去及将来进行虚拟时的句型结构教学难点句型结构的牢固记忆及灵活运用教学过程一、 课堂导入让学生阅读并比较下列句子，让学生直观地感受什么是虚拟条件句。If the working conditions are not too bad, I will accept the job. 如果工作条件不太差，我会接受这项工作。(真实条件) If the working conditions were not too bad, I would accept the job. 如果工作条件不太差，我就接受这项工作了。(虚拟条件句) (事实是The working conditions are too bad, and I wont accept the job) 二、复习预习1. 在上课前，帮助学生复习上节课所学内容：被动语态2. 上节课课后作业检查和订正(1) 订正习题答案(2) 讨论错题并总结错误原因三、知识讲解知识点1：虚拟语气及虚拟条件句的定义【考查点1】虚拟语气的定义虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。 例：If I were you, I would not leave him alone.如果我是你，我不会丢下他一个人。(我不可能是你)I could easily recognize him if I had seen him before.如果我之前见过他，我就能很容易地认出他。（我之前并没有见过他） 【考查点2】虚拟条件句的定义条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。非真实条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气，所以也叫虚拟条件句。例：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。（真实条件句） If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（虚拟条件句）（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）知识点2：if虚拟条件句【考查点1】与现在、过去及将来事实相反的if虚拟条件句的句型结构if从句主句与现在事实相反过去式（动词是be用were）should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had + 过去分词should/would/could/might + have +过去分词与将来事实相反1) should + 动词原形 2) were + 动词不定式 3)过去式（动词是Be也可以用were）should / would/could/might + 动词原形例：If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。（事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French. 明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。）【考查点2】if虚拟条件句可省略if如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。 例：Had you not helped me, I should have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。 Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。 Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。【考查点3】混合型if虚拟条件句当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。例：He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。 If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。知识点3：不用if表达的虚拟条件句【考查点1】含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中if条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。 例：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help) What would I have done without you? 如果没有你, 我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)He was on business in Beijing at that time; otherwise he might have helped us。那是他在北京出差，否则的话他会帮助我们。（暗含条件是连词otherwise）I should have attended my friends wedding ceremony, but I couldnt afford the time。我本应该参加我朋友的婚礼仪式的，但是我没有时间。（暗含条件是连词but） 【考查点2】 虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition等词语来引导。例：The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。 Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。 Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。 Suppose you were given a chance to study in America, would you accept? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose 或 supposing =what if） He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。 In case I forget, please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。 Susan is walking slowly, as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。 与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。四、例题精析【例题1】If there were no subjunctive, English _ much easier.A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be 【答案】D【解析】句意：要是没有虚拟语气，英语将会简单地多。观察题干，可知全句表达的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,从句用一般过去时，主句有“将要”的意思，所以用“would +动词原形”的结构，因此答案为D。【例题2】You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired.A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got【答案】D【解析】句意：你不让我开车，如果我们轮流开车，你就不会这么累了。根据句意可知，该句表述的是与过去事实相反的假设，所以if从句要用过去完成时, 主句要用would have done的否定形式wouldnt have done, 所以答案为D。【例题3】Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she _there, she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often. A. lives B. would live C. has lived D. were to live【答案】D【解析】句意：格雷斯不想搬到纽约去，因为她认为如果她住在那儿的话，就不能经常见到她的父母了。由句意可知，这是对将来事情的虚拟。故主句中要用“would动词原形”，条件句中可以用were to do，一般过去时态或者shoulddo。所以只有D项符合题意。【例题4】Without electricity human life _ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be【答案】D【解析】without引出一个含蓄条件句，主句表述的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，所以主句要用would+动词原形的结构，故答案为D。【例题5】_ it _ for your help, I couldnt have made any progress. A. Had; not been B. Should; not be C. Did; not be D. Not; be 【答案】A【解析】句意为“要不是你帮忙的话，我不可能取得进步。”根据主句谓语形式，可知从句要用had done形式，故应选A.。Had it not been for your helpIf it had not been for your help。五、课堂运用【基础】1. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I _ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. A. have had B. had had C. have D. had 【答案】D【解析】句意：很抱歉，我现在很忙。要是我有时间，一定会与你去远足的。根据句意可知，此处表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句中的谓语动词要用过去式。故D项正确。2. If we _ adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful. Ahavent made Bwouldnt make Cdidnt make Dhadnt made 【答案】D【解析】句意：如果我们没有做好充分的准备，会议也就不会那么顺利。在if引导的条件虚拟句中，与过去情况相反的条件句用had done的形式，主句为情态动词have done。故选D项。3. If my car _more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer. A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be 【答案】B【解析】句意：如果我的车子再可靠一点的话，我就会开车而不是乘飞机去拉萨了。根据would have driven可知是与过去的事实相反，故if条件句用过去完成时。【巩固】4. _ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I【答案】C【解析】在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Werent I to do。5. Did you got to the fashion show last week? I_, but I was fully occupied the whole week. A. must go B. must have gone C. would go D. would have gone 【答案】B【解析】根据答语中的“but I was fully occupied”可知，此处是对过去事实的虚拟，应用would have done结构，表示“过去打算做而实际上未做”，据此选D项。 6. Why did you leave him as he was? But what _otherwise? He never listens to me. A. could I do B. should I do C. could I have done D. must I have done 【答案】C【解析】句意：你为什么放任他？我又能做什么呢？他从来不听我的。在虚拟语气中，有时假设的情况并不是以条件状语从句的形式表示，而是通过相应的介词或连词，如without，but for，or，but，otherwise等来表示。根据问句中的“did”和“was”可知，此处是对过去的虚拟，主句应用would/should/could/mighthave done sth.，故选C项。【拔高】7. John went to the hospital alone. If he _ me about it, I would have gone with him. A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told【答案】D【解析】虚拟条件句表示与过去事实相反时，条件句用过去完成时，主句用would have done。8. We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold _ us a ride home. A. didnt offer B. wouldnt offer C. hasnt offered D. hadnt offered 【答案】D【解析】句意：昨天，如果不是哈罗德让我们搭他的车回家，我们就叫辆出租车了。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句的谓语动词用过去完成时。9. Could you tell me how to do this exercise? Well, if you_ to the teacher carefully yesterday, you_ how to do it now. A. had listened; would know B. listened; would have know C. would listen; know D. has listened; knew【答案】A【解析】考查if条件从句的虚拟语气。句意为：“告诉我怎么做这道练习题，好吗？”“好呀。如果你昨天认真听讲，现在你就知道怎么做了。”根据语境答语应为事实相反的假设，因此要用虚拟语气，注意if条件从句是与过去事实相反，而主句是与现在事实相反。故选A项。课程小结本节课主要讲解了虚拟语气（一），主要讲解了虚拟语气在if条件句及非if条件句中的应用。同学在学习虚拟语气时，首先要掌握if虚拟条件句对现在、过去及将来进行虚拟时的句型结构，然后根据具体语境灵活运用。课后作业【基础】1. We have finally finished it! When _ the job if we had started it three days earlier? A. may we finish B. could we finish C. could we have finished D. may we have finished【答案】C【解析】考查情态动词和虚拟语气。句意:要是我们提前三天开始工作, 那么我们能什么时候完成（事实上并没有提前三天开始）?由后半句“if we had started it a week earlier”可知, 这是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。所以主句用“情态动词+have done”。2. You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D. had come; would meet【答案】B【解析】此题考查情态动词表示虚拟意义的用法。I dont think是否定前移。意为：我认为没有你我们本不能做成这件事的。此题关键是要根据句意知道是虚拟语气，其基本形式是情态动词（过去式）+ have done，所以其他选项皆可排除。3. _ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race. A. If B. Since C. Though D. When 【答案】A【解析】从题干意思看，句子明显用虚拟语气。If可引导虚拟的条件从句，指与事实相反或不可能实现的假设。对过去的情景表达虚拟时条件句谓语用had + 过去分词，主句用would/ could/ should have done形式。 【巩固】4. If the traffic hadnt been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 oclock. What a pity! Tina _here to see you. A. is B. was C. would be D. has been【答案】B【解析】透过虚拟语气透漏的信息：因交通拥挤，我六点以前没能及时赶回；所以下文说：真遗憾，Tina六点以前在（was）这里（要见你，但现在已经走了），上句虚拟，下句真实。5. Without electricity, human life _quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be【答案】D【解析】“假如今天没有电，人们的生活就大不同了”，是一种虚拟表达，要用与现在事实相反的虚拟语气谓语，故选D. 这里Without短语表示虚拟条件。 6. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now. A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing【答案】B【解析】根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一