英语毕业论文(中西方文化差异).doc

中国和西方文化礼仪的差距英语 王雯 指导老师: 张丽 摘 要礼仪是人与人之间交流的规则，是一种语言，也是一种工具。由于形成礼仪的重要根源宗教信仰的不同，使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪。由于各国的历史和文化底蕴不同，各国人民在进行礼尚交往时的习惯也有不少差异。特别是中西方之间，礼仪上的差异很大，为了达到这种语言的共鸣，中西方礼仪应该得到重视。 由此可见了解中西方交往的习惯差异是很有必要的。往大处来说,一个国家无论是在政治上还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，将有利于各国之间的交往。随着中西方文化的不断发展，中西方的礼仪正在相互融合，西方人逐渐接受了中国文化中重情感等合理因素，中国人也逐渐接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。 我们得承认，当今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪为此本文探讨研究了中西方礼仪的差异，为了减少中西方文化礼仪上的差距，使中西方人们之间的交往更加容易,本文通过对中西方各个方面文化礼仪的不同展开讨论，差距是有，取其精华，进行中外文化礼仪上的上的交流和沟通，学习。关键词 ：礼仪；差异；中国的礼仪；西方的礼仪The differences betweenChinese and western etiquetteAbstract Etiquette is the rules of communication between people, and it is a language, but also a tool. Since the formation of a major source of ritual the difference of religious beliefs, what making the world believe in different religions that people follow a different liturgical. As different countries with different historical and cultural heritage, Needless to say there are many differences in habits when people of all countries dealing during the ceremony. Particularly in the etiquette between Western and Chinese is very large, in order to achieve the resonance of the language ,the differences should be taken seriously.This shows that the habit of understanding between Chinese and Western communication is necessary. Look at the big run, a country both in politics or in economy and trade to understand the ritual habits of the other country, it will be conducive to the exchanges between the countries. With the continuous development of Chinese and western culture, the Chinese and western etiquette is mutual confluence, and westerners gradually accepted in Chinese culture such as heavy emotion and reasonable factors, and the Chinese also gradually accepted the western culture advanced civilization etiquette and communication mode. We must admit that todays international etiquette is basically the etiquette of western ,therefore this paper studied the differences between Chinese and western etiquette. In order to reduce the gap between the Chinese and western culture etiquette, make the interaction between Chinese and western people more easily, This article discusses on various aspects of differences between Chinese and western culture etiquette. Athough there are many differences, and we should extrct its essence, we can take a tall on chinese and wester cultural ceremonial exchanges and communication and learning. Key words: Etiquette, Differences, Chinese etiquette, Western etiquetteContentsAbstract(Chinese) IAbstract(English) IIChapter one Introduction IChapter two Differences in several aspectsIIChapter three Theoretical Foundations III2.1Important Symbol of Human Civilization2.2The Immortal Essence of the Western Civilization2.3The Integration between Chinese and the Western Ethics AcknowledgementsIV Chapter one IntroductionEtiquette is people in social interactions, as it is due to historical tradition, customs,religious beliefs, and the trend of The Times that the formation of the influence of such factors. Both for people identity and for the people had to follow, For the purpose of establishing harmonious relations,and the sum of the various line with the spirit and requirements of ritual code of conduct .First we must understand the different etiquette is based on their cultural roots. The Concept of Etiquette and the Reasons for Studying Etiquette. Etiquette is the process and means to show waht respect to each other in interpersonal relationship .Etiquette can be said to be a persons external appearance of inward cultivation and quality. From the aspect of communication, interpersonal etiquette can be regarded as a kind of art and a method of communication. It is a common respect for person and a friendly practice in interpersonal relationships.From the respect of transmitting, interpersonal rituals can be roughly divided into chief etiquette, business etiquette, service etiquette, social etiquette, foreign etiquette and several other major branches. An important reason that different countries have different histories and cultures, there are a lot of differences in the habit of conducts and the ceremony, especially between China and the West, the jokes and the mistakes caused by misunderstanding is not unusual. This shows that the understanding of the different etiquettes between Chinese and the Westerners is absolutely necessary. In the office, to understand each others customer will be conductive to the exchanges between the countries. A person who understands others rituals and folk customs can be seen as respecting for others and can be easier to make a good impression on the other side. Along with the constant development of Chinese culture and the Western culture, Chinese ritual and the Western ritual are fusions. The Westerners have accepted the reasonable factors in Chinese culture and other important feelings. Chinese people have gradually accepted the advanced civilization of the Western culture and etiquette style. However, in real life, the etiquettes impact due to cultural differences between China and the West still exists. The paper explores the differences between Chinese etiquette and the Western etiquette to make Chinese communicate with the Westerners more easily.The Origin of Chinese Etiquette.In China, etiquette is equal to courtesy and ceremony. The essence of etiquette is the method of dealing with people and the belief in ghosts and spirits. People consider that all things are controlled by the ghosts which can not be seen. Therefore, the etiquette is originated from the belief in ghosts and spirits, as well as a special form of belief in ghosts and spirits. China is a state of ceremonies. Back to five thousand years ago, etiquette used to be the core of traditional culture. Up to now, the etiquette has been really reformed. Thus it becomes rituals of modern civilization. Chinese etiquette in Chinese culture plays a “quasi-legal” role. Etiquettes origins can be traced back to the early time of human beings. It should be said that at the very beginning of the history of the Chinese nation, etiquette was generated along with the human activities and with a primitive religion. Etiquette is the system to deal with the three relationships among the people, God and the ghosts. It is said that there were “five ceremonies” in ancient China. In fact etiquette can be divided into two main parts, one is politics, and the other is life. Chinese legal system was bred during the establishment and implementation of the protocol. The essence of etiquette is the way how to deal with people and the belief in ghosts and spirits.Our group culture, attaches great importance to the family friends relationship, regard it as of society cells; But in western countries, advocating independence, self-improvement and self-reliance. Chinese people value their traditional favorable king-subject, honestly, seniority, hierarchical, while in Anglo-American countries, elders and junior, dont dispute between equal status with young boundaries, friends. Chinese traditional ideas always advocating four generations family reunion, has a parents, not in the words ancient precept. In the Western countries, the word etiquette used to mean “keep off the grass”. Louis XIVs(路易十四) gardener noticed that the aristocrats were walking through his gardens and then he put up signs (etiquette) to warn them off. The dukes and duchesses walked right past these signs. Due to this blatant disregard, the king of Versailles decreed that no individual was to go beyond the bounds of the etiquettes. The meaning of etiquette would later include the ticket to court functions that lists the instructions on which a person would stand and what was to be done. Etiquette, like language, has evolved, but it still means literally “keep off the grass”. Until the 1960s, the importance of good manners was taught without question, but with the liberated 70s, it came a decline in the popularity of teaching proper etiquette. In 2004, a new emphasis has been placed on returning to traditional values. Proper etiquette and protocol have given children and adults a vital tool that provides not only a competitive edge, but a sense of confidence.Travel While in Anglo-American countries, 18 children still lives at home depend on their parents life is incredible things, they must rely on our own hands to live independently. Similarly, older parents even lost self-care ability, general wont drag children.The Integration between Chinese and the Western Ethics. In modern society, it seems that the world is getting smaller and smaller, people are very active in frequent exchanges. Human decency plays the basic role of social ethics. It is the part which is the most straightforward and the easiest to operate during the process of globalization. It has become a code of conduct, guidelines and the ceremony together with the goal of establishing a harmonious relationship in social intercourse. The international etiquette combines ritual characteristics of various countries and people and can be understood by the people of different countries and nations. International etiquette can be shared by more and more different cultures and customs, because etiquette itself is a cultural phenomenon. Culture includes both ideas and customs, and both spiritual habits and physical habits. The etiquette obviously has the cultural identity which combines ideas and customs, habits of mind and bodies. It reflects the sense of the organic unity of moral and ethical behaviors. Therefore, many countries are paying great attention to combining international etiquette with national etiquette creatively. Individual Freedom and Teamwork. The Westerners cherish individual freedom and independence. They are not willing to be subjected to any limitation. Chinese culture mostly emphasizes on collective interests. They subordinate their personal interests to advocate collective interests. They advocate unity, cooperation and unison.This means that etiquette in the Western and Chinese society is in a more appropriate location.Chapter two Differences in several aspectThe differences of daily communication.Daily to greet, Chinese people mostly used to say Did you eat ? Where are you going ?,etc. It reflects the interpersonal kindness . But for westerners, this greeting will make them feel suddenly, embarrassed, even unhappy, because westerners will put this friendly greeting that just for Chinese to understand the questioned, it means they are questioned because something , and they feel others in their private lives. In a word the behaviour make them feel uncomfortable.In the west, daily to greet ,they only say Hello or due to the time , saying good morning!, Good afternoon! andGood night!, it is ok. The Englishman meet you and he would say: it is a fine day today!If you are not very busy when you meet the people who are stranger,you can say hello, and the answer to you should also be hello. If someone want to shake hands with you, of course you should shake hands with him and the same time you must remember to refuse to shake hands is very impolite. Usually by older or the woman first give the hand.On the appellation, in Chinese, only between several best friend and very closed people can directly call first names. But in the west, the rang of people directly call first names is wider than it in China. In the west, commonly used sir and madam represent the people who is a stranger you dont know the name . You can call ten or twenties woman young lady,and married women could be called lady, etc. Between family members, it can absolutely regardless of degress, generally can call the name each othe. In the home,they can directly call father and mothers names. For all the male elders they can call uncle,and to all female elders they can call aunt. It is in China is no good, Chinese people must distinguish degress, young and old, otherwise they will be thinked of impolite ?Generally speaking, you really cant accept the invitation, you can politely declined to say you cant go and explain the reason. Just say I cant go to or I dont go to is not polite. Say sorry is not enough. Just say thank you, it can make the person puzzling,he dont know you exactly mean wether you accept the invitation, or decline the invitation.When you meet people firstly, you usually shake hands. In addition, long-lost friends when we meet and we usually shake hands. However, when they met and dont shake hands , with a bow slightly bow and a smile,it is also very polite.Chinese and western languages have many different farewell laguages. If you farewell to patients , Chinese people will say the word ofdrink more water, put on more clothes,and sleep early and so on to express the carefullness to patient . But westerners never say that words such as drink more water , because this words will be thought the backseat driver. For example, they will say take care or I hope you will soon recover, etc. Dining etiquette difference.Chinese people have a words that called People regard food as their heave （民以食为天）, thus diet in the Chinese idea ia very important , so Chinese people look the daily diet as their top thing. Chinese dishes are exquisitely prepared, delicious.Chinese people pay more attation to food color, smell, taste, shape, meaning , sometimes more than on nutrition to pay attention to.Both we think of foods delicious and beautiful,and the nutrition is always be ignored. Western diet attach importance to rang in food nutritions and absorption,it is a science diet idea. Westerners pay more attention to the foods nutrition and neglect of the food color, fragrance, taste, shape, meaning.Their diet is to survive and health, it seems does not important to taste .In the dining atmosphere,all of the Chinese like lively mood while their have a dinner. Many people sit together to eat and drink,they are talking and laughing. Everybody together to build a kind of a warmly lively dining atmosphere.Expect it is in a very formal banquets, Chinese people have not very special etiquette on the table. While the westerners in the dinner, all of them like quiet and gracful environment. They think they must pay attention to manners when they are on the table, and not to lose courtesy. For instance, when they have a meal and can not with a very unpleasant sound.When Chinese and western host a dinner ,it also has its own characteristics. In China, most of them base on the left for honour throughout the ages. When fete guests, we will firstly arrange the honorest guest seat on the left position,and arrange others in turn. In the west, right is for honour, men and women seat interval , and the couple also separatly seat. Female guests seats is slightly more honour than male guests seats, for the man, he ready for the chair to the woman in his right is to show his respect. In addition, westerners have meal must sit upright ,they think bend down, with the mouth gather to food is very rude, but this is exactly the way Chinese people usually to eat. Eatting western-style food, owners do not advocate drink the more alcohol, in Chinas table ,wine is essential thing. With the wine drinking, sometimes in order to show respect for each other, and drinking the wine up.Chinese table is lively, western table is quiet. Chinese people want to use words and deeds to advised friends to drink and eat, westerners just using the words to advise. In the Chinese history Wine culture is regarded as business, make friends and so on the social occasions essentials. In the west,people usually drink beer, wine, and they dont like urge others to drink . In China, the banquet demands to have dishes in a table,while westerners think it is not health, practicing separate eating. When Chinese banquets,they toast each other and dance and sing. Westerner requires less noise and less action, and there is many dining programs .Dress etiquette difference.Western man usually wear a conservative style suit in formal social occasions, they wear white shirt and tie inside. They like black, so they usually wear black leather shoes. Western lady usually wear a dress suits in formal occasions. Another custom is woman wear earrings when they go out . Western countries, especially in the United States, people like to wear leisure clothes at ordinary times, such as T-shirts with jeans.Todays Chinese dress increasingly westernized, more and more people change their ideas,just as traditional qipao(旗袍) and ZhongShanZhuang（中山装） and so on have withdrawn from the stage of history. Formal occasions men and womens dressing have noting difference with the west. In the usual civic life,you can see many people wear vest, shorts and slippers,which are not keep up with etiquette.In all ages, dress represents a kind of social culture, which embodies a persons knowledge and aesthetics ,it is a persons identity, temperament, and the inherent quality wordless recommendation. In a sense, the dress is an art, dress can convey emotion and meaning that isnt even use words can replace. In different situations, dressing oneself appropriately and moderately people, give a person a favourable impression, and dressing inappropriately, then lower the ones identity, and damage his own image.In a social situation, appropriate dress is a polite behavior, to a certain extent, it directly influences the interpersonal harmony.Influnce factors of the dressing effects, the important one is to have a cul