社会科学方法论.doc

社會科學方法論九十二學年度第二學期授課人：黃 紀上課時間: 週四下午 1：10 至 4：00研究室：社科院二館705室導生時間: 週二下午 4：10 至 6：00電 話：ext. 32601E-mail: .tw網頁：.tw/polch/黃紀教授政治地緣研究室 網頁：.tw/ 一、課程宗旨本課程旨在介紹社會科學研究的基本原則。當前社會科學方法論經常討論的主題包括：質化與量化、個體與集體、時間與空間、制度與行為等。但為了使焦點集中而深入，本課程集中探討前兩大主題：質量之辯、宏微之繫。研習方法論的幾個忌諱，就是誤把它視為是金科玉律（亙古不變，學成後即可無往而不利？）、或是八股教條（照本宣科，知其然卻不知其所以然）、或是裝飾門面（天橋把勢，中看不中用；光說不練，流於清談）、甚或淪為流派之爭（順我者昌，逆我者亡？）。其實方法論的目的，在把思考的方式、解迷的過程從抽象的科哲層次落實到具體的實用層次，據以發展出有效的研究方法，協助我們解決學理與應用的問題。方法論並不能取代研究者的創造力與想像力，正好相反，方法論本身就是人類洞察力的結晶，因此其主題與內容常與時俱進。但另一方面，方法論確要把奔放的想像化為縝密的思維、嚴謹的推論，使直觀和常識蛻變而為知識。 二、課本(1) 必備課本：徐永明、黃紀 主編，2001，政治分析的層次，台北：韋伯文化事業出版社。（以下簡稱 徐&黃）（索書號 570.3）Campbell, Donald T., and Julian C. Stanley. 1963. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (hereafter, Campbell & Stanley) （索書號 Q175 C23）King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (hereafter, King, Keohane & Verba)（索書號 H61 K5437 1994）Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. （索書號 Q175K951970）Langbein, Laura Irwin, and Allan J. Lichtman. 1978. Ecological Inference. Beverly Hills: Sage. (hereafter, Langbein and Lichtman)（雙葉書廊代理） (2) 推薦課本：何思因、吳玉山 主編，2000，邁入廿一世紀的政治學（政治學報特輯，Vol. 31），台北：中國政治學會。（以下簡稱 何&吳）王寶貫，2001，洞察（Insight）：科學的人文觀與人文的科學觀，台北：天下遠見。Berg, Bruce L. 2004. Qualitative Research Mehtods for the Social Sciences, 5th Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. （雙葉書廊代理）Ethridge, Marcus E. 2002. The Political Research Experience: Readings and Analysis, 3rd ed. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.Goodin, Robert E., and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. 1996. A New Handbook of Political Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (索書號JA66 N49 1996)Katznelson, Ira, and Helen V. Milner. Eds. 2002. Political Science: State of the Discipline. Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association.King, Gary. 1997. A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (hereafter, King)（索書號JA71.7 K55 1997）Pennings, Paul, Hans Keman, and Jan Kleinnijenhuis. 1999. Doing Research in Political Science. London: Sage. (hereafter, Pennings, Keman, & Kleinnijenhuis)Scarbrough, Elinor, and Eric Tanenbaum. eds. 1998. Research Strategies in the Social Sciences: A Guide to New Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. （索書號 H62 R4614 1998）Tashakkori, Abbas, and Charles Teddlie. 1998. Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage. （索書號 H62 T247 1998）Tashakkori, Abbas, and Charles Teddlie. Eds. 2003. Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.三、指定作業(1) 三篇短篇報告（各以五千字為限）針對 “Science and Its Progress,” “Quantitative and Qualitative Research Designs,” “Micro-Macro Linkages” 三個主題，各寫一短篇心得報告，於該主題上課結束後一週內繳交。(2) 期末報告 由全班共同協力，擬定一個題目，運用所學的方法論，進行嚴謹而深入之探討。vv Papers must be written in a scholarly style with footnotes (or endnotes) and references in author-date system. They must be typed in a word processor and printed with a letter-quality printer.vv (3) 出席及參與討論The reading load is quite heavy and sometimes difficult. However, you must complete all required readings and reflect upon them before coming to the class. Since this is a graduate seminar, my lectures will be brief and discussion among all the students about the readings will account for most of the class time. If I detect any sign that you fail to do your reading, I discount your class participation scores heavily.四、計分方式短篇報告 20% 3=60%期末報告25%出席及參與討論15%I reserve the right to administer exercises/pop quizzes during lectures and assign homework. Each exercise, quiz or homework will be counted as part of class participation. Unexcused missed exercises and pop quizzes will receive a score of zero. No incomplete grade will be assigned unless the deficiency is due to cause beyond the control of the student. Also, be aware that the minimum punishment for either cheating or plagiarism is a zero for that assignment.五、課程內容及指定閱讀（除參考讀物外，所列皆屬必讀）This is a tentative schedule for the semester. Unless we fall behind or move through some sections more quickly than expected, your reading assignments will be as indicated here. If adjustments are required along the way, I will announce them in class.2/19 IntroductionScience and Its Progress: What Can We Learn from the Philosophy and History of Natural Science?I.Logic vs. History 2/26Popper, Karl R. 1963. “Science: Conjectures and Refutations.” In Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, by Karl R. Popper. London: Routledge. Pp.33-65;Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd Edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), entire book (skip Chapters V, XI, XII and pp. 174-210 if you are short of time). （這本書在社會科學的哲學課上都讀過了）參考讀物：王寶貫，2001，洞察（Insight）：科學的人文觀與人文的科學觀，台北：天下遠見。 II.Attempts to Synthesize Logic and History 3/4 & 11Lakatos, Imre. 1970. “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, eds. Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 91-180 (skip pp. 139-172 if you find those examples not illuminating);Shapere, Dudley. 1984. “The Character of Scientific Change.” Chapter 11 in his Reason and the Search for Knowledge: Investigations in the Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Pp. 205-245.Social Science Methodology and Political Methodology in Practice3/18Vogt, W. Paul. 1999. “Methodology.” In Dictionary of Statistics & Methodology, 2nd ed., by W. Paul Vogt. Thousand Oaks: Sage. P. 175. Kuik, Dirk J. 1999. “Methodology in Practice and Research Thereupon.” In Research Methodology in the Social, Behavioural & Life Sciences, eds. Herman J. Ader and Gideon J. Mellenbergh. London: Sage. Pp. 340-342.Jackson, John E. 1996. “Political Methodology: An Overview.” (Chapter 32) In A New Handbook of Political Science, eds. Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 717-748.Alker, Hayward R. 1996. “Political Methodology, Old and New.” (Chapter 35) In A New Handbook of Political Science, eds. Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 787-799.King, Gary. 1991. “On Political Methodology.” Political Analysis 2: 1-12.黃紀，2000：實用方法論芻議，載 何&吳，第3章，頁107-139。參考讀物：King, Gary. 1989. Unifying Political Methodology: The Likelihood Theory of Statistical Inference. New York: Cambridge University Press. Homework: 找以下期刊的最新一期，把目錄印下來，並瀏覽一下該刊涵蓋的主題與內容 Advances in Social Science Methodology (bi-annual since 1989) Sociological Methodology (annual since 1969) Political Methodology (quarterly from 1974 to 1981, succeeded by Political Analysis since 1989. Homepage of the Society for Political Methodology: / )Quantitative and Qualitative Research DesignsI.Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs 3/25Campbell & Stanley, 1963.實例： Gilliam, Franklin D. Jr., and Shanto Iyengar. 2000. “Prime Suspects: The Influence of Local Television News on the Viewing Public.” AJPS 44(3): 560-573; Huang, Chi.（黃紀）1992. “Leadership Change and Government Size in East Asian Authoritarian Regimes.” (Chapter 7) In The Evolving Pacific Basin in the Global Political Economy, eds. Cal Clark and Steve Chan. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Pp. 125-146. （索書號HC460.5 E94 1992）參考讀物：Shadish, William R., Thomas D. Cook, and Donald T. Campbell. 2002. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Green, Donald P., and Alan S. Gerber. 2002. “Reclaiming the Experimental Tradition in Political Science.” In Katznelson and Milner, pp. 805-832. McDermott, Rose. 2002. “Experimental Methodology in Political Science.” Political Analysis 10(4): 325-342.II. Comparative Research Designs 4/8Pennings, Keman, & Kleinnijenhuis, “Part I: Comparative Methodology” (Chapters 1, 2 and 3).Skocpol, Theda, and Margaret Somers. 1994. “The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry.” In Social Revolutions in the Modern World, ed. Theda Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 72-95.（索書號 HN16 S54 1994）參考讀物：Przeworski, Adam, and Henry Teune. 1970. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley.Frendreis, John P. 1983. “Explanation of Variation and Detection of Covariation: The Purpose and Logic of Comparative Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 16: 255-272.Ragin, Charles C. 1987. The Comparative Method: Moving beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.III.Qualitative Research Designs 4/15King, Keohane, & Verba, Chapters 1, 2, and 3.4/22King, Keohane, & Verba, Chapters 4, 5, and 6.IV.Mixed Research Designs: Toward a Synthesis? 4/29Tashakkori, Abbas, and Charles Teddlie. 1998. Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage. (Chapters 1, 2, and 3)Micro-Macro LinkagesI.Level-of-Analysis Problem: Theoretical Perspectives 5/6Singer, J. David. 1961. “The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations.” In The International System: Theoretical Essays, eds. David J. Singer, Klaus Knorr, and Sidney Verba. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Pp. 77-92.徐黃，Chapters 3, 4, and 5.II.Methodological Individualism: Bottom-Up5/13Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Introduction and Chapter 1.謝復生：理性抉擇理論的回顧與前瞻，載 何&吳，第4章，頁141-153。Kincaid, Harold. 1986. “Reduction, Explanation, and Individualism.” Philosophy of Science 53: 492-513.參考讀物： Schelling, T. C. 1967. “What is Game Theory?” In Approaches to the Study of Politics, ed. Bernard Susser, 1992. New York: Macmillan. Pp. 318-346.Lalman, David, Joe Oppenheimer, and Piotr Swistak. 1993. “Formal Rational Choice Theory: A Cumulative Science of Politics.” (Chapter 4) In Political Science: The State of the Discipline II, ed. Ada W. Finifter. Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association. Pp. 77-104.III. Ecological (Cross-Level) Infere