英语 语法 讲义.doc

英语 语法 讲义主目录 返回主页名词冠词和数词代词形容词和副词动词动名词动词不定式特殊词精讲分词独立主格动词的时态动词的语态句子的种类倒装主谓一致虚拟语气名词性从句定语从句状语从句连词情态动词各章练习答案 各章目录返回主目录名词名词复数的规则变化其它名词复数的规则变化名词复数的不规则变化不可数名词量的表示定语名词的复数不同国家的人的单复数名词的格 名词练习 附：介词练习 返回主目录冠词和数词 不定冠词的用法定冠词的用法零冠词的用法冠词与形容词+名词结构冠词位置数词 冠词练习 数词练习 附：限定词练习 返回主目录代词 人称代词的用法人称代词之主、宾格的替换代词的指代问题并列人称代词的排列顺序物主代词双重所有格反身代词相互代词指示代词疑问代词关系代词every,no,all,both,.none,few,some,any,.代词比较辩异one,that和itone/another/the otherthe的妙用anyone/any one;.both,either,neither,.many, muchfew,little,a few,. 代词练习 返回主目录形容词和副词 形容词及其用法以-ly结尾的形容词用形容词表示类别和整体多个形容词修饰名词的顺序副词及其基本用法兼有两种形式的副词形容词与副词的比较级as+形容词或副词原级+as比较级形容词或副词+than可修饰比较级的词many, old和farthe+最高级+比较范围和more有关的词组 形容词和副词练习 返回主目录动词 系动词助动词助动词be的用法助动词have的用法助动词do 的用法助动词shall和will的用法助动词should,would的用法短语动词非谓语动词 助动词练习 返回主目录动名词 动名词作主语、宾语和表语worth 的用法 动名词、不定式、分词练习 返回主目录动词不定式 不定式作宾语不定式作补语不定式作主语Its for sb/Its of sb不定式作表语不定式作定语不定式作状语用作介词的to省to 的动词不定式动词不定式的否定式不定式特殊句型tooto不定式特殊句型so as to不定式特殊句型Why not不定式的时态和语态动名词与不定式 返回主目录特殊词精讲 stop doing/to doforget doing/to doremember doing/to doregret doing/to docease doing/to dotry doing/to dogo on doing/to dobe afraid doing/to dobe interested doing/.mean doing/to dobegin（start） doing/to do感官动词 + doing/to do 返回主目录分词 分词作定语分词作状语连词+分词（短语）分词作补语分词作表语分词作插入语分词的时态分词的语态 返回主目录独立主格 独立主格with的复合结构 返回主目录动词的时态 一般现在时的用法一般过去时的用法used to/be used to一般将来时be going to/willbe to和be going to一般现在时表将来用现在进行时表示将来现在完成时比较一般过去时与现在完成时用于现在完成时的句型比较since和forsince的四种用法延续动词与瞬间动词过去完成时用一般过去时代替过去完成时将来完成时现在进行时不用进行时的动词过去进行时将来进行时一般现在时代替一般将来时一般现在时代替一般过去时一般现在时代替现在完成时一般现在时代替现在进行时现在进行时代替一般将来时时态一致时态与时间状语 时态、语态练习 返回主目录动词的语态let 的用法短语动词的被动语态表示据说或相信的词组不用被动语态的情况主动形式表示被动意义被动形式表示主动意义need/want/require/worth 返回主目录句子的种类 句子的种类 祈使句结构感叹句结构强调句结构用助动词进行强调反意疑问句 反意疑问句练习 返回主目录倒装 倒装句之全部倒装倒装句之部分倒装以否定词开头作部分倒装so,either,nor作部分倒装only在句首要倒装的情况as,though引导的倒装句其他部分倒装 倒装练习 返回主目录主谓一致并列结构作主语谓语用复数主谓一致中的靠近原则谓语动词与前面的主语一致谓语需用单数指代意义决定谓语的单复数与后接名词或代词保持一致 主谓一致练习 返回主目录虚拟语气 真实条件句非真实条件句混合条件句虚拟条件句的倒装特殊的虚拟语气词：shouldwish的用法比较if only与only ifIt is （high） time thatneed不必做和本不必做 虚拟语气练习 返回主目录名词性从句 引导名词性从句的连接词名词性that-从句名词性wh-从句if,whether引导的名词从句否定转移 返回主目录定语从句 关系代词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句判断关系代词与关系副词限制性和非限制性定语从句介词+关系词as,which非限定性定语从句先行词和关系词二合一what/whatever/that.关系代词that的用法 返回主目录状语从句 地点状语从句方式状语从句原因状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句比较while, when, as比较until和till表示一就的结构 返回主目录连词 并列连词与并列结构比较and和or表示选择的并列结构表示转折或对比表示原因关系比较so和 such 连词和从句练习 返回主目录情态动词情态动词的语法特征比较can 和be able to比较may和might比较have to和mustmust表示推测表示推测的用法情态动词+have+过去分词should和ought tohad better表示最好would rather表示宁愿will和would情态动词的回答方式带to的情态动词比较need和dare 返回主目录各章练习答案 名词练习答案 介词练习答案 冠词练习答案 数词练习答案 限定词练习答案 代词练习答案 形容词、副词练习答案 助动词练习答案 动名词、不定式、分词练习答案 时态、语态练习答案 反意疑问句练习答案 倒装练习答案 主谓一致练习答案 虚拟语气练习答案 连词和从句练习答案 返回主目录返回名词目录1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示： 名词专有名词不可数名词 普通名词物质名词 抽象名词 集体名词可数名词个体名词 返回名词目录1.1 名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加 -s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读 /z/bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加 -es读 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watches以ce, se, ze,等结尾加 -s读 /iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y 为i再加es读 /z/baby-babies 返回名词目录1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化1） 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如： two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero-zeros / zeroes。3） 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halves knife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 返回名词目录1.3 名词复数的不规则变化1） child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice man-men woman-women注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。b. news 为不可数名词。c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。 返回名词目录 1.4 不可数名词量的表示1）物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 （不可数）These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数）b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：This factory produces steel.（不可数）We need various steels.（可数）c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。返回名词目录5. 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1) 用复数作定语。例如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如： men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如： goods train （货车） arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划 返回名词目录1.6 不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes 返回名词目录1.7 名词的格英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1） 单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加 ，如：the workers struggle工人的斗争。3） 凡不能加s的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间）John and Marys room（一间）6） 复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or twos absence 返回名词目录返回名词练习答案1.8 练习1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_. a little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war.a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes3.The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation4.Painting in _ is one of their spare-time activities.a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many6.The large houses are being painted, but _.a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense7.The room was small and contained far too _.a.much new furniture c. much new furnituresb.many new furniture d. many new furnitures8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _.a. rooms number b. room number c. rooms numbers d. room numbers9.Computers can do _ work in a short time, but a man can not do _ by himself. a great manymany c. mucha great deal b. a great deal ofmuch d. manya great many10.She didnt know _ he had been given.a. how many information c. how many informationsb. the number of information d. how much information11.He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party.a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-armb. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm12.All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.a. women doctors c. woman doctorsb. women doctor d. woman doctor13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_.a. growns-ups c. growns-upb. grown-up d. grown-ups14.The police investigated those _ about the accident.a. stander-by c. standers-byb. stander-bys d. standers-bys15.The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp.a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-warb.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _ made by Linda lately.a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels17.Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _. a. elder sister b. elder sisters c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress18.All the people at the conference are _. a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacherb.mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers19.Professor Mackay told us that _ of lead are its softness and its resistance.a. some property c. propertiesb. some properties d. property20.Physics _ with matter and motion.a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are21.He has written several books, but his last works _ well known among his friends.a. have b. have been c. is d. are22.After he checked up my _ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.a. father-in-laws c. fathers-in-lawb. father-in-law d. fathers-in-laws23.He told me _ would come to his birthday party.a. many Jack friends c. many Jacks friendb. Jacks many friends d. many friends of Jacks24.I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner.a.barber b. barbers c. barbers d. barbers25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _.a. Peter and Helens c. Peter and Helenb. Peter and Helens d. Peters and Helens26._ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the suns energy.a. The earths surface c. The surface of earthb. The surface earth d. The earth surface27.Numerous materials are available to _.a. today of designers c. todays of designersb. todays designers d. today designers28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Dont you know he is an old friend of _?a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brothers d. my brothers friend29._ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.a. This Johns old friend c. Thats Jahns old friendb. This old friend of John d. This old friend of Johns30._ is too much for a little boy to carry.a.A bikes weight c. The weight of a bikeb.The weights of a bike d. Biles weight31.Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday.a. little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were _ left.a. only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats33._ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail34.The Department purchased _ to improve the working conditions there.a. a new equipment c. new equipmentsb. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments35.The boy tried hard but there has been _ in his work.a. little improvement c. many improvementsb. a little improvement d. few improvements36.Todays modern TV cameras require _ light as compared with the earlier models.a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little37.No country can afford to neglect _.a. an education b. educations c. education d. the education38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of _.a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight39._ is only surpassed by that of monkeys and apes.a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogsb. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent40.All _ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.a. business student b. businesss students c. business students d. businesss student41._ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes callb. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call42.The _ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.a. publics chief concern c. chief public concernb. public chief concern d. chief concern of publics43._ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were44._ can get a better view of the game than the participants.a. Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who _ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.a. were b. have been c. was d. has been46.Our livestock _ not as numerous as they used to be.a. is b. are c. be d. been47.One of the most surprising things is that _ may come from petroleum.a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrows foodb. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrows food48.Scott is an orphan but he received _.a. very good education c. a very good educationb. very good educations d. many good educations49.After several days hardworking, we have made _ on the design.a. much improvement c. many improvementb. several improvements d. some improvement50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a _ yesterday.a. shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoess shop d. shoes51.Eggs, though nourishing, have _ of fat content.a. large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount52.He has done some _ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.a. research b. a research c. researches d. the researches53.Recently, he has lost all his _.a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at cardb. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards54.The countrys wealth comes chiefly from its many _.a. herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles55.In Britain the _ are all painted red.a. letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letterss box56.Ten years had passed. I found she had _.a. a little white hair c. a few white hairb. some white hair d. much white hair57.All his _ far from satisfactiona. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, _ was done.a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage59.He was _ what to do.a. at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his wits end d. at his witss end60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and _ with me?a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts61.Accurate _ covering the fact are not obtainable.a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few _.a. how-are-yous c. how-are-yousb. of how-are-yous d. of how are you