自考英语二课文译文习题Unit6.doc

Unit6TextAImprovingIndustrialefficiencythroughRobotics利用机器人技术提高工业效率Robots,becomingincreasinglyprevalentinfactoriesandindustrialplantsthroughoutthedevelopedworld,areprogrammedandengineeredtoperformindustrialtaskswithouthumanintervention.Mostoftodaysrobotsareemployedintheautomotiveindustry,wheretheyareprogrammedtotakeoversuchjobsasweldingandspraypaintingautomobileandtruckbodies.Theyalsoloadandunloadhot,heavymetalformsusedinmachinescastingautomobileandtruckframes.机器人在所有发达国家的工厂日益普及，它们被编程、设计，在无人情况下执行工业任务。现今大多数机器人用于汽车工业，人们对其编程，从事如汽车卡车车身焊接、喷漆之类的工作。它们也装卸汽车和卡车框架的机器中所有的炽热、笨重的金属铸模。Robots,alreadytakingoverhumantasksintheautomotivefield,arebeginningtobeseen,althoughtoalesserdegree,inotherindustriesaswell.Theretheybuildelectricmotors,smallappliances,pocketcalculators,andevenwatches.Therobotsusedinnuclearpowerplantshandletheradioactivematerials,preventinghumanpersonnelfrombeingexposedtoradiation.Thesearetherobotsresponsibleforthereductioninjob-relatedinjuriesinthisnewindustry.机器人已经在汽车行业接任了人类工作，在其行业也开始看到它们的身影，虽然使用程度低一些。在那里它们制造电动马达、小型设备、袖珍计算器，甚至手表。用于核电站的机器人处理辐射材料，使职员不暴露于辐射。这些机器人可以减少这一新型工业中与工作有关的伤害。Whatmakesarobotarobotandnotjustanotherkindofautomaticmachine?Robotsdifferfromautomaticmachinesinthataftercompletionofonespecifictask,theycanbereprogrammedbyacomputertodoanotherone.Asanexample,arobotdoingspotweldingonemonthcanbereprogrammedandswitchedtospraypaintingthenext.Automaticmachine,ontheotherhand,arenotcapableofmanydifferentuses;theyarebuilttoperformonlyonetask.什么使机器变成机器人，而不是其他的自动化机器呢？机器人与自动化机器的区别在于完成一项特定工作后，它们可以被电脑重新编程去执行一项任务。比如说，一个机器人做了一个月的点焊，可以重新编程，下个月转向喷漆。相反，自动化机器却没有许多不同用途，它们只是为了招待一项任务而被建造。Thenextgenerationofrobotswillbeabletoseeobjects,willhaveasenseoftouch,andwillmakecriticaldecisions.Engineersskilledinmicroelectronicsandcomputertechnologyaredevelopingartificialvisionforrobots.Withtheabilitytosee,robotscanidentifyandinspectonespecificclassofobjectsoutofastackofdifferentkindsofmaterials.Onerobotvisionsystemusedelectronicdigitalcamerascontainingmanyrowsoflight-sensitivematerials.Whenlightfromanobjectsuchasamachinepartstrikesthecamera,thesensitivematerialsmeasuretheintensityoflightandconvertthelightraysintoarangeofnumbers.Thenumbersarepartofagrayscalesysteminwhichbrightnessismeasuredinarangeofvalues.Onescalerangesfrom0to15,andanotherfrom0to255.The0isrepresentedbyblack.Thehighestnumberiswhite.Thenumbersisbetweenrepresentdifferentshadesofgray.Thecomputerthenmakesthecalculationsandconvertsthenumbersintoapicturethatshowsanimageoftheobjectinquestion.Itisnotyetknownwhetherrobotswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision.Techniciansbelievetheywill,butonlyafteryearsofdevelopment.下一代机器人将能看见物体，具有触觉，能作出关键性的决定。精通于微电子和电脑技术的工程师正在为机器人开发人造视力，有了看的能力，机器人就能从一推不同的材料中鉴别检查出具体的一类物体。机器人视觉系统采用包含多行感官材料的电子数码相机。当一个物体上的光，如机器零件，照射到相机上时，敏感材料就可测量出光的强度，把光线转换为一组数字。这些数字是灰度系统的一部分，其亮度由一系列数值测量。一个刻度范围是0到15，另一个是0到225。0用黑色表示，最高值用白色，其间的数值用不同的灰色阴影来表示。然后计算机进行计算，并将数字转换为表明该无题形象的图像。现在还不知道有一天机器人是否具有人类一样的好视力。技术人员想信它们会的，只是需要多年的开发。Engineersworkingonotheradvancesaredesigningandexperimentingwithnewtypesofmetalhandsandfingers,givingrobotsasenseoftouch.Otherengineersarewritingnewprogramsallowingrobotstomakedecisionssuchaswhethertodiscarddefectivepartsinfinishedproducts.Todothis,therobotwillalsohavetobecapableofidentifyingthosedefectiveparts.在其他方面取得进展的工程技术人员正在设计和试验新型金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。其他工程人员正在编写新的程序使机器人做出如是否抛弃成品中有缺陷的零件的决定。要做到这点，机器人还必须具有鉴别有缺陷零件的能力。Thesefuturerobots,assembledwithasenseoftouchandtheabilitytoseeandmakedecisions,willhaveplentyofworktodo.Theycanbeusedtoexploreformineralsontheoceanfloororindeepareasofminestoodangerousforhumanstoenter.Theywillworkasgasstationattendants,firemen,housekeepers,andsecuritypersonnel.Anyonewantingtounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutrobotics.集触觉、看和做决定的能力于一体的这些未来机器人将会做大量的工作。它们可以用于海底探矿或探测对人类太危险的深层区域的矿物。它们可以做加油站服务人员、消防人员、房屋管理员和安全人员的工作。任何想了解未来工业的人必须懂机器人。TextBPredictingEarthquakes预测地震Canearthquakesbepredicted?Scientistsareworkingonprogramstopredictwhereandwhenanearthquakewilloccur.Theyhopetodevelopanearlywarningsystemthatcanbeusedtoforecastearthquakessothatlivescanbesaved.地震可以预报吗？科学家们正致力于研究预报何时何地会发生地震的计划，他们希望开发一种早期报警系统用来预报地震，以挽救人们的生命。Earthquakesarethemostdangerousanddeadlyofallnaturalevents.Theyoccurinmanypartsoftheworld.GiantearthquakeshavebeenrecordedinIran,China,Guatemala,Chile,India,andAlaska.TwoofthebiggestearthquakesthatwereeverrecordedtookplaceinChinaandAlaska.Theseearthquakesmeasuredabout8.5ontheRichterScale.TheRichterScalewasdevisedbyCharlesRichterin1935,andcomparestheenergylevelofearthquakes.Anearthquakethatmeasuresa2onthescalecanbefeltbutcauseslittledamage.Onethatmeasures4.5onthescalecancauseslightdamage,andanearthquakethathasareadingofover7cancausemajordamage.Itisimportanttonotethatareadingof4indicatesanearthquaketentimesasstrongasonewithareadingof3.Scientistswanttobeabletopredictthoseearthquakesthathaveareadingofover4ontheRichterScale.地震是自然灾害中最危险的最致命的，发生在世界许多地方。伊朗、中国、危地马拉、智利、印度和阿拉斯加都有过大地震的记录。有记载的最大两次地震是发生在中国和阿拉斯加。这两次地震经测量约为里氏8.5级。里氏震级是1935年查尔斯里克特发明的，用来比较地震的能量等级。里氏地震级测出的2级地震可以感觉到，但几乎没什么破坏；测出的4.5级地震能够造成轻微破坏，读数超过7级的地震会带来重大破坏。必须注意的是，读数为4级的地震表明其强度是读数为3级的10倍。科学家想预测那些读数超过里氏4级的地震。Howdoearthquakesoccur?Earthquakesarecausedbytheshiftingofrocksalongcracks,orfaults,intheearthscrust.Thefaultisproducedwhenrocksneareachotherarepulledindifferentdirections.Thebest-knownfaultinNorthAmericaistheSanAndreasfaultinthestateofCaliforniaintheUnitedStates.地震是怎么发生的呢？地震是由地壳中的裂缝，或称断层处的岩石发生移位而引起的。当邻近岩石受到不同方向的拉力时便产生了断层。北美洲最著名的断层是位于美国加利福尼亚的圣安德烈亚斯断层。ThenationsthatareactivelyinvolvedinearthquakepredictionprogramsincludeJapan,China,Russia,andtheUnitedStates.Thesecountrieshavesetupseismicnetworksinareasoftheircountrieswhereearthquakesareknowntooccur.Thesenetworksareonthealertforwarningsignsthatshowtheweakeningofrocklayersthatcanprecedeanearthquake.Manykindsofseismic instrumentsareusedbythenetworkstomonitorthemovementsoftheearthscrust.Thescientistsalsocheckwaterindeepwells.Theywatchforchangesinthewaterlevelandtemperaturethatareassociatedwithmovementalongfaults.积极参与地震预测计划的国家包括日本、中国、俄罗斯和美国。这些国家在已知发生地震的地区建立了地震网络，这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着告警的迹象，这些迹象显示出在地震前可能发生的岩层松动的状况。这些网络使用多种地震仪器来监测地壳的运动。科学家还检查深井里的水，观察与断层运动有关的水位与温度的变化。ScientistsinChina,Russia,andtheUnitedStatesmeasureradoningroundwater.Radonisagasthatcomesfromtheradioactivedecayofradiuminrocks.Thegasflowsthroughthegroundanddissolvesinundergroundstreamsandwells.Scientistsspeculatethattheamountofradonincreasesinthegroundwhenrockslayersshift,exposingnewrock,andthusmoreradon.ChineseandRussianscientistshavereportedthatinplaceswherestressisbuildingup,theradonlevelsofthewaterbuilduptoo.Whentheradonlevelsofthewatersubsideanddropbacktonormalreadings,anearthquakemayoccur.UnitedStatesscientistshavealsoplacedradonmonitoringstationsinearthquakezones,particularlyCalifornia.However,allthescientistsagreethatmoredataisnecessarytoprovethatradonlevelsinwaterareassociatedwiththepossiblebirthofanearthquake.中国、俄罗斯和美国的科学家测量地下水的氡含量。氡是来自岩石中镭辐射衰变而产生的气体。这种气体溢出地面并溶解到地下溪流和井里。科学家推测当岩层移位时，新岩石露出，产生更多的氮，这样地层中的氡数量就增加了。中国和俄罗斯报告说压力增加的地方，水中氡的含量也会增加。当水中氡的含量下降，回到正常读数时，地震就可能发生。美国科学家也在地震区，特别是加利福尼亚，设置了检测站。不过，所有的科学家都一致认为，需要更多的资料才能证明水中氡的含量和可能发生的地震有关。Earthquakepredictionisstillayoungscience.Everyoneagreesthatearthquakescannotbepredictedwithanyreliability.Scientistshaveonlyapartialunderstandingofthephysicalprocessesthatcauseearthquakes.Muchmoreresearchhastobedone.Newandmoreupto-datemethodshavetobefoundforcollectingearthquakedataandanalyzingit.However,scientistshavehadsomesuccessinpredictingearthquakes.SeveralsmallearthquakeswerepredictedinNewYorkState,intheeasternpartoftheUnitedStates.ChinesescientistspredictedamajoroneinHaichengin1975,andRussianscientistspredictedamajoroneinGarmin1978.Whilethisisasmallstart,itisstillabeginning.地震预测仍然是一门年轻的科学。人们都认为地震不可能可靠地预测。科学家对引起地震的物理过程只是部分了解，还必须作更多的研究，必须找到新的和更先进的方法收集地震数据并加以分析。不过，科学家已经在地震预测方面取得了一些成功：美国东部纽约州的几次小地震就已预测到了，1975年中国科学家预测到了海城大地震，1978年俄罗斯科学家预测了加尔姆大地震。虽然这只是个小小的起步，但毕竟是一个开端。UNIT 61、word studyspray,cast,expose,switch,critical sprayn.1、水花，浪花；2、喷雾，喷雾状物The spray of the waterfall is very beautiful.瀑布的水花飞溅，非常漂亮。A spray of bullets hit the tree behind which he was hiding.一阵喷射的子弹打中了他藏身其后的那棵树。vt.喷，向。喷射，喷涂Fruit trees are sprayed regularly.果树应定期喷上杀虫剂。The students sprayed questions at the teacher.学生们连珠炮似的向老师提出一个又一个问题。 castvt.1、投，扔，抛，掷（at）；2、投射（光，影，视线等）（on,at）；3、浇铸，铸造The boy cast a stone at the dog.那个男孩向那条狗扔了块石头。His words cast a new light on the problem.他的话题使人们对这个问题有了新的认识。The robot can cast steel after being reprogrammed.在重新设定程序之后，机器人能浇铸钢材。n.1、投，掷；2、模具；3、演员（阵容）The Beijing Theatre of Peoples Art has a very strong cast.北京人民艺术剧院有很强大的演员阵容。 exposevt.1、使暴露，使面临；2、揭露，揭发The works were exposed to all kinds of weather.工人们经受风吹雨打。We should be aware of the dangers of exposing children to violence on TV.我们应当意识到儿童接触有关暴力电视节目的危害。He has been widely exposed to the public on the television.他经常在电视上向公众露面。The mistakes of the past must be exposed without any reserve.对以前的错误一定要毫无保留地揭发。 switchn.1、开关，转换器；2、（思路、话题等的）转换It is two-way switch.这是个双向开关。He has made a switch of support from one political party to another.他已从支持一个政党转而支持另一个政党。vi.1、转换，改变（思路、话题等）；2、接通。电流（on），切断。电流（off）We switched the discussion to another topic.我们换了一个讨论题目。Entering the room, he switched the light on.一进房间，他就把灯打开了。vt.转换，变换（switch(over)to）He switched (over) to medicine and graduated in 1980.他改学医科，于1980年毕业。 criticala.1、批评（性）的，批评（性）的；2、对。表示谴责，对。感到不满的（of）；3、紧要的，关键性的，危急的He is a man with a critical eye.他是一个具有批判眼光的人。It takes years to develop ones critical ability.培养评论能力要很长时间。The old man was critical of the boys impolite behaviour.那个老人不满意男孩的不礼貌行为。The patients condition is critical.病人情况危急。2、重点句型1、目前多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。P2Most of todays robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.2、机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用的程度低一些。P3Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. 现在分词短语作定语3、在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。P3The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.4、机器人于自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后，可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。P4Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.5、在微电子和计算机技术上有专长的工程人员正研制机器人的人工视觉。P5Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots.6、机器人有了“看”的能力便能在一堆不同类物体中辨别和检查出某一特定类物体。P5With the ability to