副词用法详解-适合高三和大学生.doc

Unit4 副词一：副词的意义和用途：1. 修饰动词 Paganini played the violin beautifully. 2. 修饰形容词 very good; awfully hungry.3. 修饰其它副词 very soon; awfully quickly 4. 修饰介词短语 Youre entirely in the wrong.5. 修饰完整的句子 Strangely enough, I won first prize. 6. 修饰名词 The man over there is a doctor. 副词可以是单个的词（slowly）也可以是词组（in the garden）往往用“状语”这个术语来称呼。它不是构成句子的必需成分，但往往会影响句子的意思。I have finished work.I have nearly finished work. (快完成了)有时，副词是完成一个句子所必需的。如lie down, sit over there, put the car in the garage. 7. 如何识别副词：以-ly结尾的单一副词 patiently/usually/nearly，许多观点副词也以-ly结尾，如fortunately.不以-ly结尾的副词，包括与形容词形式一样的方式副词，如fast, there, then, often, perhaps(观点副词), however(连接副词)。副词短语，表示方式、地点和时间的副词短语常用介词+名词构成，如in a hurry/ in the garden/ at the station; 其它的副词还有again and again (频度), hardly at all (程度副词), very much indeed (thank you very much indeed), as a matter of fact, in that case。副词小品词，有些介词如in, off, up也可以做副词小品词The children are in the house. The children have just gone in. 二：副词比较级/最高级：只有可分级副词才有比较级和最高级。Daily/extremely/only/really/then/there/uniquely等不可以分级，所以没有比较级。 副词 比较级 最高级1. 与形容词同形 fast faster fastest2. 以-ly结尾的方式副词 easily more easily most easily3. 某些频度副词 rarely more rarely most rarely4. 例外 badly worse worst far farther farthest further furthest late later latest little less least much more most well better best说明：1. 频度副词用more/most/less/least构成比较级和最高级，如more seldom/most seldom; often可用more often也可用oftener(不常用)。2. latest/last: 都可以做形容词I bought the latest (most recent) edition of todays newspaper. (最近的)I bought the last (final) edition of todays newspaper. (最后的)但是一般只有last能做副词：It was a difficult question, so I answered last. 也可以把last放在主要动词之前：It last rained eight months ago. (= The last time rained was - .)3. farther/further 都可以指距离：We drove ten miles farther/further than necessary.但只有further 能够表示“此外”We learnt, further, that he wasnt a qualified doctor. 三：如何用副词比较1. as - as Sylvia sings as sweetly as her sister. not as/so - as I cant swim as well as you (can).She cant jump (quite) so high as Billy (can).3. - thanThe rain cleared (停止) more quickly than I expected. 4. the - the - (越-，越 -)The faster I type, the more mistakes I make.5. - and -It rained more and more heavily. 6. 比较级 Dave drives faster than anyone I know. 7. 最高级 I work fastest when I am under pressure. Tim tries the hardest of all the boys in the class. 我们常用比较级+than ever/ than anyone/ than anythingMagnus concentrated harder than ever / than anyone. 四：方式副词1.构成：在形容词后加-ly: bad-badly; careful-carefully以辅音+y结尾时。把y变为-ily: happy-happily; busy-busily; funny-funnily; 但是 dry-drily/dryly; sly-slyly 以-le结尾时，去掉-e, 改为-ly: noble-nobly; able-ably; nimble-nimbly; possible-possibly; 但是whole-wholly，其它的以-e结尾的则保留-e加-ly: extreme-extremely; tame-tamely; 但due-duly; true-truly除外。形容词结尾为-ic时，须加上-ally: fantastic-fantastically; basic-basically; systematic-systematically；但是public-publicly是例外。而且，有些以-ly结尾的副词（与方式/频度有关）与形容词同形，如daily/weekly/quarterly/yearlyI receive quarterly bills. I pay my bill quarterly. Early既是形容词也是副词I hope to catch an early train. I want to arrive early. 以-l结尾需要双写l: beautiful-beautifully; 其它后缀，如backwards, forwards, northwards, upwards (都表示方向); crossways, lengthways(=lengthwise纵向地), sideways; clockwise, lengthwise, moneywise (-wise构成“与 有关地”副词)How do you manage taxwise? (税收方面你怎么处理？)The smoke curled upwards. Take a step sideways.The tables were laid lengthways. 大多数方式副词修饰动作动词 laugh loudly; perform badly; drive carefully，但是，较少量的方式副词也可以修饰状态动词understand perfectly; know well.注意：以下-ly都是形容词：brotherly/sisterly/cowardly/elderly(稍老的an elderly man)/(un)friendly/heavenly(The sun, moon and stars are heavenly bodies)/likely(the likely outcome/She is very likely to ring me tonight; 也可adv: not likely/as likely as not说不定)/unlikely/lively/lovely/manly (looked manly)/womanly(a truly womanly woman)/motherly/fatherly/sickly(多病的a sickly child)/silly/ugly这些词常与way, manner, fashion等连用She always greets in a friendly manner/way/fashion. 2. 具有两种形式的副词，二者可能：意义相同：I bought this car cheap/cheaply.意义不同，如hard:I work hard and play hard.I did hardly any work today.3. 意义上不同于相应形容词的副词，如express(快的)/expressly(清楚地); ready/readily(毫不迟疑地、欣然地：answer questions readily/容易地：the sofa can be readily converted into a bed/):If it was urgent, you should send it by express mail.You were told expressly to be here by seven. 有些副词，如coldly/coolly/hotly/warmly可以表示感情和行为，可以和act/behave/react/speak等表示行为的动词连用，试比较：It is a cold day today. - The whole queue stared at me coldly. It was a warm/cool day. - Emily greeted me warmly/coolly.It was a hot day. - Edward hotly(断然地) denied the accusation。五：副词的位置：1.方式副词一般放在宾语或者动词后面-放在宾语后面：She watched the monkey curiously.-放在动词后面：It snowed heavily last nigh.-在副词小品词后面：He took the picture down very carefully.-重要的是不要把副词放在动词和其宾语之间不能说He speaks well English. 但是，如果宾语较长，则可以这样做：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.2. 单一的方式副词可以放在主语和动词之间，强调主语。但是短语副词一般不这样做：Gillian angrily slammed the door behind her. 当well/badly评估以行动时，只能放在句子或者从句的末尾：Mr Gradgrind pays his staff very well/badly. 有些方式副词，包括bravely, cleverly, cruelly, foolishly, generously, kindly, secretly,simply变换了位置，强调的方面也不同，试比：较He foolishly locked himself out. (=It was foolish that -.)He behave foolishly at the party. (=in a foolish manner)(聚会上，他举止可笑。)还有一些副词，包括badly, naturally，改变其位置，也会改变其意义和功能：You typed this letter very badly. (这封信打得很糟糕。方式副词)3. 在叙述文中，但一般不在讲话中，方式副词，如gently, quietly, slowly, suddenly可以放在句子开头，以引起悬念或者达到戏剧性的效果。一般用逗号隔开Oscar held his breath and stood still. Quietly, he moved forwards to get a better view.六：地点副词1.地点的含义方位： He is in Beijing. 方位状语回答where。常与位置动词live/be/stay/work这样的“位置动词”连用。方位状语可以放在句子开头：In Beijing Larry stayed at Grand Hotel. 方向（去，离开）：Larry went by plane to Beijing.方向状语用于回答 “where to”和 “where from”，常与go这类“动作动词”连用。2. 地点副词的位置：从不位于主语和动词之间。用在方式副词之后，时间副词之前。Barbara read quietly (方式副词) in the library (地点副词) all afternoon. 然而，方向副词却可以在动词之后，其它副词之前I went to London (方向副词) by train (方式) next day (时间副词)。一连串的地点副词，应该由小到大：She lives in a small house in a village outside Reading in Berkshire, England. 3. 如果要强调方位（比如为了对比），可以把表示方位的副词放在句首，特别是在叙事文中。Indoors it was nice and warm. Outside it was snowing heavily. 当有一个以上的地点副词时，为了避免歧义，将地点副词置于句首是常有的：On many large farms, farm workers live in tied (出租给雇工的) cottages. 七：时间副词1. 表示确定时间的副词。 表示确定时间的副词，用来回答when，一般用于过去时或者将来。I started my job last week. I will ring you tomorrow. 表示时间的词，如today, tomorrow, yesterday等能被early/earlier/late/later 修饰：Earlier today; late/later this year. 在口语中，当指一周中的具体的某一天时，我们不用“on”Lets meet Monday. (formal: Lets meet on Monday.) He was born on a Monday.(at Christmas) 表示确定时间的副词一般放在句尾。We checked in at the hotel on Monday/yesterday. 表示确定时间的副词也可以置于句首：This morning I had a telephone call from Tom. 多个时间副词的顺序也是由小到大Gilbert was born at 11.58 on Monday November 18th 1986. 2. 表示非确定时间：afterwards, already, another day, another time, at last, at once, early, eventually, formerly(以前), immediately, just, late, lately(最近，近来=recently), now, nowadays, once, one day(过去或者将来), presently, some day(指将来某一天), soon, still, subsequently, these days, ultimately, then, yet等。这些时间副词一般用在句尾，动词之前，be之后I went to Berlin recently. = I recently went to Berlin. I was recently in Berlin. 还可以用于句首引起兴趣或对比：Recently, I went to Berlin. It was very interesting - . Early和late 一般用在句尾We went to the airport too early/late for our flight. Another day/time; one day; some day可用于句首或者末尾：Some day I will tell you.I will tell you some day. 有些表示非确定时间的词可以被only, very 修饰，如：only just, only recently; very early, very recently.Still的用法：表示时间的延续，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，常在助动词之后，完全动词之前。Mr Mason is still in hospital. Tom still works for the British Council. 为了表示强调，也可以在助动词之前：Martha still is in hospital, you know. 在否定句中，still用在否定结构之前，表示不满和惊奇，I still havent heard from her. (比较I havent heard from her yet. 后者无感情色彩)I still cannot do it. Already助动词之后，完全动词之前，也可用在句尾。一般不用在否定句中。The machine is already out of date. - It is out of date already.I have already seen the report. - I have seen the report already. Tom already knows the truth. - He knows it already. 为了强调也可以出现在助动词前：Youd better lock up. - I already have (locked up).放在句尾还可以强调比“预想的来得快些”：Dont tell me you have eaten it already. Yet的位置和用途：一般用在否定句和疑问句的末尾。Have the new petrol prices come into force yet?Havent the new petrol prices come into force yet?The new petrol prices havent come into force yet. 在否定句中，yet可以用在主要动词之前：The new petrol prices havent yet come into force. Yet常用在否定简略回答中not的后面：Has the concert finished? No, not yet. 在不定式前，yet几乎和still 同义：Who will be appointed? It yet/still to be decided. 比较yet和already: 两者都常用于完成时，但在美国英语中，却常用于过去时。Have you seen the movie yet? I have already seen it. Did you see the movie yet? I already saw it. 当我们想得到信息时，在问句中用yet. Have you received your invitation yet? (我不知道你是否受到邀请)当我们想得到证实时，有时则可以用already.Have you already received your invitation? (想证实一下)Just的位置和用途：和非确定频度副词的位置一样。-用于完成时，表示“在现在或当时之前的一小段时间内”。I have just finished reading the paper. Would you like it?Mrs Mason had just come out of hospital. -用于过去时，特别是美国英语，表示“很短一段时间之前”I just saw Selina. She was going to the theatre. -用于进行时或者与will连用，指不久的将来。Wait, I am just coming. Ill just put my coat on. -Just还表示“只需”How do I work this? You just turn on the switch. 3. 表示持续时间（即一段时间）的状语，如ago, all day long, not any more, not any longer, no longer, no more 和起状语作用的介词短语(像由by, during, for, from-to, till, since, throughout 等开头的介词短语)。since 和ago: since常与现在或者过去完成时连用，I have seen Tom since last year/ January. I met John last week, I had not seen him since 1986. Since可以单独作副词用：I saw your mother last month, but I havent seen her since. Ago与过去时连用：I started working five months ago. for 与一段时间连用：表示过去，将来或者现在的一段时间：The Kenways lived here for five years. The Kenways have lived here for five years.在“持续动词”的肯定句中，如be, live等，如果动词是现在或者过去完成时，for可以省略：Patricia has been (has lived/has worked) (for) a year. 在将来时中，for也可以省略：Ill be (stay/work) in New York (for) five years. for在否定句中，或用在句子或者从句的开头则不可以省略：I havent seen her for six months. For six years, he lived abroad. from-to/till/until 指一段明确的时间：The tourist season runs from June to/till October. by; till/until; not - until当我们用表示一段时间的“持续动词”时，如stay, wait时，只能用till/until，不能用by. Ill stay here till/until Monday. (我要在这儿呆到周一)I wont stay here till/until Monday. (我在这儿呆不到周一)当所用动词是非延续性动词，如finish/leave时，只能在否定句中用till/until. I wont leave till/until Monday. (我要到周一才离开)我们只将by与表示时点的动词连用，因此可以说：Ill have left by Monday. (到周一我就已经离开了)I wont have left by Monday. (我周一前不会离开)during; in; throughoutDuring后须跟一个名词，表示整个一段时间：It was very hot during the summer. Hes phoned four times during the last half hour. 在上述例句中皆可用in代替during; 强调不明确的时间，可用some time + during，这时候，during不能用in代替：I posted it some time during (不能用in) 他和week. 当指“一个事件或者行动”时，也不能用in:I didnt learn much during my teacher training. (my teacher training 不是“时间”，而是“事件”)如果我们强调“从开始到结束的整个一段时间”，可用throughout代替in 或者 during. There were thunderstorms throughout July. 可将during或throughout(不可以用in)与the whole; the entire等连用，强调整段时间内发生的事情。During the whole/entire winter she never saw a soul. All (day/night) long: 表示时间的持续：It rained all night (long).Not - any more; no more; not - any longer; no longer: Not-any more; not-any longer; no longer表示“持续动作”已经停止或者必须停止，用在句子和从句的末尾。Hurry up! I cant wait any longer/more. No longer 用在完全动词之前或者句子的末尾，但用在词尾有时显得比较正式。Professor Carrington no longer lives here. (不在这里居住了)区别：no longer与no moreNo longer中的longer是副词long的比较级，long有after a certain point of time，着重表示时间不再延续，no longer 等于not-any longer. No more中的more是many/much的比较级，more有again得意思，着重表示数量或程度的减少，no more等于not-any more. Not - any longer和not -any more 没有区别，如上面提到的例子：Hurry up! I cannot wait any longer/more(朗文语法例句). Not - any longer/no longer 常与延续性动词连用；而not - any more/ no more 常与非延续动词连用（如果实在要区别的话）。Time and opportunities lost will return no more. (no longer 常置于动词前，no more常置于动词后)而no more 可以做定语或者宾语。No more excuses. (定语)I have no more to say. (宾语)No more than: 只不过。 It will take no more than five days to read the book. It is no more than a misunderstanding.八：频度副词：用于回到how often问句。1. 确定频度副词，如once/twice/three times/several times (a day/a month/a year)/hourly/weekly/fortnightly/every(day/month/year)/on Monday等，一般出现在句尾。有时放在句首，避免歧义：Once a month we visit our daughter who is at Leeds University. 这可以避免以下句子的歧义：We visit our daughter who is at Leeds University once a month. (once a month 可以是visit也可以是is，所以有歧义)2. 按频度由大到小的非确定频度副词-always-almost always/nearly always-generally/usually/normally/regularly-frequently/often-sometimes/occasionally-almost never/hardly ever/scarcely/seldom-not ever/neverVery occasionally表示“不经常”还有again and again; at times(有时); every so often(不时，偶尔)；(every) now and then(=every so often); from time to time; (every) now and again(sometimes)还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，constantly/continually/continuously/repeatedly非确定频度副词一般在助动词之后，完全动词之前：I was never very good at maths. You can always contact me on this number.Gerald often made unwise decisions. 这种副词出现在had to/used to/ought to 之前：We never used to import so many goods.也可以出现在有to的不定式前，但这是正式用法：You ought always to check the facts before you write essays. 在疑问句中，通常出现在主语之后：Do you usually have cream in your coffee?频度副词在否定句中时，not要出现在频度副词之前：Public transport is not always reliable. We dont usually get up before nine on Sundays. 否定句中频度副词的使用：Not必须出现在sometimes/frequently之后：Debbie is sometimes not responsible for what she does. Almost always/ nearly always/ occasionally一般不用在否定句中。频度副词用在句尾：“肯定副词”在句尾：我们可以把often用在疑问句和否定句句尾：Do you come here often?I dont come here often. Always可以出现在句尾，但表示“永远”Ill love you always. 否定副词rarely/seldom有时可以出现在句尾，特别是被only或very所修饰时：Nowadays, we drive down to the coast only rarely. 表示强调或者对比时，下列副词可以用在句子开头：frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, ordinarily, sometimes, 和usually.Sometimes we get a lot of rain in August. 当often放在句首表强调时，一般有quite或者very修饰：Quite/Very often the phone rings when I am in the bath. Always和never 在祈使句中可以用在句首：Always pay your debts. Never borrow money. 注意：否定副词放在句子开头时，会影响词序。ever和neverEver表示“任何时候”，用在疑问句中，否定句以及if(表示“at any time”)条件句中。Have you ever thought of applying for a job abroad?Nothing ever bothers Howard.If you ever need any help, you know where to find me. 还可以用hardly ever, scarcely ever, barely ever之后Hes barely ever at home. Not-ever 常用来取代never:He wont ever trouble you again. = He will never trouble again. 3. 说话中助动词常常要重度，这时，可将非确定程度副词置于助动词之前：Its just like Philip. He always is late when we have an important meeting. You never can rely on him. (菲利普就是这样-)这种语序经常出现在简略回答中，特别是用于表示“同意”或者“反驳”刚才过说的话：-Philip is late gain. Yes, he always is. 注意：do, did, does代替完全动词的用法：-Your son never helps you. No, he never does. - Yes, he always does. 这种回答也可以作为单个陈述句的一部分：Joan promised to keep her room tidy, but she never did. 同样，也可以强调一个以上的动词：George never should have joined the army.正常语序应该是频度副词放在第一个助动词之后：George should never have joined the army. 九：程度副词：最普通的有almost/altogether/barely/a bit/enough/fairly/hardly/nearly/quite/rather/somewhat/too等1. quite 与可分级形容词和副词连用时，表示“不到最好程度”也表示“比预想的好” 不与否定词连用。The lecture was quite good. He lectured quite good.与不可分级形容词（如dead, perfect(ly), unique(ly) ）以及“强语势的”可分级形容词amazing(ly), astound(ly)连用时，表示“绝对地”“完全地”。The news is quite amazing.She plays quite amazingly.Not quite “不完全地”一般只与不可分级的词连用：not quite dead; not quite perfect.Quite不能与比较级连用。但可以修饰少数几个动词：I quite enjoy mountain holidays.I quite forgot to post your letter.注意：She is quite better. (她完全好了)quite a/an; quite some; quite theQuite a/an表示“值得注意的”Madelein is quite an expert on Roman coins. Quite some + 不可数名词，表示“客观的”It is quite some time since we wrote to each other. Quite a/an +adj+n 具有积极的修辞效果：It is quite an interesting film. = It is a quite interesting film. Quite the + 最高级：It is quite the worst play I have ever seen. (这确是-)Quite the + noun ：Wide lapels(翻领) is quite the fashion this spring. (确实很-)2. fairly 表示“不到最好程度”，常与表示事物处于好的状态的形容词/副词连用，如good, nice, well。 但其“赞赏”程度不及quite。The lecture is fairly good. He lectured fairly well. Fairly不与比较级连用。与动词连用，表示very nearly，但情况较为有限You fairly drive me mad with your nagging. A fairly + adj + n: He is a fairly good speaker. 3. rather: 比fairly/quite语势强些，可与表示优势和劣势的形容词连用，如good, nice, clever, well / bad, nasty, stupid, ill等：The jacket is getting rather old. 与副词连用：I did rather badly in the competition. 用在动词前，表示“有些”：I rather like raw fish. I rather suspect we are making a big mistake.与比较级连用：Olive earns rather more than his father. Rather a/an / a rather (都可+adj) : Old Tom is rather a bore. It is rather a sad story. = It is a rather sad story. 4. much/far/a lot:Much/far 可与比较级和最高级连用：much bigger/ far better/far the best.Much(类似very/any)能和少数几个形容词原级连用，而且一般都用在否定句中：I dont think is much good/different(非常好/很不一般). A lot只能和比较级连用：a lot more expensive. 5. a bit; a little bit; a little; somewhat: 这四个都可与：-形容词连用：It is a bit/a little bit/a little/somewhat expensive-副词连用：He arrived a bit/a little bit/a little/somewhat late.-比较级连用：Youre a bit/a little bit/a little/somewhat taller than him. -动词连用：I