职称英语考试用书卫生类.doc

职称英语考试用书卫生类分析Mental Health 1 Mentally healthy people experience a high level of self-esteem and find social interaction to be comfortable and rewarding. A sense of self-esteem is inseparable from emotional health, but we must caution that you cannot expect to feel personally fulfilled by everything. Additionally, a sense of self esteem is not always enough to completely offset the health problems that can afflict us. 2 We define a mentally healthy person as one who is capable of using resources from dimensions of health of feel good about life and other people. A more specific yardstick for measuring mental health comes from the National Mental Health Association, which describes mentally healthy people as those who. 3 Feel comfortable about themselves. They are not overwhelmed by their own feelings, and can accept many of lifes disappointments. They experience all of the human emotions (for ex-ample, fear, anger, love, jealousy, guilt, joy) but are not overcome by them. 4 Feel right about other people. They feel comfortable with others and are able to give and receive love. They are concerned about the well-being of other people and have relationships that are satisfying and lasting. 5 Are able to meet the demands of life. Mentally healthy people respond to their problems, accept responsibility, plan ahead without fearing the future, and are able to establish reachable goals. 6 We do not wish to give a perfect view of mentally healthy people. At times, mentally healthy people experience stress, frustrations, and feelings of self-doubt, failure, and rejection. What distinguishes the mentally healthy is their resilience-their ability to recapture their sense of emotional will within a reasonable time. Emotional and psychological health. 7 Is there a difference between emotional and psychological health? Many people believe that there is little real difference between the terms. Rather, there is only the absence of mental ill-ness and psychopathology. 8 People who believe that a difference exists would describe that difference on the basis of the focused nature of emotional health and the most global nature of psychological health. To these persons, emotional health relates to the specific responses of individuals to changing situations within their environment. These responses are subjective in origin and reflect the value orientation of the person. Defense mechanisms are routinely used to soften the more painful and less acceptable of these feelings. Indeed, responses to change reflecting a sense of joy, anger, compassion, sympathy, empathy, frustration, and disappointment are familiar healthy emo- tions. Emotionally healthy people feel good about their responses to change, while those who are negative about their own feelings and their responses to change are less emotionally healthy. 9 In comparison to emotional health, psychological health relates to the positive and function-al unfolding of the wide range of psychic traits, including the development of language, memo-ry, perceptual processes, awareness states, and the psychophysical interfacing of the mind and body. Psychologically healthy persons deal rationally with the world, display a fully functional personality, and resolve conflict in a nondestructive manner. Psychologically healthy people use more aspects of the psyche than their feeling states. 1 Paragraph 1 _ 2 Paragraph 2 _ 3 Paragraph 5 _ 4 Paragraph 8 _ A Traits of mentally healthy people B Components of self-esteem C Definition of mentally healthy people D Difference between mentally health and psychological health E What emotional health is F People able to meet the demands of lire 5 People with low self-esteem may find it hard _. 6 Mentally healthy people may still feel afraid sometimes, _. 7 A person who doesnt care about how other people feel _. 8 Some people believe that emotional health _. A but they are not defeated by the fear B can hardly receive lore from others C to make other people love themselves D to make friends with others E always feels comfortable with himself F is part of psychological health 答案：ACFEDABF Unlocking the Human Genome(基因组) 1A project to unlock secrets-what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is to decode(破译)all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body.Scientists are using DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding. 2DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes(染色体)of a cell.A chromosome is a chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a cell,thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins(蛋白质).The challenge for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a consensus(交感)genome.Everything works well in a consensus genome. 3But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyones genome is different from the ideal.These differences are referred to as genetic mutations(突变).Genetic mutations in a persons genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as heart disease,or cancer. 4It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes,The short-term goal of the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier life. 23.paragraph 1. 24.paragraph 2. 25.paragraph 3. 26.paragraph 4. AHow does DNA work? BWhat is the Human Genome Project about? CHow are the DNA samples collected? DWhat are the goals of the Human Genome Project? EWhat is the role of each gene? FWhat are the consequences of genetic mutations? 27.The Human Genome Project is trying to map allthat make us human. 28.Decoding the human genome is a challenge to. 29.Genetic mutations in a persons genome may affect. 30.Scientists are trying hard to discoverof each of the genes in our body. Athat persons health Ba scientific answer Cscientfic researchers Dthe genes Ethe function Fthe size 答案: 23.B24.E25.F26.D27.D28.C29.A30.E Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health.Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases.In fact,many people who smoke get lung cancel However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes.He lives with his wife,Evelyn,who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage. _.(46) No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer.Nevertheless,doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke. from other peoples cigarettes._ (47)The US Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke. The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals.In the past.scientists did not也ink that these chemicals could harm a nonsmokers health. _ (48)They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic(有毒的)chemicals in their bodies.As a matter of fact,almost all of US breathe tobacco smoke at times,whether we realize it or not.For example,we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants,hotels and other public places.Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas,smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted.It iS even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke._ (49)Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers.The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both p