高中英语时态总结.doc

英语动词的时态，按动作发生的先后顺序，可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四个时间；按动作发生的方式，又可分为一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式四种类型。每一种时态与每一种类型相结合，组成了英语动词的整个时态体系 一、一般现在时1、概述一般现在时表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态。常与usually，often，always，sometimes，everyday，once a week等时间状语连用。-Can I join your club. Dad? 我能加入你的俱乐部吗，爸爸？-You can when you get a bit older.等你长大了就可以。- Can I help you, sir? 你需要帮忙么？-Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it desnt work.是的，我昨天在这里买的这台收音机，但它坏了。2、 构成一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的单数第三人称形式。-Youre drinking too much. 你喝的太多了。-Only at home. No one sees me but you.只是在家里。除了你又没别人看见。2、用法（1）表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。I play ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. 我乒乓球打得不错，但自从新年以来我一直没有时间打。He always sleeps with the windows open.他总是开着窗子睡觉。She is our English teacher.她是我们的英语老师。The children go to school at seven every morning.孩子们每天早晨七点上学。-Do you like the material?你喜欢这块料子吗？-Yes, it feels very soft.是的，这块料子手感很柔软。（2）一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard .他工作很努力Does he like sports? 他爱好运动吗？She loves music.她喜欢音乐。（3）一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。Actions speak louder than words.百说不如一干。Water boils at 100.水在摄氏100度时沸腾。注意：主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，但宾语从句中如果所说的是客观真理，它的谓语动词仍用一般现在时。Galileo insisted that the earth goes around the sun.伽利略坚持认为地球绕着太阳转。（4）在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作从句一般由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 如果下雨，排球赛将推迟。The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as he arrives. 新秘书一到就应该找经理报到。Ill begin the dictation when you are ready.如果你们准备好，我就开始听写。When they leave school, they will go to college.中学毕业后，他们去上大学。（5）表示安排或计划好的将来的动作，只限少数几个动词：go, come, leave, start等。The train starts at 10 o clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车。Supper is at 5 today.今天五点开晚饭。The summer holidays begin next week.暑假从下周开始。（6）一般现在时描述过去时间的事实 这种用法多见于叙述代或口述往事，以增加描述的生动和真实感。The story describes how Walt Disney starts a company.这篇代章描述了沃尔特迪斯尼如何创办公司的情况。He says the river rises higher and higher, breaks the bank and is filling all low places.他说河水越涨越高，漫过河岸，淹没低洼地。（7） 在新闻标题、小说和电影以及戏剧情节介绍、幻灯和图片的说明中常用一般现在时U.S. President holds talks with British Prime Minister. 美国总统同英国首相举行会谈。American Ambassador Leaves Beijing.美国大使离京。 二、一般过去时1、概述一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间连用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用。All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness grew. 整个早上，当她等待医生的医学报告时，她神经越来越紧张。I got up at 6:30 yesterday.我昨天6:30起床。He always went to work by bus last year.去年他总是坐公交车上班。-Nancy is not coming tonight. 南希今晚不来了-But she promised! 但是她曾经答应要来的。2、一般过去时的构成一般过去时由规则动词（-ed/-d）或不规则动词的过去时表示，除be外，其余动词没有人称和数的变化。各种动词的否定结构和一般疑问结构，与一般现在时的否定结构和疑问结构相同。规则动词的构成变化详见上一章动词的过去时形式部分。Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon returned to his old ways. 老麦克唐纳戒了一段时间烟，但不久又重蹈覆辙。She suddenly fell ill yesterday.她昨天突然病倒了。-We could have walked to the station, it was so near.我们该步行到车站，这么近。-Yes. A taxi wasnt at all necessary. 是的，出租车一点也没必要。3、一般过去时的用法（1）表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。Tom didnt come to class yesterday.汤姆昨天没来上课。We went to dance last night.昨晚我们去跳舞了。-Hello! I didnt know you were in London. How long have you been here? 喂!我不知道你在伦敦。你来多久了？-Your phone number again? I dint quite catch it. 请你再把电话号码说一遍好吗？我刚才没听清楚。-It is 9568442. 9568442。-Oh, its you! I dint recognize you.哇，是你呀！我没认出你来。-Ive just had my hair cut, and Im wearing new glasses.我刚理了发，而且我还带着新眼睛。-You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it? 布伦达，你还没说我的新上衣怎么样呢，喜欢吗？-Im sorry I didnt say anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.对不起，我还没顾上。我认为穿在你身上当然好看。（2）表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用。When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里，经常去拜访那里的朋友。I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school.我上学时每周去看一场电影。注意：表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，还可用used to 或would加动词原形表示。When I stayed at Aunt Lius ,she would tell me about the great changes which had taken place in the village since liberation.当我住在刘大娘家时，她常常告诉我解放以来农村发生的巨大变化。She used to go for a walk after supper, but now she prefers to stay at home.她过去晚饭后总出去散步，但现在她却喜欢呆在家里。（3）用来代替过去将来时在条件、时间状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息，就通知我们。He promised that when he went to the bookstore, he would buy me a book.他答应去书店时为我买本书。He said he would not go if it rained.他说如果天下雨就不去了。They told us that they would not leave until she came back.他们告诉我们，直到她回来他们才会离开。（4）表示现在将来的时间在日常会话中，用一般过去时比用一般现在时较为婉转客气。能这样用的动词有：hope, wonder, want, think, intend等。Did you want to see me now? 现在你就想见我吗？I wondered if you would help me.我想你是否能帮我一下。What did you want?你要什么？（语气委婉）What do you want? 你要什么？（语气生硬）（5）表示某种感情色彩You asked for it!你这是自找的！I told you so.我早就告诉过你。（你就是不听）（6）表示虚拟语气这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。If it snowed tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雪，比赛就会延期举行 三、一般将来时1、概述一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next week, next year等。Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.为什么不把肉放在冰箱里？它可以保鲜好几天。-Youve left the light on. 你忘了关灯了。- Oh , so I have. Ill go and turn it off. 噢，那我马上去关。2、构成一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。will用于第二、三人称，shall第一人称。在口语中，will在名词或代词后常缩写为ll，will not简缩为wontwount。但在美国英语中，各种人称皆可用will。He will help his sister with her lessons.他将帮助他妹妹做功课。We wont be free this afternoon.今天下午我们没空。3、一般将来时的用法（1）表示未来的动作或存在状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next Sunday, soon, in a month, in the future等。We shall leave for London next Monday.我们将在下周一去伦敦。He will come to see you the day after tomorrow.后天他要来看你。You will be 20 next year.明年你就二十了。（2）表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作We shall come and work in this factory every year.我们将每年来这工厂参加劳动。The students will have five English classes per week this term.本学期学生每周将要上五节英语课。4、一般将来时的其他表达法（1）“be going to+动词原形”表将来 这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。What are you going to do next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什么？They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。 还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。I think Im going to die. 我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危)Look at the cloud. Its going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(乌云密布，使我断定天要下雨)The ice is going to break.冰就要破了。这种结构表示“肯定、预测，注定会”。在这种情况下可以和“think, hope, want, believe, like”等表示静态的动词连用。He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他没考及格，他一看试卷就知道考不及格。The question is going to be very complex.这个问题将会很复杂。The voters arent going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。be going to 和will的区别a. will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事，不含任何具体的时间，可以指遥远的将来；而be going to 指有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生，通常指很快就要发生的事情。Listen to the wind. We are going to have a rough crossing.听那风声，我们横渡时一定困难很大。She will not shove the heavy load onto others.她不愿意把重担推给别人。He will get better.他的病会好的。（即认为最终会恢复健康，而不是马上恢复）He is gong to get better.他的病就会好了。(指有恢复的迹象)b. be gong to 和will均可表示意图，但事先考虑过的意图用be going to，不是事先考虑过的意图用will。-Why have you torn the paper into pieces?你怎么把论代撕了？- I am going to rewrite it.(事先考虑，不用will)我要重写。-Is it really a big stone?-I will help you to move it.(未经事先考虑，不用be going to )He will go his own way.他一意孤行。I wont do so.我不愿这样做。c. be going to可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来，而will不能。If you are going to attend the meeting, youd better leave now.如果你要去参加这个会，你最好现在走。（不用will）If you are going to accept the job, start to work now.如果你想接受这项工作，从现在开始上班。（不用will）（2）用现在进行时来表示将来现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。Im leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。When are you going back to your factory? 你什么时候回工厂？He is not coming.他不来了。They are arriving tomorrow afternoon.他们明天下午到达。进行时表示将来与be going to 的区别be going to表示说话前事先考虑过的意图(intend)，现在进行时表示事先安排的动作（plan）；表示有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生用be going to，不用现在进行时。Mary and Jane are going to meet tonight.（have an intention to）Mary and Jane are meeting tonight.( 事先安排的动作)I feel dizzy, I think I am going to faint.（不能用I fainting）我感到头晕，我想我要昏倒。（3）“be about to+动词原形”表将来“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。They are about to set out.(不能说，They are about to set out soon) 他们就要出发。The ship is about to sail.轮船马上就要启航。比较：be about to 与be not about to 的差异be about to 意为“正要、马上就”；be not about to 意为“不愿意”。He is about to come out. Please wait a moment.他马上就出来，请稍等。He is not about to do that again.他不愿再做那件事了。（4）“be to+动词原形”表将来 “be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。Theres to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻灯。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.到10点你得交上试卷。If a man is to succeed, he must work as hard as he can.一个人要想成功，他就必须拼命干。（5） 一般现在时表示将来用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The plane starts at 8 oclock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。When does the show begin?展览什么时候开始？ 四、过去将来时1、概述过去时将来时是对于过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.他宣布不久离职的消息让我们都大吃一惊。At that time I knew we should succeed.那时我知道我们会成功的。2、构成过去将来时一般由 “助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形”构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。3、过去将来时的用法（1）表示从过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在状态She hoped that they would meet again someday.她希望将来有一天他们能再见面。They said it would be fine.听说天气会很好。He said he would come.他说他要来。My brother told me he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告诉我，他要在星期六回来。I rang up to tell my father that I should leave for London.我打电话告诉我父亲我要去伦敦。（2）表示过去的某种习惯行为She would lose the key! 她总是把钥匙弄丢了。He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。4、过去将来时的其它表达法过去将来时除了用“should, would+动词原形”表达外，还有以下几种表达法。（1）was/were going to表示过去的打算和意图He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。（打算）He said he was going to visit China the next week.他说他下周访华。表示没有实现的打算和意图He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来，但下雨了。(没实现)I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。（结果不是）-Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? 艾丽丝，你昨天为什么没来呀？-I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.我打算来的，但我家来了个不速之客。（2）was/were to+动词原形这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。He said he was to meet his girlfriend at the station at 4p.m.他说他下午四点去车站接他女朋友。（计划安排）These first words were to change my world. 我最先学的这些单词将会改变我的生活天地。(注定要发生的事情)At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.( 注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。She said she was to have taken up the position.( 计划但未能实现) 他说他本打算上任。（3）was/were about to动词原形was/were about to动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。I felt that something terrible was about to happen.我感到某种可怕的事情即将发生。The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。We were about to go there when it began to rain.我们打算到哪儿，这时天下起了雨。（4）用过去进行时表示表示位置转移的动词 (如go，come，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。-What were you doing when he came to see you?他来看你时你在做什么？-I had just put on my overcoat and was leaving to visit a friend of mine. 我刚穿上外套要去看我的一个朋友。I didnt know you were coming.我不知道你会来。He hurried into the carriage. The train was leaving in a few minutes.他匆忙挤进车厢，还有几分钟火车就要开了。 五、现在进行时用法讲解1、概述现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作或存在的状态。- Is this raincoat yours? 这件雨衣是你的吗？- No, mine is hanging there behind the door. 不是，我的在门后边挂着。I dont really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. 我其实不在这上班；我只是暂时在这帮忙，一直帮到来了新秘书。2、构成现在进行时由“助动词be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”构成。I am looking for a pair of black shoes.我正在找双黑色的鞋。He is picking the apples on that tree.他正在摘那棵树上的苹果。They are working in a factory these days.他们这几天在工厂劳动。What are you doing here? 你在这干什么呢？3、现在进行时的用法（1）表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，它不涉及该动作的发生和结果，译成汉语“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。Im doing my homework now. 我现在正在做作业。Its raining hard.天正在下雨。-What are you doing? 你在干什么？-Im doing some washing.我在洗衣服。（2）表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly. 因科技在不断变化，所以选择个人使用的移动电话并不是一件容易事。The foreign guests are visiting Beijing this week.本周那些外国客人在参观北京。He is writing a novel now.目前他在写一本小说。He is learning English at college.他在大学学英语。（3）表示将来的动作表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。His sister is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow.他姐姐明天动身去香港。Theyre flying to Beijing tomorrow.他们明天飞往北京。（4）表达褒贬等感情色彩和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。He is constantly leaving his things about.他时常乱丢东西。（表责怪）She is always changing her clothes.她老是换衣服。（表责怪）He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。（表赞赏）Theyre forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)（5）表示刚刚过去的动作。这一用法不强调动作的进行性。Do you hear what hes saying, mother? 妈妈，你听见他说的了吗？Every word Im telling you is true.我告诉你的每一句话都是真的。（6）描写一种状态，具有感情色彩I am missing you dreadfully.我非常想念你。My head is splitting.我头痛欲裂。He is playing us a trick. 他在耍我们呢。How fast he is forgetting his shame.他多么快就忘了他的耻辱！（7）表示较为温和的命令通常只一次性动作。You are sitting over there.你到那边去坐。Dont stand idle. You are helping her a little.不要闲着，你要帮她一下。（8）wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气Im wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。Im hoping youll give us some suggestions.我很希望你给我们一些建议。4、一般现在时与现在进行时的比较（1）一般现在时通常表示经常性的动作或状态，而进行时则表示在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。We read newspapers every day.我们每天读报。（说明习惯）She is now reading the newspaper.她现在正在读报。（强调现阶段）The bus is stopping.汽车渐渐停下来。The bus stops.迅速停车。（2）一般现在时表示主语的固有特征、能力等，而进行时态则表示主语在某一时刻或某段时间内所进行的具体动作。He sings well.他唱得很好。He is singing a song.他正在唱一首歌。He lives in Liangxiang.(永久性)他家住良乡。He is living in Liangxiang.（段时间居住）他现在住在良乡。（3）现在进行时带有感情色彩而一般现在时表示客观事实Jane is doing fine work at college.简在大学学习很好。（赞扬）Jane does fine work at college.简在大学学习很好。（事实）（4）通常只能用一般现在时而不用进行时的动词并非所有的动词都有进行时，如表状态、感情、感觉的动词，通常只能用一般现在时而不用进行时，因为这些动词不能表示一个正在进行的动作，如know, love, hate, want, like, see, hear, taste, smell, have(有), be等。The food tastes delicious!饭很香！（正）The food is tasting delicious.(误)I like English very much.我喜欢学英语。（正）I am liking English very much. (误) 六、过去进行时用法讲解1、概述过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。The reporter said that the UFO was travelling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说他看见UFO时，它正由东向西飞行。I dont think Jim saw me; he was just staring into space.我想吉姆没看见我；他当时正在凝视天空。2、构成构成过去进行时常由“助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词”构成。was not常简写为wasnt, were not简略为werent。-Hey, look where you are going? 喂，看你上哪了？-Oh, Im terribly sorry. I wasnt noticing噢，实在对不起，我刚才没留神。It was raining when we left school.我们离开学校的时候正在下雨。What were you doing when I phoned you last night? 昨晚我给你打电话时，你正在干什么？3、过去进行时的用法（1）表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。I first met Lisa three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我三年前第一次遇见丽莎时。她在一家无线电商店工作。The last time I saw Jane, she was picking cotton in the fields.我最后一次见简，她正在地里摘棉花。Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.汤姆溜进了那所房因为当时没人注意他。It was raining at 6 oclock this morning.今早六点钟时正在下雨。I was drawing a horse when the teacher came in.当老师进来时，我正在画马。（2）表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作。Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.舍利去年在写一本有关中国的书，但我不知道他是否完成。They were building a dam last winter.去年冬天他们在建大坝。I was living in my teachers house when I was in middle school.上中学时，我住在老师家里。在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。My pen dropped on the ground when I was walking in the park.我在公园散步的时候，我的钢笔掉到地上了。When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我进屋的时候，她正坐在书桌前面。The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。（3）用来描写故事发生的背景在口语或记叙代中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一个漆黑的夜晚，狂风大作，大雨倾盆，一位年轻的妇女突然出现在河岸上。Mary was making a dress when she cut her finger.玛丽在缝衣服时，突然扎破了手。He was just falling asleep when there was a loud knock at the door.他刚要人睡，这时突然听到有人砸门。（4）代替过去将来时用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.他们想知道我们什么时候去上海。She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走。（5）表达褒贬等感情色彩过去进行时也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想。He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那。（6）wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气-Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor? -打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗？-Of course. What is it? -当然。什么事？-I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form. -我一直在想你是否能告诉我怎样填这张表。-What were you wanting?你要什么？- I was hoping you would help me with the work.我希望你能帮我做这项工作。4、一般过去时与过去进行时用法比较一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态（强调一次性动作）；而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作（强调反复的动作）。Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨