英语复习.doc

中国科学技术大学工程硕士英语复习题(自动化系上海班)（2012年5月）Section I Reading Comprehension )Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:By the year 2000just 12 years from nowscientists will be able to freeze dying people and revive them years later when a cure for their disease has been found. opening the door to human immortality, predict excited experts. And their conclusions are not just pie in the sky. They are based on an astonishing experiment in which a dog was frozen for 15 minutes, then revived in perfect health! “The bottom line of experiments like this is the indefinite extension of human life!” declared Dr. Paul Segall, who conducted the frozen dog experiment. “If youre about to dieyou have an incurable disease such as AIDS, or even extreme old agewe could freeze you and stop time for you until we can cure those diseases or reverse a condition like aging.” “What were looking at is a gradual victory over death and aging. And freezing someone and then bringing them back could be here within 12 years!” “There is a strong possibility that we will be able to freeze and revive a human being by the year 2000.” “Not only will freezing allow ill persons to survive until a cure for their diseases is found, but it will also open up new possibilities for organ transplants, which will in turn allow people to live much longerperhaps indefinitely.” “Right now, organs taken from a person whos recently died must be transplanted to another person within a very short time. But with the new technology, body organs could be frozen for use whenever theyre needed.” Doctors could freeze a patients body, then warm up just one diseased organa lung or a liver, for example. The person could be injected with massive doses of drugs that would be toxic to the body if it werent frozen. “Older individuals will choose to enter freezing before death, with instructions not to be revived until a means to stop and even reverse aging is discovered.” “Without a doubt, freezing has the potential to make man immortal. And we should see our first freezing centers established within the next 20 yearsand probably sooner!”1. The word “immortality” (Line 3, Para.1) most probably means _. A. long life-span B. morality C. deathD.never-ending life2. Which of the following is true of the astonishing experiment? A. The experiment was conducted 15 minutes after a dog was frozen to death. B. The frozen dog experiment was conducted by Dr. Paul Segall. C. The dog was saved by the doctors working with Paul Segall. D. The experiment was designed for the extension of human life.3. The first sentence in paragraph 2 means that the conclusions of the experts are _. A. reliable B. unbelievable C. easy to arrive at D. remote from reality4. The purpose of the experiment conducted by the scientists is _. A. to win a gradual victory over death and aging B. to extend a persons life when he has an incurable disease C. to bring youth back to a person when he becomes very old D. to find a way to cure incurable diseases such as AIDS5. It can be inferred from the passage that _. A. the aging process can be stopped by massive doses of drugs B. the freezing technique can make people enjoy a long life C. the freezing technique can be used in organ transplants D. there is great possibility that all diseases can be cured Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage: A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already were partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation cant be measured by numbers alone, because it is also giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employersall these are being challenged.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrows achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic change. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.6. A characteristic of the information age is that _.A. the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceB. manufacturing industries are steadily increasingC. people find it harder and harder to earn a living by working in factoriesD. most of the job opportunities can now be found in the service industry 7. One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that _.A. the difference between the employees and the employer has become insignificantB. peoples traditional concepts about work no longer hold true C. most people have to take part-time jobsD. people have to change their jobs from time to time8. By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means to say that _.A. people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement of technologyB. future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivable dramatic changes C. the importance of high technology has been overlookedD. computer science will play a leading role in the future information services9. The future will probably belong to those who _.A. possess and know how to make use of information B. give full play to their brain potentialC. involve themselves in the service industriesD. cast their mind ahead instead of looking back10. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Computers and the Knowledge SocietyB. Service Industries in the Modern SocietyC. Features and Implications of the New Era D. Rapid Advancement of Information TechnologyPassage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Its very interesting to note where the debate about diversity is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate leaders；none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesnt occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need. Likewise, I dont hear people in the academy saying “Lets go backward. Lets go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (不拘一格选人才)” (which was never truewe never had a meritocracy, although weve come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the medianot in corporate board rooms or on college campuses. 11. The word “imperative”( Line 5, Para. 1) most probably refers to something _.A. superficialB. remarkableC. debatableD. essential12. Which of the following groups of people still differ in their views on diversity?A. Minorities.B. Politicians.C. Professors.D. Managers. 13. High corporate leaders seem to be in favor of promoting diversity so as to _. A. lower the rate of unemployment B. win equal political rights for minorities C. be competitive in the world market D. satisfy the demands of a growing population 14. It can be inferred from the passage that _. A. meritocracy can never be realized without diversity B. American political circles will not accept diversity C. it is unlikely that diversity will occur in the U. S. media D. minorities can only enter the fields where no debate is heard about diversity. 15. According to the passage diversity can be achieved in American society by _. A. expanding the pool of potential employees. B. promoting policies that provide skills to employees C. training more engineers, scientists, lawyers and business managers D. providing education for all regardless of race or sex Passage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage: According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social groups members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.16. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The problems faced by leaders.B. How leadership differs in small and large groups. C. How social groups determine who will lead them.D. The role of leaders in social groups. 17. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT _.A. recruitmentB. formal election processC. specific leadership training D. traditional cultural patterns18. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?A. A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group. B. Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.C. A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.D. Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.19. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on _.A. ensuring harmonious relationshipsB. sharing responsibility with group membersC. identifying new leadersD. achieving a goal 20. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in terms of _.A. examples that illustrate a problemB. cause and effect analysisC. narration of eventsD. comparison and contrast Section II Vocabulary Directions: For each of the following questions, choose the best substitute for the underlined part. Then on your Answer Sheet, find the number of the question and mark out the corresponding letter of the answer you have chosen.26.Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington reluctantly accepted the presidency of the United States.A. favored B. exhausted C. honored D. weakened27. Some efforts to deal with AIDS or prevent HIV transmission have provoked controversy. A. disorder B. debate C. attack D. opposition 28. Social Darwinists assert that those best able to survive demonstrate their fitness by accumulating property, wealth, and social status.A. claim B. refute C. emphasize D. doubt29. Catherine II the Great, empress of Russia, was widely respected for her magnetism and intelligence.A. elegance B. wisdom C. charm D. bravery 30. In 1962, during an election campaign, the Canadian government attempted to boost the economy by lowering the value of the Canadian dollar.A. advocate B. adjustC. reform D. stimulate31. Optimism is contagious, and one good way to develop the winners attitude is to work for someone who has it.A. infectious B. beneficial C. inherent D. essential32. Because of the breadth of knowledge in modern biology an individual scientist can concentrate on his specialty and keep abreast of pertinent developments. A. enormous B. dominant C. relevant D. particular33. Fully automated systems to aid in the collection and redistribution of mail have been proposed but have not yet been implemented.A. taken outB. carried outC. found outD. looked out34. The cultural revolution in Western civilization brought about a(n) entirely new age, not only in philosophy and literature but in visual arts as well. A. obviouslyB. seeminglyC. clearlyD. completely 35.Christian philosophers expressed in their writings that the legitimate purpose of punishment was to reform and salvage the erring sinner.A. regular B. appropriateC. lawful D. conventional36. Repetition is one of the most basic techniques advertisers use to get their message across. It can help reinforce a companys reputation.A. stabilizeB. strengthenC. spreadD. secure 37. Bushs first major political setback was the downfall of his original choice for secretary of defenseJohn G. Tower, who was discredited for improper behavior in both professional and private affairs. A. strategyB. motiveC. visionD. frustration38. At American airports, the threat of terrorist activities has led to elaborate security procedures and increasingly sophisticated baggage-inspection equipment to protect passenger safety. A. essential B. secure C. voluntary D. complicated 39. A rough consensus has been reached on the total cost of World War II. In terms of money spent, it has been put at more than $1 trillion.A. solutionB. agreement C. estimateD. debate40. Surfing involves moving from one document to another by using the links in the documents, typically in a leisurely fashion without a specific goal in mind.A. relaxingB. distracting C. devotingD. concentrating 41. One of the effective measures to minimize the dangers of driving is to teach people to obey all the rules of the road.A. stabilize B. reduceC. publicize D. finalizeSECTION III