大学英语自学教程(上)讲义(1).doc

大学英语自学教程（上）讲义 Unit 1Text A How to Be a Successful Language Learner?搭配：1. disagree with 不同意/动词词组2. guarantee sth. for sb. 保证某人某事/动词词组e.g. This will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 这样不能确保每一位学习语言的成年人都成功。3. be different from 与什么不同/形容词词组4. succeed in sth./ doing sth. 成功做某事/动词词组5. offer advice to sb. 给某人建议/动词词组6. play with sth. 轻松学习某事物/动词词组7. in many ways 再很多方面/介词词组8. depend on sb./sth. for sth. 依靠某人或某事而获得某事/动词词组9. discover ones own way to do sth. 发现并用自己的方法做某事/动词词组10. instead of sth./ doing sth. 想反/而没有做某事/介词词组11. wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事/动词词组12. look for sth./sb. 寻找某人或某物/动词词组13. make a mistake 犯错误/动词词组14. be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事/形容词词组15. be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事/形容词词组16. do sth. with a purpose 有目的地做某事/故意做某事/动词词组17. be interested in sth./sb. 对某人或某物很感兴趣/形容词词组18. communicate with sb. 与某人交流/动词词组19. learn from sb. 想某人学习20. might do well to do sth. 最好做某事句型：1. S.+V.+it+adj.+to do sth. 形式宾语句型n.e.g. Some people find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Some people find it difficult to succeed in other fields. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly.2. It is +adj.+for sb.+to do sth. 形式主语句型e.g. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn for them.语言点：1. success(n.)-successful(adj.)-succeed(v.) 成功2. hundreds of people与 eight hundred people：请注意有数词存在后，表量名词的变化。3. advice/information 为不可数名次。不能有复数形式。4. practice doing sth. 练习做某事5. less than +adj. 不怎么+形容词的含义 如：less than happy 不怎么开心阅读技巧：1. conversely2. on the other hand这两个词出现时，下文所讲内容将与上文所提内容截然相反。Text B Language搭配：1. with the help of 在什么的帮助下2. at a table 坐在桌旁（准备就餐）3. in this way 这样4. mean to do sth. 本意是想要做某事5. not at all +adj. 一点也不+相容词的含义e.g. not at all thirsty 一点也不渴6. as you see 可见7. consist of 包括，组成8. put sth. into sth. 把什么融入什么句型：1. not only but also不但而且e.g. We can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. 我们不但可以在语言的帮助下，还可以用其它的方式来告诉别人我们在想什么。2. neither nor既不也不e.g. People who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.既不能听也局能说的人也可以用他们的手指来彼此交流。3. each time 每一次（连词：用来连接两个句子）e.g. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.每一次服务员给他拿来喝的东西他都摇头。语言点：1. mean-meant; shake-shook; meet-met2. 半系动词后加名词：look sad; keep silent3. 说语言要用speak阅读技巧：for instance 或for example 后的文字是用来支持阐述上面所述文字的。Unit 2Text A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes搭配：1. be sure of 确保、一定、毫无疑问/形容词词组2. have a corner in/on sth. 垄断/动词词组e.g. have a corner on the textile market 垄断纺织市场have a corner in textile 对纺织品进行垄断3. lead the world with sth. 以什么来引领世界/动词词组4. vary in sth. 有差异 e.g. vary in ideas 想法有差异vary sth. 改变 e.g. vary your attitude 改变你的观点vary with 随什么而改变 vary from sth./sb. to sth./sb. 什么什么各不相同e.g. vary from person to person 人人不同vary from place to place每个地方各不相同5.sth. is due. 到了该什么的时间了。e.g. The federal taxes are due. 到了该收税款的时间了6.be similar to 与什么一样/形容词词组7.buy sth. for +多少钱/动词词组 e.g. buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents.8.in addition to sth./doing sth.除了（表示加的概念）/名词词组e.g. In addition to teaching, she is in charge of managing the whole school.In addition to his flat in Chaoyang, he has anther flat in Haidian.9. in two forms 以两种形式10. charge on sth. 收取什么的费用 e.g. charge on cars in a city.收取城内汽车的费用。be charged with被控诉有某种罪行；be charged by sb. 由某人收取费用charge for 收取多少价钱e.g. How much do you charge for this car?这辆车你要多少钱？in charge 负责e.g. Who is in charge here? 谁在这负责？11. raise funds for 为什么筹集资金e.g raise funds for education 为教育筹集资金。12. complain about sth./sb. 抱怨某人或某事动词词组；complain of sth. 述说病情13. spend sth. in doing sth.; spend sth. on sth. 花费时间；金钱；精力做某事动词词组14. have different views on sth./sb. 对某人或某事有不同观点动词词组15. tend to do sth. 倾向做某事；16. agree on sth. 同意做某事；agree with sb. 与某人意见一致语言点：1. salary工资（n.）-salaried工资的（adj.）2. a percentage of 表示抽象概念；数字+percent of 表示多少的百分比3. work表示工作没有复数；works表示工厂或著作Text B Advertising语言点：1. part of某整体中的一部分（可大,可小；但不可分割）；a part of 某整体中很小的一部分2.on radio/ television 通过收音机/电视3.sth. is available. 可以提供某物搭配：1. attract sb.s attention 吸引某人注意/动词词组2. for the most part 很大程度上，在大多数情况下，一般地说/作插入语3. persuade sb. To do sth. 劝说某人做某事/动词词组4. put out ads. 做广告/动词词组5. A is characteristic of B A是B的特征 e.g. Quick speech is characteristic of me. 讲话快是我的特征。6.catch the eye 吸引某人/动词词组7.no more than 仅仅 e.g. What he said is no more than rubbish. 他说的话仅仅是垃圾。8.identify with 把什么和什么联系起来 e.g. It is hard for me to identify his behavior with his thought.我很难把他的想法和他的行为联系起来。9.be carried over into继续下去；遗留下去e.g. The same techniques have been carried over into television ads. 同样的方法也运用在电视广告中。10.add sth. to sth.把什么加在什么上动词词组；mix sth. and sth. 把什么和什么融合在一起11.put up with忍耐动词词组e.g. How can you put up with a person of his sort.你怎么能容忍他那样的人？12.be responsible for sb./sth 为某人或某事负责动词词组13.decide on sth.; decide to do sth.决定（做）某事动词词组14.make an estimate of the costs估计价值动词词组15. be involved in sth.doing 参与某事/动词词组Unit 3 Text A The Atlantic Ocean搭配：1. separate A from B 把某人；或某物分开/动词词组2. keep sb. from doing sth. 使某人无法做某事；无法做某事/动词词组3. on the average 平均；below/above the average 在什么的水平以下；上/介词词组4. furnish sth for sb. 给某人提供某物/动词词组5. pile up 折起，累计，若干车辆碰在一起/动词词组语言点：1. 本课带宾补的动词：make e.g. make early sailors unwilling to do sth.(宾补)Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual.2. 形容词的特殊用法：It is more than 4000 miles wide.(形容词后置)On the average the water is a little more than two miles deep.3. 形容词前有as, so, no, too, how等词时，不定冠词应置于形容词之后，如：e.g. We couldnt do it in so short a time.She is too kind a girl to refuse.Aids is so terrible a disease.He is too old a man to do that kind of job.4. suppose +句子=表示一种假设5. it takes/took +（某人）+多少时间+to do sth. 花了某人多少时间做某事。It would take the ocean about 4000 years to dry up.6. much可以用来修饰形容词的比较级。E.g. much better; much deeper.7. raise为及物动词，后可以加宾语，e.g. raise the pay.(增加工资)；rise为不及物动词（其后不能加宾语），e.g. the sun rises in the east. 注：宾语为名词，代词，动词的-ing.8. 在一般名词所构成的专有名此前需要加定冠词。E.g. the Azores 亚苏尔群岛; the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋9. for用来连接两个句子的时候为并列连词，表原因。E.g. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind.10. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here.主谓一致11. so that/ such that 句型：太+句子e.g. We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. 我们现在有太多快速的旅行方式，因此大西洋看起来好像小了很多。So主要用来修饰形容词或副词；such 则最终需要修饰名词。12. across为介词或副词，使用它时，句子中应该已有动词。E.g Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.Cross为动词，作谓语或跟在动词不定式to 后面。E.g. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.Text B The Moon搭配：1. be kept tied to sth./sb. 离不开某人/紧紧的依附于某物2. face towards sth./sb. 面向；face away from sth./sb. 背向3. keep sth./sb. in mind 牢记于心4. be lighted up by sth. 被什么照亮5. speak of 提及；说到6. reflect sth. on to sth. 把什么反射到什么上去语言点：1. 半系动词(半系动词后加形容词)：remain/stand/look/appear2. 世界独一无二的事物前应该加定冠词。如：the earth, the world, the moon3. except, except for, besides怎么区别？besides“除外，还有”，指更进一步的拥有，包括所“除”事物在内。Have you got any clothes besides these? 除了这些衣服你还有别的吗?except不包括所引事物。常与no, none, nothing等否定词或all, everyone, everything等连用，但不可用于句首。They all went to the Summer Palace except one. 除一人之外他们都去了颐和园。except for常指除去所引情况让人稍感遗憾之外，整体情况尚属理想，被除去的事物与正在谈及的事物之间不具有共同属性或性质。The roads were clear except for a few cars. 除几辆小汽车外，路面很空旷。4. enough作为副词时修饰形容词放在形容词后，adj.+enough for sb. to do sth. e.g. it is light enough for us to be able to see its outline.5. 初次接触到带介词定语从句，如：The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth.“The old moon in the new moons arms” is nothing but that part of the moons surface on which it is night.There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.Which代指前面被修饰的名词，翻译时，就把which前的介词放在被修饰的名词前即可。如: The light by which=by light 通过月光 surface on which=on surface 在月亮上的表面 several ways in which=in several ways 在很多方面6. 感观动词see的特殊用法：see sb. do sth.或see sb. doing sth. 前者表示看到了全过程，或者表示正在看到的动作。7. nothing but表示仅仅E.g. The money brought nothing but sadness.这笔钱仅仅带来了痛苦。Unit 4Text A Improving Your Memory搭配：1. focus on sb./sth.; be focused on 集中；聚焦；关注/动词词组a focus of attention 注意力/名词词组2. at all levels 在各个层次/介词词组3. make any sense to sb. 对某人来说有意义；某人不明白某事/动词词组4. make a difference in sth./doing sth. 在什么方面有区别/动词词组5. ability to do sth. 有能力做某事；注：永远没有ability of doing sth./名词词组6. keep in random order 顺序混乱/动词词组 7. group sth. into sth. 把什么按什么分组/动词词组8. as follows 如下所示/副词词组9. needless to say 毋庸多言/作插入语10. refer to sth./doing sth. 提到、指的是、参考；refer back to 重提某事；refer sb. to sb. else 让某人去找另外一人 e.g. If he needs any further information, refer him to me. 如果他还需要了解什么情况，让他来找我。注：prefer 更喜欢。11. relate sth. to/with sth. 把什么和什么联系在一起：可指物或事件。associate sb./sth. with sb./sth. 把某人或某事联系在一起：特指人。12.compare A with B 把A和B作比较/动词词组语言点：1. a number of 表示许多，后面接可数名词复数；an amount of 后接不可数名词2. 形式主语句：it is/was +adj.+to do sth.； to do sth.为真正的主语，it为形式主语e.g. It is useful to know how these principles work.3. 使役动词：make sb. do sth./ help sb. do sth.4. Categorizing is another means of organization. 注：动词的-ing做主语；means单复数同型5. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events.(注意介词后的动词形式)6. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.(注意动词不定式后使用被动态是由于item 和remember 之间是被动关系)研究表明当人们被要求用形象的办法来记住东西的时候，各种记忆力都会得到明显的提高。Text B Short-term Memory搭配：1. in contrast 与此相反; 同义词conversely, on the other hand （阅读技巧：下文和上文的完全转折）2. over and over 一次又一次地/副词词组3. look up sth. in sth. 在什么中查找，查阅什么/动词词组4. repeat sth. to oneself 自言自语/动词词组5. study sth. with sth. 用什么来研究什么/动词词组6. turn on/turn off the lights 开灯、关灯/动词词组7. be released from some place 被从什么地方放出/动词词组8. to begin with 首先，最初/副词词组语言点：1. 时态问题：在时间状语、条件状语从句中，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时表示将来。E.g. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number.2. ableunable3. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. 注：Following=after; a 15-question test=a 15 questions test; a five-year old boy=a five years old boy4. relate(联系)-related（相连的）-unrelated（不相关联的）Unit 5 Text A Fallacies about Food搭配：1. be eager to do sth./be eager for sth. 渴望做某事/动词词组2. be supposed to do sth. 应该，被认为去做某事；it is supposed that 人们认为3. be supplied to sb. 把某物提供给某人4. substitute A for B 用A来替换B/动词或名词词组5. wash sth. down sth. 用什么来涑下什么/动词词组6. have to do with/have nothing to with/have much to do with与某人或某事有关/无关/很有关语言点：1. 阅读技巧：阅读时间如果很紧张的话，我们可以把两个逗号间的内容省略不看。2. 使役动词：Eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer. Make后用动词原形；同样make也是可以带宾语补足语的动词，e.g. eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Think也可以带宾语补足语。E.g. People thought tomatoes poisonous.3. may have done sth. 表示对过去的推测e.g. He may have cried yesterday. 他昨天有可能哭了。She may have found a job last week. 她有可能上个星期已经找到工作了。4. civil(国民的)-civilized（文明的）-civilization（文明）5. it is/was thought that 有人认为6. eat-ate(过去时)7. Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up. Tomato的复数形式需要在词末加es.Idea grows up. 出现某种观点。8. 冠词问题：World War II; the Second World War9. drink-drunk(过去分词)Text B Do Animals Think?搭配：1. a great deal 非常/副词词组，放在动词后；a great deaf of +n.（不可数）大量2. be true with(of) sb./sth. 什么什么也是真的；如此/动词词组3. as well 也/副词词组，放在句末4. be engaged in sth./doing 忙于做某事/动词词组5. search for 寻找/动词词组6. in some respects 在一些方面/介词词组7. take care of 照顾/动词词组8. make improvement in 在哪方面取得进步9. by instinct 本能地/副词词组10. think out 周密考虑/动词词组11. speak of 说到/动词词组12. let sb./sth. out 释放/动词词组13. a variety of 多种多样的/表量词组14. have no knowledge of sth/sb./doing sth. 对什么人/什么事/做某事一无所知/动词词组语言点：1. live(v.)lively(adj.活泼的)2. 倒装句：hardworking as they are. 此处的as表示although或though，尽管的意思，但用as时，需要把形容词或副词放在句首+as+顺状语序。该句话翻译成：尽管他们很努力工作。E.g. Although I love you much, I still cant help you. 可以转换成：Much as I love you, I still cant help you. E.g. Though this movie is very moving, I still cant afford time to see it. 可以转换成：Moving as this movie is, I still cant afford time to see it.3. sober冷静的/严肃的；其比较级是 more sober4. could have done/could have been done 本可以做或被做的事而没有做。could not have done/could not have been done 本不可能做或被做的事而作了5. 主语+is not long in doing sth 做某事不会花很长时间6. 难句：Many of things that animals know how to do they seem to know either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. 词句话为倒装语序，顺装应为：They seem to know many of things that animals know how to do, either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. 其中：eitheror表示“要么要么” 把此句可以翻译成：它们似乎知道很多动物做事的方法，这些方法要么不是靠学到的，要么就是以我们所不理解的方式知道的。7. 重要句型：We never see frogs engaged in sport.The owl always looks as if he were considering some important question.(as if的句型里出现了虚拟语气，由于是对现在的虚拟，所以采用了系动词were的形式)Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.(此句为对过去虚拟的句型，原则为if条件句型用助动词had加上动词的过去分词形式，主句用情态动词would等加上have done 的形式；本句第二个had是have ones wits 这个词组的动词过去分词形式；另外，此处的there was no use in 后面只能接动词的ing 形式)Animals think much while building their houses.(此句话为省略句型之所以用building，一方面是因为在时间状语从句里省略了语主句相同的主语animals和系动词are，另一方面是因为animals 可以发出build的动作，所以用主动的doing形式)They are said to do sth. 据说It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dams and huts.（本句话为强调句型；划线部分为强调句型的基本配置，划线部分之间是被强调成分）The reason why做某事的原因It is plain that +从句 很明显Their minds are so much unlike outs that they do not know the difference between right and wrong. (此句为so that句型；unlike为adj.表示不像)Unit 6Text A Diamonds搭配：1. change sth. into sth. 把什么变成什么/动词词组2. exist in 存在于/动词词组3. mass of 团、堆、块/表量词组4. become popular with/among sb. 受谁的喜欢，欢迎/动词词组5. come at a good time 适逢其时/动词词组6. be running out 渐渐用尽/动词词组7. handfuls of 成捧的（东西）/表量词组8. sort out 淘选出/动词词组语言点：1. be made from sth.指sth.已看不出原材料（如酒是高粱做的）；be make of sth. 指sth.可以看出原材料（如桌子是木头做的）2. it is thought that +从句 人们认为3. good enough for doing sth. 好到可以做某事4. experience(n./v.)-experienced(adj.有经验的)5. be classed as 被作为什么而分类/动词词组6. the formerthe latter 前者，后者Text B The Difference between Plants and Animals搭配：1. tell A from B 辨别/动词词组2. be satisfied with sb/sth./doing sth. 对什么/某人表示满意/动词词组3. take place 发生（无法阻止的事情）/动词词组4. lie in 存在于/动词词组5. live on sth. 靠什么而生存/动词词组6. work wonders 创造奇迹/动词词组7. take in the riches 吸取精华/动词词组8. suck up 吸收，吸取/动词词组9. be different from 与什么不同语言点：1. There are many plants which have neither roots nor leaves nor flowers, while there are some animals which seem to have all three. (neithernor句型表示两者都不) e.g. People who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers. (并列动词)；My doctor told me I should neither smoke nor drink.（并列动词）；She neither knows nor cares what has happened to her ex-husband. (并列动词)2. 冠词问题：The blue haze, like smoke, is the dividing line between the heavens and the earth.(世界上独一无二的东西)。3. You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell. Look at 为感官动词，其后可以加动词原形，也可以用动词的ing形式。用动词原形表明看到了全过程，用动词的ing形式表示看到动作正在进行中。4. magnify(v.放大)magnifying glass(adj. 放大镜)5. puzzle(v.使迷惑)puzzling(adj.某事/某人/给某人造成了迷惑的情感)puzzled(adj.自身感到很迷惑)6. stomach的名词复数形式为stomachs7. They see many things which most people would fail to see. fail to do sth. 不能做某事8. 主谓一致问题：分数或百分比后面的谓语动词采用何种形式要看其后紧跟的名词，如所跟名词为可数名词复数，则谓语动词采用复数形式；所跟名词为不可数名词，则谓语动词采用单数形式。是就近原则的一种。E.g. We now know that about one fourth of all the kinds of seaweed are animals.9. be to do sth. 是将来时的一种，表示命令或计划做某事10. Animals can live only on what plants have already turned from inorganic to vegetable matter.(以后在名词型从句处做具体讲解)11. No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth, if the plants had not come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings. (对过去进行虚拟：主句用情态动词+have done, 从句用过去完成时 had done 的形式)12. It takes up such parts of the soil as are dissolved in the water. （as的句型是特殊的定语从句句型，由于前面出现了such才会采用as 来做定语从句的关系代词；take up 的意思是吸收；本句话的意思为：植物还会吸收能够在水中溶解的部分土壤。）Unit 7Text A Families搭配：1. descend from 从什么传下来的/动词词组2. think ofas 把什么看作是/动词词组3. far away from 远离/副词词组4. feeling of belongings 归属感/名词词组5. with the change 随着变化/介词词组6. care for 照顾/动词词组7. split up 裂变，离婚/动词词组8. talk of 谈及/动词词组语言点：1. Having a family simply means having children. (前一个动词的ing形式放在means这个谓语动词前是动名词作主语；后一个动词ing形式放在means 这个谓语动词后是动名词作宾语)2. No matter+(if, whether, how, what, when, who, where, which等连词)+句子. 表示无论3. Every family has a sense of what a family is.4. industry(n.工业)industrial(adj.工业的)industrialize(v.使工业化)5. increase(增长)这个动词经常用在进行时态中。6. Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon marry again and form remarried families.(形式宾语句型：主语+谓语+it+n./adj.+to do +其他) Text B The Changing American Family搭配：1. be important to sb. 对某人很重要/动词词组2. provide for 为谁提供什么/动词词组3. be expected to do sth. 应该做某事/动词词组4. take care of 照顾/动词词组5. work for pay 为了赚钱而工作/动词词组6. be (not) considered to be/do sth. 被认为是什么，做什么/动词词组7. make decisions about sth./doing sth. 做什么决定/动词词组8. working wife 工作的妻子/名词词组9. help sb. with sth. 帮助某人什么/动词词组10. in