(八)非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词一、动词不定式语法要点：不定式作定语时与被修饰词的逻辑关系通常可以跟不定式作宾补的动词不定式的省略问题不定式的时态与语态一、构成和特征由“to +动词原形”构成，否定结构由“not/never to +动词原形”构成。不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化，不能独立作谓语。在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也保留动词的一些特征，可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语。He tried to work out the problem in five minutes. 他试图在五分钟之内算出这道题。（带宾语和状语）I am glad to have been given a chance to visit your country.我很高兴有机会访问贵国。（完成式，被动语态）二、 动词不定式的用法作主语To say is one thing, to do is another. To finish such an essay in one week is beyond his ability. 注意：如果作主语的不定式短语太长，通常用it 作形式主语，而把真正的主语后置。It is very difficult for us to change the whole schedule. It s very nice of you to make us feel at home soon after we moved to this neighborhood. 作表语The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required. 作宾语 下列动词跟动词不定式作宾语：agree（同意），appear（似乎），arrange（安排），ask（要求），attempt（试图），choose（选择），decide（决定），determine（决心），expect（期望），fail（失败），happen（碰巧），hesitate（犹豫），hope（希望），intend（企图），learn（学会），manage（设法），offer（提出），plan（计划），prepare（准备），pretend（假装），promise（许诺），refuse（拒绝），want（想要），wish（希望）等。The boy forgot to bring his schoolbag. We consider it important to get his permission. 一些.动词还可跟结构what/how+动词不定式作宾语：advise（建议），ask（询问），know（知道），forget（忘记），tell（转告），teach（教），show（表明），wonder（想知道），find out（弄清楚），understand（明白）等。I dont know what to do. I wonder who to invite. 在一些复合宾语中，常用 it代替不定式作形式宾语，而把真正的不定式放在后面。We thought it better to start early.作定语 不定式作定语时,通常与其所修饰的先行词之间存在逻辑关系，大多数情况下是动宾关系。因此，如果这个不定式是不及物的，它后面应有必要的介词。当然，不定式与其所修饰的先行词也存在主谓关系。He is a pleasant fellow to work with. 他是一个很好共事的人。 （动宾关系）There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。 （动宾关系）He would be the last to agree to the plan. 他决不会同意这项计划的。（主谓关系）【试题播报】There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy. (NMET 1999)A.to be chosen B.to choose from C.to choose D.for choosing动词不定式与介词连用时,可以有另一种结构: 介词+whom/which+动词不定式Mary needs a friend to play with/with whom to play. 玛丽需要一位朋友和她一起玩。Im looking for a place to live in/in which to live. 我在找居住地。有些名词后常跟不定式作定语，他们之间不存在逻辑关系。不定式对它所修饰的名词起补充、说明的作用。如： time（时间），way（方法），right（权利），reason（理由），chance（机会），ability（能力），effort（努力）等。Autumn is the best time to come to China.You should not miss any chance to practise your English. We are sure he has the ability to deal with this kind of problems. 如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是该动作的施动者，那么，不定式与其所修饰的名词虽有动宾关系，也必须用主动形式。 Weve got plenty to eat. 我们有很多吃的东西。（Weeat）请区别：-Mr. Brown, do you have any letters to be typed? Im free now.-No. Thank you anyway.布朗先生，你有信件须要打吗？我现在有空。没有。谢谢。(you 不是 type的施动者)在There + be句型中不定式可用主动也可用被动形式。 There are a lot of letters to write (to be written) this evening.作状语不定式作状语可以修饰动词，表示目的、结果或原因等。 作目的状语 The whole family went to the beach to spend their weekend. To make the best ever games in 2008, the capital city, Beijing, will make several big changes.作结果状语He woke up only to find that he was lying in bed in hospital.His father disappeared, never to hear from again.What have I said to make you so excited? 作原因状语 不定式常跟在一些形容词或过去分词后说明产生这种情绪的原因。We shall be very happy to co-operate with you in the project.在此项目中与你们合作，我们非常高兴。All of us were shocked to hear the sad news. 听到那不幸的消息，我们大家都震惊了。 注意：一些动词不定式在句中作独立成分，表明说话人的态度。to tell the truth 说实话 to be sure 的确，确实to be frank( with you) 老实对你说吧 to be brief 简言之to be exact 精确地说 to be honest 坦率地说To tell the truth, this is all Greek to me. To be sure, we can do it. 作补语（主语补足语和宾语补足语）动词不定式作宾补的两种情况. V.+O.+动词不定式(带to的动词不定式)。 常见的谓语动词有：advise（建议），allow（允许），ask（要求），beg（乞求），cause（引起），encourage（鼓励），forbid（禁止），force（迫使），get（使），help（帮助），invite（邀请），like（愿意），mean（有意）， need（需要），oblige（迫使），order（命令），permit（允许），persuade（劝告），prefer（宁愿），request（要求），remind（提醒），teach（教），want（想），warn（告诫），wish（希望）等。Please allow me to carry your bag. Would you like us to play basketball with you? V.+O.+动词不定式(不带to的动词不定式)。 常见的谓语动词有： let（让），make（使），see（看），hear（听），watch（看），have（使），feel（感觉）， notice（看），look at（看），observe（观察），listen to（听）等。在help后，不定式可带to ，也可不带to。但这类动词转为被动语态时，to 须保留。I saw him take your dictionary away. He often helped me (to) learn English.He was seen to water the flowers. 注意：为了方便记忆，上述动词可归纳为：一“感”(feel),二“听”(hear, listen to),三“使”(let, make, have),五“看”(see, watch, notice, look at, observe)。有些动词后面可跟“to be +形容词”构成复合结构， 如 think（认为），consider（认为），believe（相信），suppose（想），know（知道），find（发现），understand（理解）， prove（证明），declare（宣布），imagine（想像）等。I consider the work to be very important. We proved these facts to be correct.像 be said（据说），be believed（认为），be reported（据报道），be known（知道），be likely to（可能），be certain（确定），be sure（确定），be unlikely（不可能），等后面通常跟不定式。The strange old man is said to be a great artist. She seemed to be doing her lessons in her room.有些动词则不能用于V.+O.+动词不定式，如:suggest, hope, demand 等。三、动词不定式的常见结构It is + 形容词 + of sb. + 不定式 Its kind of you to help me.It is + 形容词 + for + 名词（代词）+ 不定式 Its difficult for me to get to sleep.名词（代词）+be + 形容词 + 不定式 (不定式通常用主动形式) He is difficult to get along with. The river has been polluted and the water is not fit to drink. 在tooto 和 enoughto 结构中，不定式可用主动结构和被动结构表示被动意义，但主动结构更常见。 The box is too heavy to carry. (to be carried) The book is cheap enough to buy. (to be bought) to let, to blame 等作表语时，常用主动结构表示被动意义。The house is to let. 这所房子要出租。 You are to blame. (=You are at fault.) 这是你的过错。四、关于动词不定式作宾语时的省略形式：为了避免重复，省去不定式中和句子前后部分重复的动词的现象，只保留to。The speaker covered more than he planned to.（承前省略动词）Though I didnt want to, I was persuaded to go there.（承后省略动词） 注意：如果该宾语是be 动词或完成式，则须在to 之后加上be 或have。-Are you an engineer? -No, but I want to be. -He hasnt finished the task yet. -Well, he ought to have. 五、 动词不定式中“to”的省略 在had better, would rather, would ratherthan, rather than, would sooner, would soonerthan, cannot (help/choose) but 等结构后，to须省略。 They would rather (would sooner, had rather) die than surrender. I cannot (choose) but admire your decision. 在一些短语中，介词 but, besides, except 等之前如有行为动词do, 则作介词宾语的动词不定式中的to可省略。 She cant do anything but ask silly questions. What do you like to do besides swim? We had nothing to do but/except take his offer. 两个（或两个以上）动词不定式由 and, or 或 than 连接在一起时，第二个（或后面）动词不定式常不带 to。Id like to lie down and go to sleep. Do you want to have lunch or wait till later? Its easier to persuade people than force them. 注意：如果两个动词不定式表示对照或对比，则不可省 to。To die or not to die - that is the question. 是生还是死，这就是问题所在。They came not to save us, but to conquer us. 他们不是为拯救我们而来，而是为征服我们而来。如果主语是all或what 等引导的从句,且从句中有实义动词do时,作表语的不定式前不用 to 。What we must do is reduce the use of energy and use natural energy. All she does is gossip about others. 她所做的一切就是说别人闲话。The only thing I could do was go it alone. 六、动词不定式的时态和语态意义 动词不定式有一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种时态变化形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式。 语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式to writeto be written进行式to be writing完成式to have writtento have been written完成进行式to have been written（1）动词不定式的时态意义不定式的一般式：不定式一般式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生。但有时也可以发生在谓语动词的动作之前，一般用来表示原因。I hope to see you soon. We are just happy to have you back. Our headmaster is going to Shanghai to attend a meeting. 不定式的进行式：不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，这一动作可以和谓语动词的动作同时发生。 They seem to be getting along quite well. 不定式的完成式：不定式完成式表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前，尤其是强调动作已经完成。Im sorry to have bothered you so much. 注意：不定式的完成式用在expected, hoped, intended, meant, planned, promised, thought, wanted, wished, was, were等后，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等。I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. 不定式的完成进行式：表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已经发生，并一直进行着。The old man is said to have been breading cattle for more than thirty years. （2）动词不定式的语态意义如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是动作的执行者，不定式用主动式；如果逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式用被动式。比较：The doctor advised him to air the room. The doctor advised the room to be aired. 【试题播报】Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET 2003) A.to see B.to be seen C.seeing D.seen二、动词-ing 形式语法要点：-ing形式时态和语态-ing形式与不定式作宾语时的区别-ing形式与不定式作宾补时的区别-ing形式与不定式作状语时的区别一、特征动词-ing形式由动词原形加-ing构成，具有完成体和被动态。包括传统语法所指的现在分词和动名词。动名词既有动词性质，又有名词性质。动词性质表现在可有宾语和状语从而组成动名词短语。名词性质表现在可在句中用作主语、宾语等。现在分词既有动词性质，又有形容词性质。动词性质表现在可有状语和宾语并组成现在分词短语。现在分词的形容词性质表现在可用作定语等。也就是说，动词-ing形式可以在句中充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语以及状语。二、 构成 主动形式被动形式一般时doing being done 完成时having done having been done -ing分词的一般式如果-ing分词表示的是一般性动作，不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，这时要用-ing的一般形式。“Cant you read?” Mary said angrily pointing to the notice. Being a student, he was interested in books. -ing分词的完成式如果-ing分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用(not)having+-ed分词来表达。Having watered the vegetables, we began to dig the ground.注意：-ing分词的完成体一般不可用作后置定语。 交了卷的学生必须离开教室。（错误）The students having handed in their papers must leave the classroom.（正确）The students who have handed in their papers must leave the classroom.3 -ing分词的被动语态一般式被动语态-ing的一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时进行的。它一般用作句子的定语或状语。After being interviewed for the job, you will be required to take a language test.This is the computer being repaired by Tom. 4 -ing分词的被动完成式表示一个被动动作发生在句子的谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般用作状语。Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it go? Having been criticized by the teacher, Wang Ming gave up smoking. 5 -ing分词的否定式：-ing分词的否定形式是在其前加上not 。Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Not having been notified of the change in the meeting time, Mike arrived late.【试题播报】 _the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed （ NMET 2004 广东）6 -ing分词的复合结构。在-ing分词前加物主代词或名词的所有格便构成分词的复合结构。口语中，这种结构用作宾语时，物主代词还可以用宾格，名词还可以用普通格，但作主语时只能用物主代词或名词所有格。Whats troubling them is workers not having enough time. Would you mind my (me) using your telephone？She insisted on Peter s (Peter) going there first. His being late for school made the teacher angry.三、-ing 形式的用法作主语 Playing with fire is dangerous. 注意：有时用it作形式主语。在It is no use/good, It is not any use/good等后通常接-ing分词。It is a waste of time arguing with the gossip about it. 为这些争吵简直是浪费时间。It is no use waiting for him. 等他是没有用的。 表语 This book is very interesting. 注意：主系表结构中的主语和表语应该用同种非谓语动词。To see is to believe. / Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。To know everything is to know nothing. 世上没有万事通。Keeping is harder than winning. 创业不易，守业更难。 宾语 动词宾语My brother likes swimming. The professor suggested doing the experiment in another way. 注意：在英语中，下列一些动词后面通常需要接-ing分词作宾语。admit 承认 advise 建议 appreciate 乐于avoid 避免 allow 允许 consider 考虑deny 否认 delay 推迟 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 finish 完成 forgive 宽恕 imagine 想象 keep (on) 继续 mention 提到 mind 介意 miss 没赶上 permit 允许 practise 练习 resist 抵制 risk 冒险suggest 建议 give up 放弃 cannot help 忍不住 介词宾语We insisted on your leaving the place before the enemy came. We apologize for not being able to help you.Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.(注意 to是介词还是不定式符号)Du Li is proud of being a champion in the Olympic Games.How about going to the movies tonight? I had great difficulty waking him. She had no problem (in) answering the teacher s question. Father had some trouble (in) reading his son s letter. Mike has spent a lot of time preparing the exam. There is no point in doing the job.作宾语补足语 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如hear, feel, find, give, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, watch等后的宾语可以用-ing分词作宾语补足语。He saw the children playing in the yard. I must say I dont like to hear you talking like that. 表示“致使”等意义的动词catch, have, get, keep, set, leave等。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for me for so long. What she has told left us thinking that she experienced much when she was young. 【试题播报】 Dont leave the water _while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run (NMET 2004 天津) 用在被动结构中时，作主语补足语。 He was seen going upstairs. The child was heard crying in the next room. 作定语 分词作定语有两种形式前置定语，后置定语。 前置定语（单个-ing分词） He is a promising young man. 后置定语（-ing分词短语）The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.The bridge being built now is a hospital.ing分词作状语表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况、条件等。 表示时间 While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 注意：表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的-ing分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词，但as没有这种用法。如：Dont talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时务必要小心。 表示原因：表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. Not knowing how to work out this maths problem, she turned to the teacher for help. 表示结果The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.Her husband died three years ago, leaving her two children.【试题播报】European football is played in 80 countries, _it the most popular sports in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 表示方式或伴随情况 I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 表示条件 Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all. 四、 不定式与-ing形式的区别 -ing形式与不定式在句中作主语和表语的区别一般说来，-ing分词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作。而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。特别是将来的动作。Smoking is forbidden here. -ing形式与不定式在句中作宾语的区别作宾语的区别与作主语与表语类似。但有一些比较特殊的用法。I like swimming, but I dont like to swim today. They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold. Would you prefer to stay at home tonight? 在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等动词的后面直接跟动词作宾语时，要用-ing分词。如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后再接动词作宾语补足语时，应跟带to的不定式。We dont allow smoking here. His mother doesnt allow him to smoke. need, require, want动词作“需要”解时，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用-ing分词，或不定式的被动式。这时，-ing分词的主动形式表示被动意义。The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning.The window needs (requires, wants) to be cleaned. 及物动词remember, forget, regret, mean之后接-ing分词和不定式都可以，但含义不同。She remember seeing him somewhere before. Please remember to bring me the photo next time. Doing like that means cheating. I didnt mean to hurt your feeling that day. David regretted missing such a good chance. I regret to say that you failed the exam.I couldnt help shaking with so few clothes on .I cant help to clean the classroom up.【试题播报】-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well, now I regret _that.A. to do B. to be doing c. to have done D. having done stop, go on, try后接-ing分词形式时，为及物动词，-ing分词为宾语。如果后接不定式，则为不及物动词，动词不定式为其目的状语。Please stop talking. As he was busy that day, he didnt stop to talk with me.If nobody answers at the front door, try knocking at the back door. ing形式与不定式作宾语补足语的区别在see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have等动词后，如果用-ing形式作宾语补足语，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式所表示的是一个动作的全过程。I saw him waiting at the bus stop. 我看见他在等车。We saw her enter the building just now. 我们刚刚看见她进了大楼。-ing形式与不定式作状语的区别-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式和伴随状况等。不定式常用来表示目的、结果和原因等。 -ing形式与不定式作原因状语的区别不定式多用在形容词之后，即位于句末较多。而-ing形式作原因状语时，多用于句前。We are all glad to know you are fine. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them. -ing形式与不定式作结果状语的区别-ing形式常常表示顺理成章的结果，而不定式，尤其是状语前有副词only never修饰时，表示一个意外不好的结果。His parents died, leaving him an orphan. They hurried to school, only to find that it was Sunday. （三）动词-ed形式语法要点：过去分词在时态和语态上的特征过去分词作宾补与现在分词作宾补的对比独立主格结构与with的复合结构一、 特征动词的-ed形式，即传统语法所指的“过去分词”。兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。动词的-ed形式和宾语或状语一起构成-ed分词短语。动词-ed形式一般表示完成的和被动的动作。二、-ed形式的用法 定语 单个的动词-ed形式，一般放在被修饰的名词的前面，作前置定语。-ed形式的短语，则放在被修饰的名词的后面，作后置定语。用作定语的-ed形式在意思上接近一个定语从句。a broken glass (=a glass which/that has been broken) This is a book written (which/that was written) by Lu Xun. 注意：单个的-ed形式用作定语修饰everything, anything, nothing, everything, anything, nobody等不定代词时，只能放在这些不定代词的后面。少数单个动词的-ed形式（left等）只能作后置定语。 Everything used should be marked. The books left are for my students. 【试题播报】The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded NMET2004 上海 表语 动词的-ed形式作表语，往往表示主语所处的状态。I was pleased at the news. The door remained locked. 注意：有些动词有两种-ed分词形式，在用作定语和表语时各采用不同形式。这些动词有bend, drink, light, melt, rot, sink等。例如：He lighted(或lit) a candle and took the lighted(不用lit) candle into his room.The drunken(不用drunk) man has been drunk(或drunken) for an hour.3 作补语动词的-ed形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel等动词后与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语，在主动语态句子中作宾语补足语，在被动语态句子中作主语补足语。I must get my bike repaired. （宾语补足语）The girl was found beaten black and blue. （主语补足语）能带-ed形式作补语的三类动词： 包括see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词。We thought the game lost. I often hear the song sung in English. 包括make, get, have, keep等表示“致使”意义的动词。I have my hair cut once a month. He was trying to make himself understood. 包括like, want, wish, order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词。He wont like such questions (to be)discussed at the meeting.The students wish the serial TV plays (to be)continued.【试题播报】Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _ .A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry NMET2004重庆 作状语 表原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随，可放在句子前面、后面，或插在句中。 原因状语Inspired by her example, the League members worked even harder.The children soon fell asleep, exhausted by th