英语专业语法书答案Lecture 4 Noun and Noun__ Phrase.doc

Lecture 4Noun and Noun PhraseAs has been pointed out, the noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. It is the noun head that determines the way the noun phrase is organized.4.1 Classification of nounsNouns can be classified according to word formation, lexical meaning and grammatical form.I) Simple, compound and derivative nounsAccording to word formation, nouns can be divided into simple, compound and derivative nouns. A simple noun is a noun that contains only one free morpheme (eg: man, chair, land, faith). A compound noun is a noun that is composed of two or more morphemes (mostly free morphemes) (eg: armchair, farmland, seaside, roommate). A derivative noun is a noun that comes from a verb, an adjective or a simple noun with affix (eg: arrangement, greatness, patriotism).2) Proper and common nounsAccording to lexical meaning, nouns fall into two major categories: proper nouns and common nouns. A proper noun is a name used for a particular person, place or thing, and spelt with a capital letter, (eg: Anderson, Britain, New York Times). A common noun is a noun common to a class of people, things or abstract ideas. Common nouns can be further classified into individual, co1lective, material, and abstract nouns (eg: boy, tiger, family, team, water, air, honesty, glory).3) Count and noncount nounsAccording to grammatical form, nouns can be divided into two classes: count nouns and noncount nouns. A count noun (or countable noun) is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with such determiners as a(n), many, few, these, those, several, etc (eg: a car, two cars, many cars, several cars),. A noncount noun (or uncountable noun) is a noun that cannot go with the above-mentioned words (eg: bread, furniture, merchandise) .4.2 Number forms of: nounsNUMBER is a grammatical category that indicates the change in the form of nouns and verbs, depending on whether one or more than one is talked about. Some English nouns have singular and plural forms, and some have not. 1) Number forms of individual nounsIndividual nouns are all countable and therefore have singular and plural forms. The singular form of an individual noun, which shares the same form as the base of the word, can take such determiners as a (n) and one (eg: a / one desk, an / one article,. The plural form of an individual noun can be regular or irregular. The regular plural is formed by adding -s or -es to the base (eg: days, houses, donkeys, tomatoes, boxes, churches, brushes, classes, babies, countries, loaves, wives, etc.), while the irregular plural is not formed in the above way but by other means such as by changing the internal vowel or by changing the ending of the noun (eg: tooth-teeth, man-men, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen).2) Number forms of collective nouns Some collective nouns are countable, some are not. Countable collective nouns behave just like individual nouns. An uncountable collective noun has no plural form. If we want to count the number, we will have to use a kind of individual noun related semantically to the collective (eg: a piece of furniture, two articles of equipment). There is also a kind of collective noun which can be used either in the singular or in the plural sense. When viewed as a single unit the collective is singular in meaning and is to be followed by a singu1ar verb. When, on the other hand, the noun is used to refer to the individuals that form the collective, it is plural in meaning and should be followed by a plural verb.3) Number forms of material nounsMaterial nouns are generally uncountable and have no plural forms. But there are some such items that can be used either uncountably or countably. When used to mean the material itself, they are uncountable, but when used in other senses, for example, two coffees in the sense of two cupfuls of coffee, they are countable,behaving just like individual nouns. There are also material nouns that can take plural endings, for example, sands / waters in the sense of large expanse of sand or water and foods / fruits in the sense of a variety of food or fruit; these nouns, though ending in -s, remain uncountable.4) Number forms of abstract nounsAbstract nouns are mostly uncountable. They cannot take such determiners as a(n) / one or plural forms. But there are a few abstract nouns (eg : a victory, two victories ) that are countable like individual nouns. There are also abstract nouns that have plural endings but which are uncountable. We can say, for instance, He is in financia1 difficulties, but not *He is in several difficulties. In the case of some abstract nouns, the mere addition of a plural ending has the effect of changing the meaning of the base. For instance, the word experience in We meet once a year to exchange our teaching experience is used in the sense of 经验, while the plural form experiences means 经历 in We told each other our experiences in foreign countries. Some abstract noncount nouns have semantically related individual nouns as their countable equivalents. This is clear when we use photos or photographs instead of photography to express the idea of taking a lot of pictures.5) Number forms of proper nounsProper nouns are unique in reference and therefore have no- plural forms, except for such proper names as the United States, the Philipines, the Netherlands, etc which are themselves plural in form. When a proper noun takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a common noun, eg:Have you invited the Browns?There are two Miss Smiths / Misses Smith in our class.4.3 PartitivesPartitives, also called unit nouns, are commonly used to denote a part of a whole or the quantity of an undifferentiated mass. Both count and noncount nouns can enter partitive constructions. With plural count nouns, partitive constructions can denote the idea of a group, a pack, etc. With noncount nouns, such constructions can achieve countability. Partitives fall into the following categories: 1) General partitivesWith noncount nouns the expression of quantity can be achieved by means of certain general partitives, particularly piece, bit, article, and item, followed by an of-phrase, eg: a piece of advicea bit of troublean item of newsan article of furnitureseveral pieces of bread three items of news2) Partitives related to the shape of thingsThere are partitives that are semantically related to the shape of things and whose power of collocation is, therefore, quite limited, eg:a cake of soapa bar of chocolatetwo ears of comten head of cattle / cabbage3) Partitives related to volumeA third class of partitives are those that are semantically related to volume, and all of which are common nouns. They can freely collocate with related noncount nouns, eg:a bottle of ink / oiltwo bowls of rice several pails of watera glass of beer4) Partitives related to the state of actionThe use of these partitives is limited to certain set phrases, eg: a fit of anger / coughing / laughter / fevera peal of applause / laughter / thundera flash of hope / light / lightninga display of courage / force / power / skill / fireworks5) Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etcThese partitives commonly occur with plural count nouns, eg:a pair of shoes / scissors / trousersa flock of birds / chickens / sheep / goatsa herd of elephants / cattlea swarm of pees / flies / animals / peoplea troupe of actorsa gang of hooligans / criminals a pack of lies / cards / thieves a bench of judgeskeys to the exercisesEx. 4A1. description2. arrangement3. attendance4. peculiarity5. expectation6. argument7. dependence8. originality9. exaggeration10. measurement11. purity12. persistence13. extension14. statement15. gel1erosity16. entrance17. loneliness18. forgetfulness19. happiness20. seriousness名词一、名词概述名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等的名称。英语名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词包括：1. 抽象名词（abstract nouns）。如：beauty, fear, courage, charity, joy, etc.2. 物质名词（material nouns）。如：air, soap, beef, etc.3. 集合名词（collective nouns）。如：family, group, team, swarm, crowd, flock, etc.4. 个体名词（individual nouns）。如：table, man, dog, book, etc.专有名词包括人名、地名等，如：Tom, Mrs. Smith, China, etc.二、名词的数（一）什么是名词的数名词的数，指名词的单、复数形式。英语名词有的有单数和复数之分，有的则没有。下面介绍名词复数和复合名词复数的构成法。名词复数的构成法：1.一般在名词词尾加-s。如：dog-dogs, house-houses, gram-grams.2.以-o或-s,-sh, -ch及-x结尾的名词加-es构成其复数形式。如：tomato-tomatoes, kiss-kisses, watch-watches, box-boxes, bush-bushes.3.有些以-o结尾，是外来语或缩写名词, 则加-s。如：piano-pianos, dynamo-dynamos, photo-photos, kimono-kimonos.4.有些以-o结尾的名词,其-o前是元音字母则加-s。如：studio-studios, radio-radios.以-oo结尾的名词只加-s。如：zoo-zoos。5.以-y结尾的名词，且-y前是一个辅音字母，则把-y去掉，加-ies。如：baby-babies, university-universities, fly-flies, impurity-impurities.如果以-y结尾的名词，-y前是一个元音字母，则直接加-s。如：boy-boys, donkey-donkeys.6.以-f或-fe结尾的名词，一般将-f，-fe去掉，加-ves。如：wife-wives, wolf-wolves, calf-calves.这类名词还有：life, knife, self, shelf, leaf, thief, sheaf, half等。名词scarf, wharf, hoof, handkerchief的复数形式或加-s或去掉-f加-ves，即scarfs或scarves, wharfs或wharves, hoofs或hooves, handkerchiefs或handkerchieves。也有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词只加-s。如：cliff-cliffs, belief-beliefs, safe-safes, roof-roofs, chief-chiefs等。7.有些名词以改变元音构成其复数形式。如：man-men, woman-women, goose-geese, foot-feet, mouse-mice, louse-lice, tooth-teeth等。child的复数为children, ox的复数为oxen。8.有些表示生物的名词，其复数形式与单数相同。如：fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer。这类名词还有aircraft, means等。复合名词的复数形式：1.一般在词尾加-s或-es。如：take-off - take-offs, grown-up - grown-ups, armchair - armchairs, film-goer - film-goers等。2.以man或woman为前缀构成的复合词，两部分都变成复数。如：man doctor - men doctors, woman player - women players等。3.主体名词在前，介词或副词在后的复合词只在主体词后加-s。 如：sister-in-law - sisters-in-law, looker-on -lookers-on, passer-by - passers-by等 。4.首字母缩略词（Initials）,加-s以构成其复数。如：VIPs (very important persons), MPs (Members of Parliament), UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects)等。5.一些从希腊文或拉丁文转化而来的外来名词通常仍保持其原有的复数形式。如：datum-data, crisis-crises, stimulus-stimuli, phenomenon-phenomena, basis-bases等。但也有些希腊，拉丁文外来语按英语的变化规则。如：formula-formulas, campus-campuses, myth-myths等。（二）个体名词的数个体名词都是可数名词，都有单、复数形式。个体名词的单数形式就是名词的原形，它的前面可用不定冠词a(n)和基数词one, 如：a desk, one desk, a woman, one woman. 个体名词的复数形式有两种：一种是规则复数，即在名词原形之后加-s或-es构成，如books, bags, shoes, places, glasses, churches, leaves等；另一种是不规则复数，即不是以加词尾-s或-es构成复数，而是通过内部元音变换或其他方式构成复数，如 tooth-teeth, man-men, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen等。（三）集体名词的数集体名词有的能计数，有的不能计数，用法比较复杂。比如有些集体名词本身没有复数形式，如果要计数，就得使用在语义上与之对应的个体名词。例如：集体名词 个体名词 poetry poem machinery machine clothing garment, coat, etc. furniture table, chair, etc. cutlery knife equipment tool weaponry gun, pistol, ect. foliage leaf correspondence（信件） letter luggage trunk, bag, etc. police policeman clergy clergyman但也有一些集体名词本身可用于个体意义，从而有单、复数形式，如team, a team, three teams; committee, a committee, several committees; family, a family, two families等。（四）物质名词的数有些名词既可作物质名词，也要作个体名词，前者不可数，后者可数。这就要看这些名词用于何种意义。例如rubber作“橡胶”解是不可数名词，因而无复数形式，如果用了复数，则语义改变，作“胶鞋”解；stone作“石料”解是不可数名词, 而作“一块块的石头”解则是可数名词；egg作“蛋渍”、“ 蛋白”解是不可数名词，而作“一个个的蛋”解则是可数名词；lamb作“羔羊肉”解是不可数名词，而作“羔羊”解则是可数名词；onion作“洋葱味”解是不可数名词，而作“洋葱头”解则是可数名词。（五）抽象名词的数抽象名词大多是不可数的，不能计数，因而没有单、复数之分。例如：Honesty is the best policy.Knowledge is strength.但也有一些抽象名词是可数的，如victory, a victory, two victories; conference, a conference, several conferences。还有一些抽象名词可以复数形式出现，但不能计数。例如difficulty, difficulties; opinion, opinions。还有一些抽象名词有复数与非复数两种形式，但表示不同的意义。以experience一词为例：当experience作“经验”解时，它没有复数，但作“经历”解时，两种形式均可。例如：The salesman met once a week to exchange experience（经验）。Please tell us about your experiences（经历）in Africa.有些抽象名词表示抽象概念是不可数名词，而表示具体事物则是可数名词。例如relation作“关系”解是不可数名词，而作“亲戚”解则是可数名词；Youth作“青春”、“青年”（集合体）解是不可数名词，而作“男青年”解则是可数名词；worry作“忧愁”、“烦恼”解是不可数名词，而作“烦恼事”解则是可数名词。有些抽象名词本身没有复数形式，如果要计数，就得用在语义上与之对应的个体名词。例如：抽象名词个体名词laughterlaughworkjobcorrespondence（通信）letter, note, ect.photographyphotopermissionpermitmusicsongfunjoyhomeworkexercise英语中还有少数几个名词，如family, room, mouth, ear,等，似乎只能是可数名词，但实际上这类名词在某些搭配中也可表示抽象概念，从而成为不可数名词，例如to have too much family (=too heavy family burden), to have too much winter (= a too long spell of cold weather); to have too much mouth (= to talk too much), to have too little ear (= to be not inclined to listen to others), to have room for (=to have a need for), to feel the patriot rise. (=to feel the patriotic feelings rise.)等。英语中还有一些名词（大多是指人的名词），通常作可数名词，但在特殊的搭配中表示人的特质等抽象意义时便成了不可数名词。例如fool本属可数名词，但在to be fool enough (=to be foolish enough), more of a fool (=more foolish), as much of a fool as (=as foolish as), too much of a fool (too foolish) 等搭配中，便表示抽象意义，成为不可数名词。类似的名词还有man,coward, poet, politician, sportsman, scholar 等。例如：He was enough of a man to tell the truth.上述这类现象只限于少数名词用在特殊的搭配中。（六）专有名词的数专有名词一般没有复数形式，除非专有名词本身带有复数词缀，如the United States, the Philipines, the Netherlands. 但一般专有名词有时也可能普通名词化，从而带有复数词缀，如表示某姓的一家人或者表示同性或同名的若干人。例如：Have you invited the Browns?（指姓布朗的一家人）There are two Miss Smiths / Misses Smith in the class.（指两个同姓Smith的女子）三、名词属格（一）名词属格英语名词有普通格（the common case）和所有格（the possessive case）之分。普通格又分主格（nominative case）和宾格（objective case）。普通格没有形式变化，所有格有形式变化，其变化规则如下：1.在不以-s结尾的单数名词或复数名词之后加 s，如：a mans job, the peoples choice, the butchers shop, womens clothes等。2.在以-s结尾的单数名词或复数名词之后，加 ，如：the students reading-room, the Smiths car, the eagles nest等。3.由几个词构成的人名也同样在最后一个词尾加 s，如：Henry the Eighths Wife亨利八世的妻子the Prince of Waless helicopter威尔士王子的直升飞机。4.首字母缩略词后也加s。如：the PMs (Prime Ministers) secretary首相的秘书the VIPs escort要人的护卫（二）名词所有格的用法A)一般用法1.一般说来，只有表示生命的名词才有所有格的形式，用在另一名词前作定语。如：Mans knowledge comes only from practice. 人的知识只能来自实践。a spiders web蛛网然而名词的所有格也可用于一些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇、日月、星体等的名词。如：todays paper今天的报纸, ten minutes walk十分钟的散步, ten hours delay耽搁10小时, Beijings weather北京的天气, Londons water supply伦敦的供水情况, the winds velocity风速。2.名词所有格还可用于一些固定词组。如：out of harms way安全无恙$1s worth of stamp面值一美元的邮票at a stones throw在投石所及处for heavens sake or for Gods sake看在上帝的份上3.有时名词所有格可以单独使用，即后面不跟其他名词。如：The reference book is Johns. 这本参考书是约翰的。He has just come back from the barbers. 他刚从理发店回来。Roger was down at the Watsons last night. 罗杰昨晚去华生家了。(所有格放在人名后表示某人的住宅。)B)of+名词结构1. of+名词结构主要用来表示无生命名词的所属关系。如：the roof of the church教堂的屋顶the surface of the machine机器表面2. 有时有生命名词因带有较长定语，故改用of名词结构。如：The boy ran about, obeying the directions of a man with a whistle.Taking the advice of a couple I met on the train, I booked a room at the Red Lion.C)双重所有格名词所有格有时与of构成短语，常常被称为双重所有格（Double Genitive）或双重属格。如：He turned up wearing an old coat of Patricks. 他来时穿了一件帕特里克的旧外套。He is a friend of my fathers. (=one of my fathers friends). 他是我父亲的一个朋友。That was a shocking mistake of yours. 那是你的一个大错。从以上例句可以看出双重所有格表示部分概念，双重所有格修饰名词可以由a, any ,some等词修饰，但不能由定冠词the修饰。如：a/any/some/several daughter(s) of Mr Greens 格林的一个/任何一个/一些/几个女儿另外双重所有格还可以表示爱憎褒贬等感情色彩，这时双重所有格修饰的名词可以和this, that等词连用。如：that well-known law of Issac Newtons艾萨克牛顿的那条著名定律that iniquitous plot of the kings 国王的那个罪恶阴谋May I look at this photograph album of yours? 我可以看看你的这本相册吗？Note:在以下场合，of-属格双重属格所表示的意义是截然不同的：a portrait of Mr Browns 一张由布朗先生画的或收藏的肖像a portrait of Mr Brown 一张布朗先生的肖像a criticism of Mr Hamiltons 汉密尔顿先生作的一次批评a criticism of Mr Hamilton 对汉密尔顿先生的一次批评四、名词的句法作用名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和同位语等。如：The temperature varies greatly in different zones of the universe.(名词作主语)A is the first letter in the English alphabet.(名词作表语)We cannot get the piano into the room because of its width.(名词作宾语)We elected him chairman of the society.(名词作补语)This summer the chief-editor will go to the seaside town.(名词作定语)The chairman has great concern for us college students.(名词作同位语)Exercises:1. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his _.A. little wageB. few wageC. wageD. wages2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war.A. an ashB. the ashC. ashD. ashes3. The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.A. many preparationsB. much preparationC. preparationsD. preparation4. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.A. muchB. lots ofC. a great deal ofD. many5. The room was small and contained far too _ .A. much new furnitureB. much new furnituresC. many new furnitureD. many new furnitures6. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.A. muchB. lots ofC. a great deal ofD. many7. The large houses are being painted, but _ .A. of great expenseB. in a lot of expensesC. at a great expenseD. by high expense8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _ .A. rooms numberB. room numberC. rooms numbersD. room numbers9. Computers can do _ work in a short time, but a man can not do _ by himself.A. a great manymanyB. much a great dealC. a great deal of muchD. many a great many10. She didnt know _ he had been given.A. how many informationB. how many informationsC. the number of informationD. how much information11. He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party.A. comrade-in-armsB. comrades -in-armC. comrades-in-armsD. comrade-in-arm12. All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.A. women doc