吴鹏SAT基础班讲义.doc

SAT 阅读基础班讲义 Bill P. WuSAT基础班阅读教程VERSION 102006吴 鹏Bill Casper. WuShanghai New Oriental SchoolCONTENTSPART I. INTRODUCTION 3PART II. VOCABULARY IN READING61. Diction and Writing62. Ethno-Semantics73. Understanding in Context10PART III. SENTENCE & PARAGRAPHS151. Grasp the Essential Information152. Logical Reading Method163. Difficult Sentence Types164. Six Key Sentence Patterns175. Cracking the Paragraphs17PART IV. LOGICAL STRUCTURES 241. Contrasting Viewpoints Patterns242. Persuasive Patterns333. Expository Patterns414. Literature Evaluative Patterns435. Short Passage45PART VI. QUESTION PATTERNS49PART VII. PRACTICES 63PART VII. APPENDICS 68Part I. Introduction Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Success is a choice. If you always do what youve always done, you will always get what youve always gotten. So everybody should try some responsible risks.1. Test-taking Strategies for Reading ComprehensionDirection Words: Focus on key words and phrases to map the passage, and make every effort to avoid losing the sense of what is being discussed. Eclecticism: Balance between substantial understanding and speed, and dig out the essential testing points.Unlock Principle: Read the questions carefully, making certain that you understand what is being asked, and figuring out the locating clues. Fair Play: If you have some familiarity with the material being presented in a passage, do not let this knowledge influence your choice of answers to the questions. Answer all questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage itself.Practice, Practice, Practice: Nothing more than diligence can predict your success, and try to be familiar with the evaluating reading style.Vocabularyin ReadingSentences ParagraphsLogical StructuresStrategiesfor Solving Problems2. General Descriptions of CurriculumLogic Reading3. Reading Materials ReferenceAfrican American Review social sciences (some humanities)American Journal of Economics and Sociologysocial sciencesAmerican Scholar humanitiesArt Journal humanitiesAstronomy physical sciencesBio-Science biological sciencesBlack American Literature Forum humanitiesBusiness Horizons businessCommentary social sciencesDiscover biological sciences and physical sciencesFeminist Studies social sciences (some humanities)Journal of American Ethnic History social sciencesJournal of Black Studies social sciences (some humanities)Journal of Social History social sciencesThe Nation social sciencesScience News biological sciences and physical sciencesScientific American biological sciences and physical sciencesSloan Management Review businessSmithsonian social sciences, biological sciences, and physical sciencesTechnology Review biological sciences and physical sciencesWilson Quarterly social sciencesWomens Review of Books humanities4. Reading RequirementsReading Comprehension questions measure your ability to(1) Read with Understanding, Insight, and Discrimination;(2) Analyze a written passage from several perspectives.Specific Reading Requirements：(1) What is the focus or topic of the passage?(2) What is the main idea?(3) Separate main ideas from supporting ideas and supporting evidence.(4) How does the main idea relate to other ideas and evidence in the passage?(5) What words define relationship among ideas?(6) Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage?5. Basic Reading Strategy(1) purpose(2) topic / main idea(3) logic developmentGeneralUnderstand(1) logic details(2) specific details or factsSpecificUnderstand(1) implicationinfer/imply(2) further application(3) tone/attitudeEvaluatingPart II. Vocabulary in Reading一、词汇的境界和学习方法 Stage 1从未见过Stage 2见过不知其意Stage 3能认出Stage 4了解精确含义词汇学习的境界Stage 5说、写会用The ablation has been scheduled for tomorrow.His comments are too sanctimonious.His action were quite uncouth and his manners disgusting.They argued there had been no mandate from the people for the presidents actions.It can only be described as a courageous act.1. The Correct Process of Word LearningLinguisticSignsLinguisticStructureCulturalStructureSemanticReference人们学习单词的正确流程2. Word Part (72 important word stems见附录1)circumlocutionmaledictionPrefixPrefixRootsuffixRootsuffix3. Ethno-Semantics (vicariously+etymology)gauchesinistermammonmoneyproudarroganthaughtyinsolentcountrynationstateland五组例子Water looks murky.Costume looks murkyadonis bowdlerize boycott chauvinism gargantuan guillotine machiavellian malapropism mausoleum mesmerize narcissism nicotinesadismWord People4. 关注词汇的感情色彩和Figurative及LiteralPlausible Justify Ambivalent正态度词汇：accessible adj.易接近的；可到达的accurate adj.准确的， 精确的admiration n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕admitted adj.被承认的，被确认无疑的advocate vt.提倡、鼓吹approval n.赞成，承认，正式批准approval of 赞成be rightly acknowledge for 被认可commendatory adj.赞赏的，推荐的comprehensive adj.全面的，广泛的，包罗万象embrace vt.拥抱，包含，收买，信奉，n.拥抱enthusiasm n.狂热，热心，积极性，激发热情的事物expectation n.期待，预料，指望，展望，期望值have an interest in 对感兴趣laudatory adj.赞美的，赞赏的novel adj.新奇的，新颖的，异常的plausible adj.似乎有道理的popular adj.通俗的，流行的，受欢迎的possible adj.可能的，可能存在的possible in 有可能pride n.自豪，自尊心，骄傲，傲慢，vt.使自豪sanction v.批准，认可，同意，支持self-evident adj.不言自明的，不言而喻的sympathetic adj.有同情心的，合意的，赞成的负态度词汇：antipathy n.憎恶，反感critical adj.评论的，批评的criticize v.批评，责备decry v.谴责defiance n.挑战，蔑视，挑衅deprecate vt.抗议，不赞成，抨击，反对，藐视disapproval n.不赞成disdain n./vt.轻蔑，蔑视dismayed adj.沮丧的，灰心的dissent v.不同意dubious adj.可疑的，不确定的disagreement n.意见不同，不调和，争执hostile adj.敌对的disbelieving adj.怀疑的，不相信的impatience n.急躁disparaging adj.蔑视的，轻视的incredulity n.怀疑factious adj.好搞派系，好捣乱的invalid n/adj.病人，残疾人的implausible adj.难以置信的opposed adj.反对的，敌对的inaccurate adj.错误的，不准确的paradoxical adj.荒谬的inappropriate adj.不适当的，不对称的pedestrian adj.呆板的incomplete adj.不完全的，不完善的pessimism n.悲观inelegant adj.不雅的protest v.断言，抗议，拒付insufficient adj.不足的，不够的question v.询问，质疑suspicious adj.怀疑skepticism n.怀疑论unclear adj.不清楚的unrealistic adj.不切实际的unimaginative adj.缺乏想象力的ambivalence n.矛盾心理unscientific adj.不科学的condemn vt.声讨，谴责，判刑confused adj.困惑的，烦恼的uncertainty n.不确定，不可靠fallacious adj.谬误的，靠不住的doubt n./v.怀疑，不信unsupported adj.不支持的，不支援的公正客观态度词汇：impartial adj.公平的，不偏不倚的dispassionate adj.冷静的，不动感情的justified adj.正当的，有客观根据的detached adj.超然的neutral adj.中立的，中性的disinterested adj.无私的objective adj.客观的neutrality n.中立，中性unbiased adj.没有偏见的5. General Diction, Specific Diction and Diversityhouse:mansion, villa, chateau, cottage, bungalow, cabin, hut, shack, shanty, shed, barn6. Synonym and Antonym Thesaurus (Reading and Diversity) “Itsits ture?” faltered Professor McGonagall. “Shhh!” hissed Professor McGonagall, “youll wake the Muggles!” “Up!” She screeched. “Comb your hair!” he barked, by way of a morning greeting. “Out!” roared Uncle Vernon, and. “NEVER ” he thundered, “INSULT ALBUS DUMBLEDORE IN FRONT OF ME!” “P-P-Potter,” stammered Professor Quirrell.”二、Understand the Meaning of a Word in Context1. The word calling is closest in meaning to (A) profession(B) example(C) character(D) description3. The word fashion is closest in meaning to (A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create2. The word counterpart is closest in meaning to (A) species(B) version(C) change(D) material4. The word latitude is closest in meaning to (A) breadth(B) scope(C) freedom(D) extentbruised reed, broken reed, frontier, deposition, speakeasy, busman, stock-in-trade() Syntactic clues and Tone cluesThey must gain an understanding of human nature, including its negative aspects, such as the sources of human conflict and the pitfalls of power.(A) benefits(B) stages(C) causes(D) hazardsThere is growing evidence that urbanization has a sharp vicious impact on climate, causing changes that can wreak havoc on precipitation patterns that supply the precious resource of water.(A) disrupt(B) strengthen(C) abrogate(D) sanctionThe flood was a calamitous event and resulted in the loss of many lives.(A) disastrous(B) inadvertent(C) halcyon(D) facileThe officious clerk interfered in things that were not his concern and often annoyed his co-workers.(A) official(B) good-natured(C) vacillate(D) meddlesome() Structural Clues(1) A supernova is a massive star that undergoes a gravitational collapse, then a gigantic explosion, blasting away the outer layers into space.In the skeletal system, a foramen, that is, an opening through a bone, serves as passageway for blood vessels, nerves or ligaments.(2) The inclination or tilt of the earths axis with respect to the sun determines the seasons.The debate revolves around or ponder on a computer programmer and author of “Pretty Good Privacy,” a program that lets computer users encrypt or encode or encipher their files.Many people reach almost instinctively for the analgesics or desensitizing drugs.(3) The sun crosses the equator twice a year at the equinoxes, when day and night are nearly equal in length.But it is a long leap from a matrilocal home where the father is absent, to a matriarchal one, in which the females take total charge from the males.Prescribed fire, ignited by forest rangers under controlled conditions to restore balance in the forest, is a safe way to mimic natural fire condition.Susan B. Anthony, a veteran of many reform campaigns, helped form the National American Woman Suffrage Association to work for the enfranchisement of women.(A) right to vote(B) job opportunities(C) right to compete(D) persuasion(4)Elusive, vaguely definedCollective well-being of social group(5) Sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands.Famous as a writer and lecturer, he popularized transcendentalism, a romantic philosophical theory claiming that there was an ideal, intuitive reality transcending ordinary life.They had come to believe he was invincible, a strong muscular man with a drill sergeants booming voice and a bricklayers hands.(A) hard to see(B) hard to resist(C) impossible to conquer(D) easy to epitomize(6) If someone is said to have “a chip on his shoulder”, he is angry, pugnacious, sullen, and looking for trouble.During the ice ages, huge glaciers advanced and retreated over the region, scouring the surface, removing most of the existing soil, and hollowing out countless lakes.(A) freezing(B) uplifting(C) improving(D) scraping(7) Eliminating obsolete skills, for instance, shorthand is still taught in many secretarial programs although it is rarely used and out of date.Scrooge was such a skinflint that he wouldnt give any of his employees a Christmas gift or even the day off from work.Most current researchers adopt an eclectic approach in studying species, employing the theories and techniques of morphology, ecology, biochemistry, behavior, growth, and genetics.(A) from one source(B) from many sources(C) frequently changing(D) patternedUnder that doctrine, wives were chattels of their husbands; they could not legally control their own earnings, property, or children unless they had drawn up a specific contract before marriage.(A) partners(B) slaves(C) novices(D) friends(8)-1He lived parsimoniously, was frugal in food and drink, his clothes were beyond description; he looked like a beggar, but kept on saving and putting money in the bank.(A) extravagantly(B) far away(C) stingily(D) aloneTodays executives must have some grasp of economic realities and the political process, as well as some comprehension of the basic framework within which scientific and technological changes take place.(A) understanding(B) communication(C) criticism(D) predictionThe real truth was that I was not a sissy and there had never been anything effeminate about me. (A) careful(B) distant and cool(C) mistaken(D) feminineThe horror movie titillated the audience and kept them on the edge of their seats throughout the showing.(A) excited(B) bored(C) confused(D) annoyedShakespeare often use rose as token of all that is lovely and good; for Arabs, the rose was a symbol not of feminine but of masculine beauty.(A) symbol(B) proof(C) justification(D) contradiction(8)-2Songbirds are active throughout the day; Owls, on the other hand, are primarily nocturnal.Doctors often prescribe drugs for narcoleptics to keep them awake.(A) salesclerk(B) people who sleep excessively(C) excessive eaters(D) rock starsI felt that she was not bored, but her reticence puzzled me, and I wished to make her speak.(A) unwillingness to speak(B) prosperous(C) fearless(D) worn outThe heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising from cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation, depriving some areas of rain while drenching others.(A) almost missing(B) severely damaging(C) thoroughly wetting(D) entirely avoiding() Punctuation CluesCrepuscular rays-alternating bright and dark rays in the sky-appear to radiate from the sunPonderous machine, can only be pulled as many as at least 40 horses, is named for Behemoth.Part III. Sentence & Paragraphs一、Cracking the Sentence1. Grasping Essential Information of Sentence(1) Essential information is the most important information in the sentence. It includes the ideas that are basic to the sentences meaning and necessary in conveying the authors message and purpose.(2) Two questions being helpful to comprehend essential information of sentence句子主要争对谁或争对什么？-判定主语(体) 主体是什么或发生了什么？-判定谓语动词subjectpredicateverbparaphrasing阅读难句的基本策略鉴别中心意思辨析附加信息如何关联修饰中心分割成多个简单句读注意标点符号的作用2. The Perspective of Logical Reading As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish, their difference, however striking, appears to be an evolutionary red herring.Its subject (to use Maynard Macks categories) is “life-as-spectacle”, for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience”: readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of cou